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CALVERT, PH.D., Editor E. T. CRESSON, JR., Associate Ed ADVISORY COMMITTEE : PHILIP LAURENT J. A. CHARLES LIEBECK JOHN (.'. Li i/ J. CHESTER BRADLEY, PH.D. MAX KISIIIK. JK FRANK MORTON JONES PUBLISH I'D BY THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL S< CIETY PHILADELPHIA, PA.: THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL Mil V LOGAN SQUAKI 11928 The several numbers of the NEWS for 1928 were mailed at the Post Office at Philadelphia, Pa., as follows: No. 1 January January 13, 1928 " 2 February February 3 ' 3 March March 2 " 4-April April 2 " 5 May May 3 " 6 June May 31 " 7 July July 2 " 8 October October 8 " 9 November November 2 The date of mailing the December, 1928, number will be announced on the last page of the issue for January, 1929. NEW ADDRESS FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR 1928 NOW PAYABLE See next page. JANUARY, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Vol. XXXIX No. 1 CHARLES ROBERT OSTKN SACKEN, 1828-1906 CONTENTS Baerg Some Studies of a Trapdoor Spider (Araneae: Aviculariidae). 1 Knaus Coleoptera as Guests of other Insects and Animals 5 Fulton The Habitat of Tropidischia xanthostoma, (Orthop. : Tetti- goniidae) . ,s Knull Two New Cerambycidae (Coleop.) 11 Miller A Case of the Botfly (Bogeria buccata) as a Parasite upon tlit- Common House Mouse (Mus musculus) (Dipt.: Oestridae). . 13 Barber Thomas Say's Unrecorded Journey in Mexico 15 Editorial The Labeling of Plates 21 Personals Cockerell Impressions of the Tring Museum, England. . Gold Mines of the Naturalist in Nicaragua C. W. J. The Clark Collection of Lepidoptera Sherman Assembly of Ground-Beetles (Coleop. : Carabidae) . . L ; 4 Entomological Literature Review Kingsbury and Johannsen's Histological Technique. . . Obituary Frederick Leonard Washburn Obituary Antonio Berlese PHILADELPHIA, PA. THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Logan Square Entered at the Philadelphia, Pa., Post Office as Second Class Matter. Acceptance for mailing at the special rate of postage prescribed for in Section 1103, Act of October 3, 1917, authorized January 15, 1921. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS published monthly, excepting August and September, by The American Entomological Society. Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., Editor; E. T. Cresson, Jr., R. G. Sthmieder.Ph.D., Ernest Baylis, Associate Editors; John C. Lutz, Business Manager. Advisory Committee: Philip Laurent, J, A. G Rehn, Chas. Liebeck, J. Chester Bradley, Ph.D., Frank Morton Jones, John C. Lutz, Max Kisliuk, Jr. The subscription price per year of ten (10) numbers is as follows: United States and possessions . . $3.00 Canada, Central and South America Foreign 3.25 Single copies 35 cents ADVERTISING RATES: Full width of page. Payments in advance. One issue, 1 in.. $ 1.20, 2 in., $ 2.40, half page, $ 4.00, full page, $ 8.00 Ten issues " 11.00, " 20.00, 35.00, 70.00 SUBSCRIPTIONS. All remittances and communications regarding sub- scriptions, non-receipt of the NEWS or of reprints, and requests for sample copies, should be addressed to JOHN C. LUTZ, 827 N. 66th ST., PHILADELPHIA, PA. All complaints regarding non-receipt of issues of the NEWS should be presented within three months from date of mailing of the issue. After that time the numbers will be furnished only at the regular rate for single copies. Not more than two issues will be replaced gratis, through loss in transit or in change of address, unless such have been registered, at the subscriber's expense. MANUSCRIPTS AND ADVERTISEMENTS. Address all other com- munications to the editor, Dr. P. P. Calvert, Zoological Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. TO CONTRIBUTORS. All contributions will be considered and passed upon at our earliest convenience and, as far as may be, will be published according to date of reception. The receipt of all papers will be acknowl- edged. Owing to the limited size of each number of the NEWS, articles longer than six printed pages will be published in two or more installments, unless the author be willing to pay for the cost of a sufficient number of additional pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Proof will be sent to authors. Twenty-five "extras" of an author's contribu- tion, without change in form and without covers, will be given free when they are wanted; if more than twenty-five copies are desired this should be stated on the MS. Owing to increased cost of labor and materials, no illustrations will be published in the NEWS for the present, except where authors furnish the necessary blocks, or pay in advance the cost of making blocks and pay for the cost of printing plates. Information as to the cost will be furnished in each case on application to the Editor. Blocks furnished or paid for by authors will, of course, be returned to authors, after publication, if desired. Stated Meetings of The American Entomological Society will be held at 7.30 o'clock P. M., on the fourth Thursday of each month, excepting June, July, August, November and December, and on the third Thursday of November and December. Communications on observations made in the course of your studies are solicited ; also exhibits of any specimens you consider of interest. The printer of the "News" will furnish reprints of articles over and above the twenty- Sye given free at the following rates: One or two pages, twenty-five copies, 35 cents; three or four pages, twenty-five copies, 70 cents; five to eight pages, twenty-five copies, ; nine to twelve pages, twenty-five copies, $2.00; each half-tone plate, twenty-five copies, ; D cents; each plate of line cuts, twenty-five copies, 25 cents; greater numbers of copies will be the corresponding multiples of these rates. ENT. NEWS, VOL. XXXIX. Plate I. TRAPDOOR SPIDER, PACH YLOMERUS CARABIVORUS.- BAERG. ENTOMOLOGICAL Nl-WS VOL. XXXIX JANUARY, 1928 No.l Some Studies of a Trapdoor Spider. ; (Araneae: Aviculariidae). Plate I. l'>y W. J. 15.\KK<;, University of Arkansas. Ka\ etie\ ille. Ark. The trapdoor spicier, Pachylomerus ctinihi-^nriis Atk.*, was described by George F. Atkinson, in 18Su'. lit- made a very careful study- of the building of the nest, and especially of the trapdoor. In addition, he made some observations on the feeding habits of the trapdoor spider. Although this speck-- has so far been recorded only from Xorth Carolina and I>i>- trict of Columbia, it is probably quite common all through the southern states. In and near Fayetteville, Arkansas, it is found in considerable numbers. The studies that I have made deal mainly with the ballooning habit of the young and with the effect of the poison and habits of defense of the adult spider-. For about a week in March ( from about the 15th to the 22nd) one can find on the university campus, as well as else- where in the neighborhood, numerous silken bands which are the trails laid down by the young trapdoor >pidcr>. Th> silken bands, about two mm. in width, are mo>t ea.silv seen on the bark of trees. From the base of the tree the trail can usually be traced to the nest of the mother. < >n the ground tin- bands are not so regular as on the. trees, having a tendency to become so thin in places that they are difficult to trace. As a rule, the silken band at its origin is fastened to the trap door of the mother's domicile. During the spring of \ ( >27, and the one preceding, about thirtv of these trails were observed. Thev varied in length on the ground from ten feel to si.\t\ eight feet, with an aver, of about twenty feet. The general direction is almost al\v. tResearch Paper No. 56, Journal Srrk-s. I'nivrr-oty \ Arkan>a>. *l K'termined by Alexander IVtrunki-vitcli, Y.ilr L'nivi-r>ity. .\cu Haven, Connecticut. 2 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '28 a straight line to the nearest tree of considerable size. A tree less than six inches in diameter is usually ignored, even if it is miuch nearer than some larger tree. No evidence could be found indicating that the spiders prefer going in any one direction. On the trees the trail leads fairly straight up to a height depending, it seems, largely on the velocity of the wind at the time when the spiderlings are travelling. Six trails examined for this feature led to heights varying from thirteen to thirty feet. One trail made on a very windy day faded out at a height of thirteen feet from the ground. As a rule the trail ends on a lateral limb. When setting out on the aeronautic expedition, the young spiders, varying in number from eighty to one hundred and five, according to a few counts, leave their maternal home be- tween nine o'clock and ten o'clock A. M., travelling single file, in greater or smaller squads, so that the whole family is spread out over a distance of four to six feet. Limited ob- servations indicate that they go at a rate of about twenty inches in ten minutes, and as a rule reach the desired height between twelve and one o'clock P. M. Having reached this height, the young spiders spread out over a distance of about three feet and each one proceeds to spin out a thread of silk, which when having sufficient buoyancy carries the spiders off and out into the world. I have not actually seen the spiders being wafted away, but the conclusion seems obvious. In only one observed instance have the young spiders selected a building in order to reach a higher altitude. The nest was located near one of the university buildings, and on leaving the nest the spiders took a direct course toward a narrow part of the stone foundation between two windows. Arriving here they were apparently disappointed and took a course parallel to the wall of the building. After going a short distance they came to the wall of a projecting part, which must have added to already considerable confusion, so that instead of going to a tree quite near by here, they went up on the side of the building to a height of about eighteen feet, whence they sailed. An adult female trapdoor spider when first disturbed or xxxix, '28] ENTOM OLOi.; [CAL X K\Y S annoyed appears very pugnacious. A cockroach held wiihiii reach of the spider is promptly sei/ed with tlic tangs and he-Id for several minutes. ( )n being released the cockroach runs oil" as if uninjured. A young white rat (about six months old ) was bitten five Upper figure Kaii and sjl.uid of adu't i . der. Lower - ij\\ ol ill" i IH-II or six times. The spider had no difficult}- in penetrating the skin on the inside of the hind leg. While the punctures were clearly visible, there was no trace of any liquid having come from the fangs. The rat showed no symptoms other than squealing just when it was bitten. 4 KXTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '28 In view of the fact that the spider has well developed glands above the fangs, but apparently did not inject any poison when biting, it seemed desirable to make an injection of the contents of the glands. Since the glands are not readily taken out, the entire chelicerae were removd and ground up in one c.c. of distilled water. This extract, like that made of the glands from the locally common tarantula (Eurypclma calif arnica Aus- serer). has a decided tendency to form froth. As in the previous test, the extract when injected into the hind leg of a young white rat produced no noticeable effect. The rat did not even lift the leg immediately after the injection. When trying the bite of the trapdoor spicier on myself, I allowed the fangs to be inserted on the inside of the third finger and remain for about a minute and a half. Aside from the two small punctures there were no appreciable effects. While making these poison tests, I learned with some sur- prise that the pugnacity which the spicier presents when it is first disturbed is of very short duration. The spider rapidly becomes more and more sullen, so that if it is not induced to bite at once, it will refuse to do so. In this sullen attitude, the spider soon becomes limp and behaves as if it were about to expire from too rough handling. When put back in the jar containing its nest, it soon regains the former vigor and when disturbed again will appear prepared to fight. Whether this assumed debility has been developed in an attempt to deceive a predatory wasp, or whether it is a resignation of the inex- orable fate as Fabre :: has suggested, I am not prepared to say. REFERENCES TO LITERATURE. 1. ATKINSON, GEORGE F., 1886, Entomologica Americana, Vol. II, p. 133. 2. ID., 1886,. A -new trapdoor spider. Amer. Xat., Vol. 20, p. 583-593. 3. FAURE, J. H. Life and love of an insect, p. 168. EXPLANATION OF PLATE I. Upper left : Trail leading over the ground and tip a tree. Upper right: Trail, or silken band, attached to trap door. Lower : Adult female trapdoor spider. XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Coleoptera as Guests of other Insects and Animals. By W. KNAUS, McPherson, Kansas. A worth-while hut only occasionally worked field for ener- getic collectors of Coleoptera, is to he found in a careful examination of the homes and hurrows of other inject ord and in the nests and hurrows of animals. Herewith arc a numher of examples illustrating the truth of the above state- ment. Hymenoptera, especially ants and wild bees have ;i> their guests and parasites, various genera and species nf Coleoptera. The solitary wild hee, Anthophora occidentalis Cresson ha- asa parasite in Central Kansas, and extending west and southv into the States of Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas and Xew Mex- ico, that ahnormal larva-like Sitarinid, Lconiiiia ncomcxicana Cockerell. The minute hut very active larva of the /.< miidni fastens itself to a hair on the leg of the hee and i> carried into the hurrow and the cell, where it remains, and feeds on the food stored for the hee larva, transforms into a pupa and emerges as an imago a week or ten days he fore the unparasit- izecl hee pupa emerges as an imago and hegins to construct and store her cell for the brood of next year; and so the process continues until the hee colony is almost or quite ex terminated. Colonies of ^hitliophoni and !.<-<>nidiu have \>< examined in McPherson, Ellsworth and Kiowa Counties, Kan- sas, and the}- can he found in many of the \Ycstern and South- western counties of the state. A similar para-it e. Hnrnia minutipennis Riley. is an unwelcome guest of a wild hee in .Missouri. Another parasitic species is Tricniuia . nis Say in Massachusetts, and still another Sitarinid is '/';/- cnniiodcs stiinslntrvi Hald. in Utah. The larvae oi other genera of Meloidae are also parasitic on grasshoppers Many species of Staphylinidae are welcome quests HI ants A notable example coming under my observation was ,,ne regon. Specimens listed by CaudelF' extend the known range from Los Angeles, Califor- nia, to British Columbia. < >regon specimens that T have examined besides those collected by myself are from Mary's Peak and Philomath in the Coast Range, Bohemia and Cas- cadia in the western part of the Cascades, and Waldport on the coast. All other localities mentioned above and all specific localities listed by Caudell are on the coa>t. LITERATURE CITED. Scudder, S. H. Proc. Boston Soc. Xat. Mist. 8:12, 1861. 2 Scudder, S. H. Canad. Ent. 31 :117, 1899. 3 Caudell, A. N. Proc. U. S. Nat Mus. 4<>:657, 1916. Two New Cerambycidae (Coleop.). By J. N. KNULL, Pennsylvania Bureau of Plant Industry, I larrisburg, Pa. Elaphidion (Anoplium) masoni n. sp. Brunneus above and below, rather robust, head with coarsely granulate prominent eyes, surface with irregular large punc- tures, crenulate on vertex, moderately pubescent, antennae when laid back over dorsal surface, reaching to apical fourth of elytra in female, first joint stout, second small cylindrical, third" not quite as long as fourth and fifth taken together. fourth to ninth inclusive of about equal length, tenth shorter than ninth, eleventh longer than tenth, third to tenth joint 12 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '28 inclusive carinate, antennae densely pubescent. Thorax wider than long, widest in middle, surface irregularly coarsely punc- tured, punctures more numerous laterally, a central area smooth, dorsal surface moderately pubescent. Scutellum triangular, with numerous punctures. Elytra wider than widest portion of thorax, sides parallel, apices rounded, surface irregularly coarsely punctured, punctures becoming light toward apex, each puncture containing a long silky hair. Abdomen with ventral surface somewhat smooth, lightly punctured, pubescence sparse, last ventral segment broadly rounded. Length 10 mm., width 3 mm. Type: 9, labeled Edgebrook, Illinois, June 18, in the col- lection of the author, pardtypc: 9 , labeled Edgebrook, Illinois, Aug. 5, E. Liljeblad collector, in the collection of the late Mr. F. R. Mason after whom the species is named. The author is indebted to Prof. H. C. Fall, who kindly compared the specimen with the material in his collection. Oberea delongi n. sp. Piceous above and below with exception of head, ventral portion of thorax, scutellum. last abdominal segment, humeral angles of elytra and legs, which are yellow. Head with dark area on each ocular region, and at apices of mandibles, front convex, a median line extending from thorax to labrum, irregu- larly finely punctate in front, coarse punctures on vertex intermixed with much finer punctures, surface densely pube- scent, antennae when laid back over dorsal surface, extending beyond middle of elytra in female, slightly longer in male, scape stout, second joint small, third longer than fourth, fifth shorter than fourth, sixth to ninth inclusive of about equal length, tenth shorter than ninth, eleventh shorter than tenth. Thorax cylindrical, widest in middle, constricted anteriorly and posteriorly, smooth callosity in center, one on each side of central area and a lateral one on each side near base, surface irregularly coarsely punctured, short appressed pubescence in- termixed with long hairs. Scutellum triangular, densely finely punctured and pubescent. Elytra wider than thorax at base, sides nearly parallel, dilate on apical fourth, apices truncate, sutural costa raised on each elytron, surface coursely irregularly punctured, lightly clothed with appressed pubescence, a long hair arising from each puncture. Abdomen with ventral surface covered with minute punctures which give a somewhat granulate appearance, a closely ap- pressed hair arising from each of these small punctures, larger XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS punctures irregularly placed each containing a longer hair, last ventral segment of female concave, strongly emarginate at tip, a median line through center, dorsal segment slightly emarginate, tumid. TY/V: 9, length 10.5 mm, width 2.5 mm. The allotype has the last ventral segment much more concave with tip slightly emarginate, the last dorsal segment nearly truncate and slightly convex. The last ahdominal segment, scutellum and vertex of head are piceous. The color varies with the sex in the specimens at hand. T\pc, allotypc and two paralyses collected at Cedar Point, Ohio, on June 21, 1917, by Dr. D. M. DeLong, who kindly presented the series to the author. Pamtypc collected at Zanesville, Ohio, on June 25, 1924, by Dr. A. E. Miller, who kindly loaned me the specimen. I am indebted to Mr. \Y. S. Fisher of the U. S. National Museum for comparing the species with the Casey types and the material in the National Museum. A Case of the Botfly (Bogeria buccata) as a Parasite upon the Common House Mouse (Mus musculus). (Dipt.: Oestridae). By D. F. MILLER, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. While many kinds of mammals and even birds and reptiles are sometimes hosts to the Oestridae, certain types of hosts are rare and are worthy of mention when found. Because of their small size and habits of remaining concealed during the daytime mice are not likely to be parasitized by botflies and instances of its occurrence are seldom met with in the litera- ture upon the subject. Brauer (1864) tells of a hot larva found by Professor Hering upon a field mouse, Ai'icola a mil is Pallas. C. O. Waterhouse (1881) had on display at the meeting of the Entomological Society of London three larvae of an Oestrus obtained from Mus musculus and sent to him from Peru. Riley and Howard (1893) mention two "warbles" sent to them from California where they had been obtained from a parasite mouse Silomvs calif oniicus which had been trapped on the upper Temecula River. They recognize the larvae as L'ulcrcbra but of unknown species. 14 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '28 While moving a pile of lumber in an old building on his farm near Mantua, Ohio, Mr. D. B. Husted found a common house mouse infested with a hot. In regard to his discovery he writes as follows : "the mouse was found among a pile of hoards in an old building. It was just barely dead, I think, when I picked it up. I thought it had got pinched in moving the boards and as I walked to the door and threw it out, I saw, as it went, the button on its groin, I recovered it and mailed it the same day." The specimens were received by Professor R. C. Osburn, of Ohio State University, and turned over to me for rearing. The mouse was thoroughly emasculated by the hot larva which had left the dead mouse but was itself still alive, active and mature. There was no indication of its having attacked any other part of the mouse. I placed it upon a pot of earth which was covered with a breeding cage and left upon a shelf before my window. The larva buried itself immediately. This was September 30, 1926. Pupation must have followed very soon afterward. During the fall and winter months which followed it re- mained undisturbed upon the window shelf which was di- rectly over a steam radiator. This probably kept the tempera- ture slightly above that of the room most of the time. About the only attention it received was a little water at irregular intervals, sometimes twice in a week, sometimes once in two weeks. On March 4, 1927, a well formed male fly emerged. The fly Bogcria Imcaita, (also called Cntcrchra), and the mouse Mus iintsciiliis are in the possession of Mr. James S. Hine of the ( )hio State Archaeological Museum to whom I am indebted for the identification. The finding of the above case brings a letter from I). R. Beardsley, of Geneva, Ohio, to the effect that he "found a mouse with a 'warble' in its flank well back between its legs on the left side. I think it was quite well matured. It was a small house or barn mouse. It was in the latter part of October." He also states that the larva was of a brownish color. Unfortunately, Mr. Beardsley did not rear his speci- men or preserve either the larva or the mouse. XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 15 Having reared large numbers of botflies from the larvae it seems to me that the common idea that they are difficult to rear is a mistake and it is to be greatly hoped that those who find them hereafter will either rear them or send them to someone who is interested in so doing. Many of the references in the literature are to very doubtfully classified specimens based upon the larva alone. LITERATURE CITED BRAUER, FRIEDRICH M., 1864, Verh. Zool.-Bot. Wien., xiv, 891. RILEY AND HOWARD, 1893, Insect Life, vol. vi, 46. WATERHOUSE, C. O., 1881, Proc. Ent. Soc., London, Sept. 7, 1881. ____ Thomas Say's Unrecorded Journey in Mexico. By H. S. BARBER, Bureau of Entomology, Washington, D. C. \Yhen definite type localities are not recorded for species described long ago, it is of the utmost importance that the modern systematist understand what geographical sources could have contributed material to the describer up to the time of his study. But it often requires a long and tedious search through the records of a pioneer naturalist such as Thomas Say before any clear idea can be formed of the areas from which collections were available at different times in the progress of his studies. If we should now attempt to identify the weevil, Lymantes scrobicollis Schoenherr 1837, a species long considered unrecognizable, whose type locality is recorded as "America borcalis. A Dom. Say amice communicatus," it would be of importance to know if the faunae of Mexico City and Yera Cruz need to be considered in addition to the better known collecting grounds of the sender. The numerous species described by Say without more definite locality than the laconic "Inhabits Mexico" have been a source of perplexity to modern workers, some of whom have interpreted this locality as New Mexico, but, as is shown below, there is ample evi- dence that Say actually visited Mexico City. It is probable that all of his Mexican forms were collected along the old nu 1 between Vera Cruz, Jalapa, Mexico City and Tacuba. 16 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '28 Personal experience with the honey-storing, papernest wasp, Ncctarina nielli fica (Say) (see Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., vol. 7, 1905. p. 25), led the writer to read Say's account of this species (below quoted), so it was quite a surprise to find later that no mention of his journey to Mexico appears in the biographies of this fine old naturalist. The "trail map" here shown is drawn chiefly from the maps of the two expeditions of Major Long in which Say participated, but much additional informa- tion has been taken from certain remarks appended to descrip- tions of species. XXXIX, '28J ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 17 In 1829, Say described numerous flies, and in 1831 numer- ous weevils from Mexico without definite locality. In another paper, published in December, 1831, he several times names Mexican species from specimens collected by \Villiam Bennett and presented to him by Mr. Maclure. and among these he describes Cori.ra mercenaries, with comparisons and remarks, in the first person, as follows, indicating that Say had, himself, been in Mexico City : Passing through the market in the city of Mexico I obtained a few specimens from the quantity of at least a peck, exposed for sale by an Aztec woman. They are made use of as food. Commenting on a rove-beetle (O.rytcins ntgulosHs) described by him in 1834, he says : "I obtained three specimens of the rugitlosits in Mexico." Again, in a posthumous paper published in 1837, in de- scribing two species of stingless bees from Mexico, he says of one : My specimens are workers, and I did not find the nest or ascertain the kind and importance of the honey they make. Of the other he says : "Of this I obtained but a single specimen ." But even more convincing is his account of the honey- storing, papernest making wasp which he describes as Polistcs incllificu, in which he says: Not being able to find my notes relative to this species, I can only state, that near Jalapa, my attention was attracted by a group of Indians, who were eating honey from a paper nest which was then so far dissected in their repast that I could not ascertain its proper form. The honey had a pleasant taste, and as far as 1 could gather from their gestures, the nest was obtained in a tree. Some of the specimens above described I found crawling feebly away and others I extracted from the cells in a perfect state. [He then continues, still writing in the first person, with lengthy technical remarks.] On referring to his papers on Conchology a number of more convincing remarks are to be found, a few of which may be quoted here : 18 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '28 Inhabits Mexico. I obtained several specimens in a ditch beside the road between the capital and Tacuba. Occurs in plenty a short distance below Vera Cruz. We found them immediately behind the sand hillocks of the coast .... did not see a living specimen. We collected many ... in the marshes near New Orleans and on the banks of the Carondelet Canal. I obtained a few single valves .... at New Orleans during a short sojourn in that city with Mr. Maclure in 1827. Discussing artifacts from the prehistoric mounds (Dissemi- nator for June 23, 1831 not seen by present writer*) Say says a certain implement which probably served as a knife resembles the obsidian knives of the ancient Aztecks, or perhaps of the Tultecks, of which we found a great many near the Mexican city of Chalco and the Prince of Wied, who had visited Say at New Harmony and from whose book (Travels in the Interior of North America, english translation, 1843, p. 80.) the' last quotation has been taken, further discusses these Instruments .... found even now in Mexico, some of which Mr. T. Say brought with him from his journey to that country, and wrote a paper respecting them. In Lockwood's narrative of the New Harmony Movement (Appleton, 1905) the presence of Say and Maclure at New Harmony in 1827 is mentioned as well as the latter 's departure for Mexico in 1828 leaving Say in charge of his interests in New Harmony. Through the kindness of Mr. Wade his as yet unpublished bibliography of Thomas Say in "Bibliography of Biographies of Entomologists" has been available to me, but no mention of Say's Mexican journey has been noticed in the articles cited. An outline of his journey to Florida appears in two letters dated Washington, Dec. 12, 1817, and Philadelphia, June 10, 1818 (Ent. News 1901, vol. 12, p. 233-236) mentioning his *Mr. B. E. Montgomery has looked up this publication in the library at New Harmony and finds this article is anonymous and that the date is June 25, 1831, instead of June 23. The Prince of \Yicd may have had knowledge that it was written by Say. xxxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 19 journey with Maclure in carriage from Philadelphia via Wash- ington to Charleston, S. C., where they shipped to Savannah and, joining Orel and Peale, proceeded slowly by sloop to St. John's River. The two-year trip with Long to the Rockies is briefly narrated by Say in another letter dated at Philadelphia, Aug. 29, 1821, (see Ent. News 1901, vol. 12, p. 314-6), and the six-month journey to Lake Winnipeg with Long is out- lined in another letter from Philadelphia dated Xov. 30, 1823, (see Ent. News 1902, vol. 13, p. 39-40). Perhaps further evidence of his journeys to New Orleans and Mexico, or else- \vhere, can be contributed by some one who knows of unpub- lished letters from New Harmony. After a rather careful search through the numerous but fragmentary accounts of this very impressive character, the opinion voiced by Dr. Dall almost forty years ago in the footnote to his appreciative account (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 1888, vol. 4, p. 101) may well be quoted : "A better biography of Say is greatly needed." Postscript, XoTcinbcr, 1927. Since writing the above, two very important published state- ments of such definite nature as to almost demand deletion of the word "unrecorded" from the title of this article, have been found and the writer is greatly indebted to Miss Hazel Bartlett of the Library of Congress. "Washington, and to Mr. \Vm. J. Fox, of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, for the references. S. G. Morton, in his Memoir of William Maclure, read in 1841 and published in Philadelphia (2nd edition, 1844, p. 21) wrote : We accordingly find him [ Maclure | in the autumn of 1827 embarking for Mexico in company with his friend Mr. Say. They passed the winter in that delightful country .... and on the approach of summer they returned to the l.'nited States. E. J. Xolan, in his account of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences (Founders Week .Memorial Volume, Phila- delphia, 1909, p. 156) states: The communistic experiment in which they were having proved a failure he [Say] accompanied Mr. Maclure 20 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '28 to Mexico. He remained there for twelve months and was then compelled by business engagements to return to New Harmony. The source of information of either of these statements is not known. From a work of fiction (Seth Way, A Romance of the New Harmony Colony, by Caroline Dale Owen Houghton Mifflin Co., 1917) one may better comprehend than from historical memoirs, the characters, ideals and inspirations which found their expression in the New Harmony undertakings. "In character and scientific attainments the hero is Thomas Say" but in the story he (Seth Way) appears to be a wandering lad working at New Harmony before the arrival of Say who is thereafter rarely mentioned. ''The Communism of Thomas Say" is the subject of a very recent paper by Weiss & Ziegler (Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., vol. 35, pp. 231-239) but unfortunately Coates' Memoir of Say was not before them and Ord's statements which they adopt, of Say's supposed handicaps in education and literary style seem a matter of personal taste, inconsistent with the known utility of Say's writings. According to this paper (probably adopted from Orel) Maclure and Say remained at New Harmony until 1828 when the former went to Mexico leaving his interests in the latter's charge but this disagrees with the above evidence that they spent the winter of 1827-8 in Mexico. Coates and Ord differ in many points, the latter, for instance, inferring that Say remained quietly at New Har- mony after his departure from Philadelphia in 1825, while the former describes Say's appearance during a visit to Philadel- phia some months before his death. Ord states that as a mark of respect Say was subsequently called one of the founders of the Academy while Coates publishes minutes of meetings show- ing Say to be one of the original group mentioned in, aiid signing the first resolution although unable to attend the first meeting. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS PHILADELPHIA, PA., JANUARY, 1928. The Labeling of Plates. The editor of the NEWS read with joy the following passages written by C. T. Hurst, published in Science for July 8, 1927, page 38: Not very long ago a very excellent paper of considerable length and" illustrated by well-drawn figures in a half dozen or more plates came to me. This paper was a zoological thesis from one of the major universities of the country, it happened to be along a line of especial interest to the writer, it was read with care. But the ease of reading and the degree of pleasure and profit enjoyed were seriously marred by the fact that the figures on the various plates were labeled with abbreviations and that one had to turn to a distant page to find the key to these abbreviations. It would have been bad enough had the key been on the page facing the plate, or at the bottom of the plate itself. Often, to make such a bad matter worse, the terms were not alphabetically arranged they may even be omitted by error in some cases. Needless to say, a study of such plates involves a great deal of time, patience, labor and even temper. In many instances, unless such papers are of immediate interest, they go unread insofar as a careful examination of the plates is concerned. In the plates above mentioned, it was noticed that there would have been plenty of room to spell the labels out in full directly on the face of the plates, thus doing away with the necessity for a key, and at the same time effecting- a saving of time and labor in the ultimate consumption. The artistic qualities of the drawings would not suffer in the least by such a procedure ; on the other hand, accuracy and availability would be greatly enhanced. The present system of indirect labeling of plates is archaic and absolutely unscientific. It should be changed to a system of direct labeling on the figures, together with any necessary explanatory matter (not. a key) on the page facing the plate. Direct labeling can be easily carried out in all cases except possibly in those rare instances where the details are exception- ally small and numerous. In such cases the key should face the plate and it should be arranged in an alphabetical fashion. Contributors to the NEWS take warning! 21 22 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '28 Personals. Dr. FRANK E. BLAISDELL, of San Francisco, has retired from his medical teaching, after 27 years of continuous attention to anatomy and pathology. He is planning to spend some months in travel in the East next year. Prof. J. G. NEEDHAM wrote from Peking, China, on October 16, 1927: "I went dragonfly collecting in the valley beyond this pagoda [Marble Pagoda at Yii Ch'iien Shan] today. Only Sympctnim and Ana.v still flying. Having an interesting time over here. All well. All peaceful in Peking." Mr. SAMUEL HENSITAW'S recent resignation of the director- ship of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard Uni- versity was referred to in Science for November 11, 1927. He was director for fifteen years; previous thereto he was assistant entomologist and curator of insects for eighteen years, succeed- ing Dr. H. A. Hagen, to whom he was assistant for two years. He took charge of the Museum at a very critical time in its history. During his directorship the collections have greatly increased, especially in reptiles, birds and insects. Entomolo- gists gratefully recall his List of the Colcoptcra of North America and Supplements thereto, his lists of synopses of genera of Coleoptera, the first four parts of the Bibliography of Economic Entomology, his bibliographies of Le Conte, Horn and Packard, his list of the Hemiptera described by Uhler, his generous aid to various zoological and entomological undertak- ings and wish him many years of health and happiness. Impressions of the Tring Museum, England. We sail for India and Siam October 28. The other day I went to see the Rothschild Museum at Tring and was shown over by Dr. Karl Jordan. The beauty of the collections sur- passes anything you could well imagine and the long series of all sorts of interesting Lepidoptera amazed me. All the col- lections are well cared for in a fine large building in cabinets of the latest and best tvpes and you could not find a more delightful place to work. But, alas ! they don't go in for Hymenoptera. I also saw the vast collection of fleas and Dr. Jordan's great series of Anthribidae, some of them resembling Longicorns. T. D. A. COCKERELL. Gold Mines of the Naturalist in Nicaragua. Managua, Nicaragua, Dec. 2. (AP) Chontales Mines Company, Ltd., owning gold mines in the Department of Chon- tales which it has worked for many years, to-day went into voluntary liquidation. Philadelphia Public Lcdqcr. Dec. 3, 1927. We reached Pavon, one of the mines of the Chontales Com- XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 23 pany, and passing the Javali mine soon arrived at Santo Do- mingo, the headquarters of the gold-mining company whose operations I had come out to superintend. [Feb. 23?, 1868 \ .... I finally left the mines September 6, 1872, on my way to England. THOMAS BELT, The Naturalist in Xicaraha, and 24 Enpar- tlicnos nubiHs, showing all gradations between the lighter and darker forms, constitutes a very handsome and instructive exhibit. Among manv rare species there is a good specimen of Calocala Jicrodias. There is also a large series of 7. ale and other "sim- ilar-winsred noctuids". A Thysania zcnobia taken at Provi- dence, Rhode Island, is the second New England record for this southern species. Of the Geometridae there are 246 species and 839 specimens, a number of which are new to the collec- tion. The Notodontidae arc represented by 44 species and 344 24 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '28 specimens. There are but few Microlepidoptera, but among these are some interesting southern forms, such as the Pickle and Melon Moths, Diophania iiitidalis and D. hyalinata, and the beautiful Attcva pitnctcHa, all taken in Rhode Island. Of the Arctiidae or tiger-moths there are 61 species and 451 speci- mens. There is an exceedingly beautiful series of the large Saturnoidea, 25 species and 211 specimens. These include such moths as the Luna, Polyphemus, Cecropia, lo, etc. The Sphingidae or hawk-moths, represented by 42 species and 242 specimens, are exceptionally fine, a number of the more south- ern species being represented. The butterflies number 107 species and 624 specimens. While the series of the genus Papilio are especially good, Mr. Clark was not as enthusiastic over them as he was over the moths, and large series showing variation are wanting. With this addition the Society's collection of New England Microlepidoptera becomes almost complete. The large series make it a particularly valuable study collection. C. W. J. (in Bui. Boston Soc. N. H., No. 45, p. 5-6.) Assembly of Ground-Beetles (Coleop. : Carabidae). On November 6th, 1927, while collecting in this locality for Carabidae with Mr. G. E. Hudson, a student of this Col- lege, I turned over a stone not more than a foot in diameter, and beneath it found 31 Carabids, representing six species as follows : Dicaelus elongatus 24 specimens, about equal as to sexes. Dicaelus ovalis 2, both females. Galerita janus 1 male. Chlaenius laticollis 2. Chlaenius nemoralis .... 1. Chlaenius aestivus 1. No copulation or attempts thereat were in progress, nor was there any visible food or other attraction. It is not uncommon to find several specimens of Galerita or Chlaenius under one covering object, but I do not remember ever to have seen any species of Dicaelus thus congregated, certainly not in such numbers. Three of the cloixjatus departed from the normal in having 3 setae on right-hand margin of the thorax in front of the middle whereas the normal number is two. The avails were both typical with one such seta. On that day in about 2 l / 2 hours, we secured 29 species of Carabidae, and yet lacked many which are surely present at this season. FRANKLIN SHERMAN, Div. of Ent. and Zool., Clemson Col- lege, South Carolina, List of the Titles of Periodicals and Serials Referred to by Numbers in Entomological Literature in Entomological News. 1. Transactions of The American Entomological Society. Philadelphia. 2. Entomologische Blatter, red. v. H. Eckstein etc. Berlin. 3. Annals of the Carnegie Museum. Pittsburgh, Pa. 4. Canadian Entomologist. London, Canada. 5. Pysche, A Journal of Entomology. Boston, Mass. 6. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. New York. 7. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. Columbus, Ohio. 8. Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. London. 9. The Entomologist. London. 10. Proceedings of the Ent. Soc. of Washington. Washington, D. C. 11. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift. Berlin. 12. Journal of Economic Entomology. Concord, N. H. 13. Journal of Entomology and Zoology. Claremont, Cal. 14. Entomologische Zeitschrift. Frankfurt a. M.. Germany. 15. Natural History, American Museum of Natural History. New York. 16. American Journal of Science. New Haven, Conn. 17. Entomologische Rundschau. Stuttgart, Germany. 18. Internationale entomologische Zeitschrift. Guben, Germany.^ 19. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society. Brooklyn, N. Y. 20. Societas entomologica. Stuttgart, Germany. 21. The Entomologists' Record and Journal of Variation. London. 22. Bulletin of Entomological Research. London. 23. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia generale e agraria della R. Scuola superiore d'. \gricultura in Portici. Italy. 24. Annales de la societe entomologique de France. Paris. 25. Bulletin de la societe entomologiqnc de France. Paris. 26. Entomologischcr Anzeiger, hersg. .\dolf Hoffmann. Wien, Austria. 27. Bolletino della Societa Entomologica. Geneva, Italy. 28. Ent. Tidskrift utgifen af Ent. F<">reningen i Stockholm. Sweden. 29. Annual Report of the Ent. Society of Ontario. Toronto, Canada. 30. The Maine Naturalist. Thornaston, Maine. 31. Nature. London. 32. Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janiero. Brazil. 33. Bull, et Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique. Bruxelles. 34. Zoologischer Anzeiger, hrsg. v. E. Korschelt. Leipzig. 35. The Annals of Applied Biology. Cambridge, England. 3f). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. England. 37. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. Honolulu. 38. Bull, of the Southern California Academy of Sciences. Los Angeles, 39. The Florida Entomologist. Gainesville, Fla. 40. American Museum Novitates. New York. 41. Mitteilungen der schweiz. cut. Gesellschaft. Schaffhausen, Switzerland. 42. The Journal of Experimental Zoology. Philadelphia. 43. Ohio Journal of Sciences. Columbia. Ohio. 44. Revista chilena de historia natural. Valparaiso. Chile. 45. Zeitschrift fur wisseiischaftliche fnsektenbiologie. IVrlin. 46. Zeitschrift fiir Morphologic und nkologie der Ti ^Berlin. 47. Journal of Agricultural Research. Washington. I). C. 48. Wiener cntomologisrhe Zeitung. Wit n, Austria. 49. Entomologische Mitteilungen. Berlin. 50. Proceedings of the V. S. Xational Museum. Washington, D. C. 51. Notulae entomologicae, ed. Soc. ent. helsingfors. Helsingfors, Finland. 52. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichtc, hrsg. v. E. Strand. Berlin. 53. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. London. 54. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee. Paris. 55. Pan-Pacific Entomologist. San Francisco, Cal. 56. "Konowia". Zeit. fur systematische Insektenkunde. Wien, Austria. 57. La Feuille des Naturalistes. Paris. 58. Entomologische Berichten. Nederlanclsche ent. Ver. Amsterdam. 59. Encyclopedic entomologique, ed. P. Lechevalier. Paris. 60. Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Stettin, Germany. 61. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco. 62. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. New York. 63. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift "Iris". Berlin. 64. Zeitschrift des osterr. entomologen-Vereines. Wien. 65. Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie, hrsg. K. Escherich. Berlin. 66. P-enort of the Proceedings of the Entomological Meeting. Pusa. India. 67. University of California Publications, Entomology. Berkeley, Cal. 68. Science. New York. 69. Comptes rendus hebdoma. des seances de 1'Academie des sciences. Paris. 70. Entomologica Americana, Brooklyn Entomological Society. Brooklyn. 71. Novitatcs Zoologicae. Tring, England. 72. Revue russe d'Entomologie. Leningrad, USSR. 73. Quarterly Review of Biology. Baltimore, Maryland. 74. Sbornik entomolog. narodniho musea v Praze. Prague, Czechoslavokia. 75. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London. 76. The Scientific Monthly. New York. 77. Comptes rendus heb. des seances et memo, de la soc. de biologic. Paris. 78. Bulletin Biologique de la France et de la Belgique. Paris. 79. Koleopterologische Rundschau. Wien. HO. Lepidopterologische Rundschau, hrsg. Adolf Hoffmann. Wien. 81. Folia myrmecol. et termitol. hrs2. 2 col. 1)1. 34 fig. Miiller & Schuster von Forstner. Die Kerb- tierwelt der Insel Seymour. Xetie entomologische Erfor- schung der Galapagosinseln (lurch Ileebe. Spinngewebe als vogelnetze? |2()| 42: 21-24. ill. Myers, M. A.- < >bservations on the habits and life history of the moth, Lophoptilus eloisella. [6] 35: 241-244. Nakahara, W.- Remarks on genitalic characters of some 1'apilios of the machaon-group. |1 ( >| 22: 220. Johnson, C. W.- Notes on the present distribution of two introduced moths. |5| 34: 176-177. Learned, E. T. A study of the male ab- dominal appendages of the \ais-gnmp of Apantesi^ \\"alker. (Arctiidae). |5| 34: 135-145. 2 pi. LeCerf, F- Sur la validite de certains termes g'eneriques attribues 28 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '28 a Linne. [59] (B), Lep. 2: 153-167. Hudson & Wood. Some preliminary observation on the life history of the armyworm Cirphis unipuncta. [29] 1926 : 22-24. Engle- hardt, G. P. A collection of inflated caterpillars. [19] 22: 212. Eltringham, H. On the brush organs in the Xocttiid moth Laphygma frugiperda. [36] 75 : 143-146, ill. Dohanian, S. M. Preliminary experiments for the control of certain European vine-moths by fumigating with cyanogas calcium cyanide. [5] 34: 146-156. *Dyai\ H. G. Ten new Lepidoptera from Mexico, [:o] 4: 7-10. 1927. Ball, F. J. Practical Hints for the Examination of the Androconia. [9] 60: 125-126. Barnes and Benjamin. On the identity of the Asthena lucata Gn. (Geometridae). [55] 4:6. Barnes and Benjamin. On the identity of Choer- odes incurvata Gn. [55] 4: 10. Barnes and Benjamin. On the identity of Acidalia balistaria Gn. [55] 4: 17. Barnes and Benjamin. On the placement of "Ogdoconta" carnecla Sm. [55] 4: 18. Barnes and Benjamin. On the identity of Micra recta Gn. [55] 4: 39. -Barnes and Benjamin. Notes on two speties of the genus Olene. (Liparidae). [19] 22: 226. Barnes and Benjamin.- New Phalaenidae. [55] 4: 4-6. Barnes and Benjamin. Synonymic notes. (Phalaenidae). [5o] 4: 1-3. *Be'll, E. L. Description of a new Thorybes. (Hes- periidae). [19] 22: 217-218. -Bell, E. L. Description of a new Amblyscirtes from Texas. (Hesperiidae). [19] 22: 203-204. -Bell, E. L. Description of a new species of Erynnis (Thanaos Auct.). [6] 35: 261-263. Clark, A. H. Fragrant butterflies. [Smith. Rep.] 1926: 421-446, ill. Cockayne, E. A. Extra wings in Lepidoptera. [36] 75: 163-176. 2 pi. Crumb, S. E. The army worms (Key to larvae). [19] 22: 41-55, ill. DIPTERA. Aldrich, J. M. Notes on muscoid syn- onymy. [19] 22": 18-25. -Alexander, C. P. Uncle- scribed crane-flies from the Holarctic region in the U. S. National Museum. [50] 72, Art. 2; 17 pp. ill. Alexander, C. P. Undescribed species of the genus Limnophila from eastern North America. (Tipulidae). [1 ( '] 22 : 56-64. ill. -Alexander, C. P. Records and descriptions of Neotropical crane-flies (S). [6] 35: 265-27S. -Borgmeier, T. Kinc neue ecitophile Phoridengattung ans Krusilien. [49] 16: 411-414, ill. Cole, F. R. Note on Western bulb flies. [55] 4- 29 da Costa Lima, A. Sur la respiration des larves d'Anopheles albimanus. [77] 97: K2-1093. -Curran, C. H. A new tachinid parasitic on armyworms in Mexico. XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 29 [37] 6: 497-498. Hoffman, W. A. A container for field collection of mosquito larvae. [68] 65: 485, ill. Jordan, D. S. The mosquito fish (Gambusia) and its relation to malaria. [Smith. Rep.] 1926: 361-368, ill. Learned, E. T. Note on leaf-oviposition of Zenillia futilis (Tachin- idae). [19] 22: 219. Mitchener, A. V. The current fruit fly, Epochra canadensis Loew, in Manitoba. (Trypet- idae). [29] 1926: 38-41, ill. Sinton & Covell. The re- lation of the morphology of the buccal cavity to the classi- fication of anopheline mosquitoes. [Indian Jour. Med. Res.] 15: 301-308, ill. Speed, R. J. Notes on the biology and immature stages of Geranomyia. [39] 11: 17-26. 7 fig. Swezey, O. H. Notes on the Mexican Tachinid, Archytas cirphis Curran, introduced into Hawaii as an armyworm parasite. [37] 6: 499-503. Thorpe, W. H. The larvae and pupae of the genus Hyperechia (Asilidae). [36] 75: 177-185, ill. Wright, W. R. On the. effects of exposure to raised temperatures upon the larvae of certain British mosquitoes. [22] 18: 91-94. COLEOPTERA. Benedict, W. Two interesting beetles from Carlsbad Cavern. [55] 4: 44-46. Boucomont et Gillet. Scarabaeidae : Coprinae. II, Termotraginae. In: Coleopterorum Catalogus Part 90 : 103-264. Brannon, C. H. Life history of the plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenu- phar). [J. Elisha Mit. Soc.] 43: 79-83, ill. -Buchanan, L. L. A short review of Notaris (Curculionidae). [19] 22 : 36-39, ill. ::: Chapin, E. The North American species of Ptilodactyla. [1] 53: 241-247 1 pi. Csiki, E.Carab- idae : Carabinae. 1. In: Coleopterorum Catalogus Part 91 : 1-313. Darlington, P. J., Jr. Helophorus aquaticus L. in America. [5] 34: 174-175. Englehardt, G. P.- Popillia japonica in Long Island. [19] 22: 218. *Fall, H. C. New Lampyridae. [19] 22: 208-211. Hardy, G. A. Buprestidae of Vancouver Island. [Rep. Prov. Mus. N. II., B. C.] 1926: 32-37, ill. Hatch, M. H. Notes on the biology of Dineutus. (Gyrinidae). [19] 22: 27-28. :;: Grouvelle, A. Contribution a 1'etude des Notiophygus. (S). [59] (B.I) 2: 97-147. Hatch, H. A systematic mdex to the keys for the determination of the Nearctic Coleop- tera. [6] 35: 279-306. Hatch, M. H. Note on the varieties of Crioceris asparagi L. [19] 22: 211. Hutchings, C. B.- A -study of Balaninus obtusus Hlanchard : or, a life his- tory in'a Hazel nutshell. [29{ 1926: 9-12, ill.' Kleine, R.- Brenthidae. In: Coleopterorum Catalogus Part 8 ( ) : 1-94. *Pic, M. Coleopteres du globe. [99] 50: 36 pp. Salt, G.- 30 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '28 Notes on the Strepsiptera and their hymenopterons hosts. | 5] 34: 182-192. *Schaeffer, C. On a few new and known Melolonthine Scarabaeidae. [19] 22: 213-216. *Van Dyke, C. New species of North American Rhynchophora. [55J 4: 11-17. *Wolcott, A. B. Descriptions of a new genus and four new species of American Cleridae. [Col. Cont.] 1: 105-110. Williams, F. X. Euparagia scutellaris Cresson, a Masarid wasp that stores its cells with the young of a Curculionid beetle. [55] 4: 38-39. Wilson, J. W. The male genital tube of some of the species of the genus Scym- nus (Coccinellidae). [5] 34: 167-170. 1 pi. Winters, F. C.- Key to the subtribe Helocharse Orchym. of Boreal America. [55] 4: 19. HYMENOPTERA. *Brethes, J. Hymenopteres Sucl- Americains du Deutsches Entomologisches Institut: Tere- brantia. [49] 16: 319-335, ill. Chorine, V. Sur 1'immunisa- tion des chenilles de la mite des Abeilles (Galleria mel- lonella). [77] 97: 1288-1290. -Cockerell, T. D. A. Two new types of desert bees. [55] 4: 4114. Crampton, G. C. (See under General.) "Cushman, R. A. Miscellaneous notes and descriptions of ichneumon-flies. [50] 72, Art. 13: 22 pp. Driggers, B. F. Galls on stems of cultivated blue- berry caused by a Chalcidoid, Hemadas nubilipennis Ashm. [6] 35: 253-259. ::: Gahan, A. B. Description of a new Eulophid parasitic on Bucculatrix canadensisella Chambers. [5] 34: 171-173. :;: Fenton, F. A. New parasitic Hymen- optera of the .subfamily Anteoninae from the Americas. [50] 72, Art. 8, 16 pp. ill. "Menozzi, C. Formiche raccolte dal Sig. H. Schmidt nei dintorni di San Jose di Costa Rica (Formicidae). [49] 16: 336-345, ill. -Mitchell, T. B. Notes on the Megacliilidae. [5] 34: 178-181. -Taylor, R. L. A new species of parasitic Hymenoptera. (Eupelmidae). [19[ 22: 205-207, ill/ Wheeler,' W. M. The occurrence of the pavement ant (Tetramorium caes])itum L.) in Boston. [5] 34: 164-165. Whiting, A. R. Genetic evidence for diploid males in Habrobracon. [92] 53: 438-449. Weber, H. Die Gliederung der Sternalregion des Tenthredinidenthorax. |45] 22: 161-1')8. ill. SPECIAL NOTICES. Die Hydracarinen Schwedens. Beitrag zur Systematik. Embryologie, Oekologie, und Verbreitungsgeschichte der schwedischen Arten. Von O. Lundblad. [Zool. Bidrag, Uppsala] 11: 185-540, ill. This monographic treatise will probably be intere.sting to American students of this Order. '28] KXToMOLOdK AL NEWS 31 When books appear they are always "much needed", hut this term was never more truthfully applied in my opinion than now for KlNGSBURY AND JOHANNSEN's "HlSTOLOGlCAL Tl-:< II- MOUE" recently issued hy John Wiley and Sons, Inc.. Xew York City viii. pp. 1-131/16 figs, 1927". I may be hut one of few instead of many, who has floundered somewhat in the complex preparation of stained insect and other animal tissue in order to differentiate cytoplasm and its inclusions. Methods of fixation, dehydration and staining are legion in the numerous periodicals, hut they are often insuffi- ciently described and inadequately tested, besides being widely scattered in the literature. In Kingsbury and Johannsen's vol- ume there is now compiled as complete a set of directions for both general and specialized histologic technique as could be desired by the beginner and more advanced worker. It doubt- less contains the tested and successfully demonstrated technique of Kingsbury's earlier "Laboratory directions in histologv" based on years of contact with advanced students in animal histology, and the extensive experience of Johannsen in inseci morphology and histology. At first glance the insect histologist might wish that the volume were devoted to the preparation of insect tissues alone, or he might wish that it had been practicable to concentrate the technique upon the Arthropoda in several chapters rather than find it largely in one chapter on "Special methods for various animal forms" and in, scattered paragraphs throughout the volume; but a working knowledge of what the volume contains would probably soon obviate any difficulty in findiii" just which fixers, methods, or stains are suitable for empha- sizing certain insect tissues. In making histologic preparations, what are good directions lor some are inadequate for others. This is because one who presents his schema for fixation and staining, omits detailed steps in procedure which he thinks any worker in histol should know. In reality the worker doesn't know, because he is not working under similar conditions or with the same equipment. Consequently perfection in histologic technique becomes rather a matter of trial and experience. I'.ut it will be found decidedly advantageous to have this volume of Doc- tors Kingsbury and [ohannsen handy for the correction oi errors in technique from their unuMiallv complete direction-;, and to use it as a basis for broadening one's histologic trainin". into the later and more specific methods of differentiating cell structures. R. W. T.Kir.v. 32 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Jan., '28 OBITUARY. The death of FREDERICK LEONARD WASHBURN, professor of economic vertebrate zoology at the University of Minne- sota from 1918 to 1926, which occurred on October 15, 1927, was announced in Science for October 21. He was born at Brookline, Massachusetts, April 12, 1860, son of Nehemiah and Martha (Parmalee) Washburn, received the A. B. from Harvard in 1882, and was a graduate student at Johns Hopkins and at Harvard, which latter gave him the A. M. in 1895. He was instructor of zoology at the University of Michigan 1887- 88, professor of zoology at Oregon Agricultural College and' entomologist at the Experiment Station 1888-1894, professor of biology at the University of Oregon 1894-1902, State biolo- gist of Oregon 1899-1902, professor of entomology at the Uni- versity of Minnesota and State entomologist of Minnesota 1902-1918. He married Frances L. Wilcox of Minneapolis, December 27, 1887, and had two daughters, both of whom married. In addition to, his official reports as State Entomologist of Minnesota, he published, in 1918, a book entitled Injurious insects and Useful Birds (Lippincott, Philadelphia and Lon- don), which was reviewed in the NEWS for February, 1919 (]). 54). His most recent contribution to this journal appears to be a brief note on the cotton worm moth, Alabama argittacea, in Minnesota in 1914. published in our number for May, 1915 (p. 207). The death on October 22, 1927, after a short illness, of Dr. ANTONIO BERLESE, director of the R. Stazione cli Entomologia . \graria, at Florence, Italy, is announced. He was the author of the well-known text-book, Gil Insetti, loro orcjaniz- zitzionc, si'iluppo, abitudini e rapporti coU'iioino, in two large volumes (Milan, 1909 and later). His contributions to ento- mology include studies on the Italian Coccidae. 1893-95, a monograph of the Myrientomata (Redia, vol. 6, pp. 1-182, 17 plates, 1910), on metamorphosis (Redia, vol. 9, pp. 121-136, l')13) and cuticular sense organs; and on the phenomena of metamorphosis in metabolic insects (Revista di patnlogia vegetale 1897 and later). The number of the NEWS for December, 1027, \vas mailed at ibc 1 Philadelphia Post Office on December 14th, 1927. ( "OI;KK< TION : On title page of Volume XXXVTTI, 1027, under Advisory Committee, for Max l.islink. Jr. read Max Kisliuk, Jr. NEW ADDRESS FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS FOR 1928 NOW PAYABLE See next page. FEBRUARY, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Vol. XXXIX No. 2 -. CHARLES ROBERT OSTKN SACKEN, 1828-1906 Mil CONTENTS \Veiss The Entomology of Sir Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epi- demica Ferris The Larva of Olfersia vulturis Van der Wulp (Diptera: Hippo- boscidae) Personal E. O. Essig . Mickel A New Species of Meloid Beetle, with a Key to the North American Species of the Genus Leonidia Cockerell (Coleoptera) . Trimble Scale Insects of Pennsylvania (Homop.: Coccidae). . . . Ball Notes on the Cercopidae of America North of Mexico (Homop.). Holland The Invalidity of the Tentamen Names of the Butterflies (Lepidoptera : Rhopalocera) . Fourth International Congress of Entomology Editorial Entomology at the "Convocation Week" Meetings, Decem- ber 26 to 31. 1927 Personals R. J. Tillyard, Henry A. Ballou . . Goe Concerning Earwigs (Derraaptera) Entomological Literature . Review Maeterlinck's Life of the White Ant Obituary A. H. Manee 33 36 37 38 4? 47 50 59 60 62 63 67 68 PHILADELPHIA, PA. THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Logan Square Entered at the Philadelphia, Pa., Post Office as Second Class Matter. Acceptance for mailing at the special rate of postage prescribed for in Section 1 105, Act of October 3, 1917. authorized January 15, 1921. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS published monthly, excepting August and September, by The American Entomological Society. Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., Editor; E. T. Cresson, Jr., R. G. Sthmieder.Ph.D., Ernest Baylis, Associate Editors ; John C. Lutz, Business Manager. Advisory Committee : Philip Laurent, J, A. G Rehri, Chas. Liebeck, J, Chester Bradley, Ph.D., Frank Morton Jones, John C. Lutz, Max Kisliuk, Jr. The subscription price per year of ten (10) numbers is as follows: United States and possessions . . $3.00 Canada, Central and South America . 3.15 Foreign 3.25 Single copies 35 cents ADVERTISING RATES: Full width of page. Payments in advance. 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All contributions will be considered and passed upon at our earliest convenience and, as far as may be, will be published according to date of reception. The receipt of all papers will be acknowl- edged. Owing to the limited size of each number of the NEWS, articles longer than six printed pages will be published in two or more installments, unless the author be willing to pay for the cost of a sufficient number of additional pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Proof will be sent to authors. Twenty-five "extras" of an author's contribu- tion, without change in form and without covers, will be given free when they are wanted; if more than twenty-five copies are desired this should be stated on the MS. Owing to increased cost of labor and materials, no illustrations will be published in the NEWS for the present, except where authors furnish the necessary blocks, or pay in advance the cost of making blocks and pay for the cost of printing plates. Information as to the cost will be furnished in each case on application to the Editor. Blocks furnished or paid for 1>\ authors will, of course, be returned to authors, after publication, if desired. ^Stated Meetings of The American Entomological Society will be held at 7.30 o'clock P. M., on the fourth Thursday of each month, excepting June, July, August, November and December, and on the third Thursday of November and December. Communications on observations made in the course of your studies are solicited ; also exhibits of any specimens you consider of interest. The printer of the "News" will furnish reprints of articles over and above the twenty- hve given free at the following rates: One or two pages, twenty-five copies. 35 cents: three or four pages, twenty-five copies, 70 cents; five to eight pages, twenty-five copies, $1.40; nine to twelve pages, twenty-five copies, $2.00; each half-tone plate, twenty-five copies, 30 cents; each plate of line cuts, twenty-five copies, 25 cents; greater numbers of copies will be the corresponding multiples of these rates. JNTOMOLOGICAL NEWS_ VOL. XXXIX FEBRUARY, 1928 No. 2 The Entomology of Sir Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epidemica. By HARRY B. WEISS, New Brunswick, New Jersey. When Sir Thomas Browne, scholar and naturalist of the seventeenth century, exploded or attempted to explode popular fallacies in his "Pseudodoxia Epidemica," he did not overlook some entomological ones. He was always interested in animals and plants, and observations on natural history of one sort or another are scattered throughout his works. Hallam 1 did not rate Browne's "Pseudodoxia" at all highly. While admitting that it displayed considerable erudition, he was of the opinion that as late as 1646 only ignorant and unlearned people be- lieved in the phoenix or the basilisk, and said that few required a correction of their false beliefs with such an amount of proof as Browne had supplied. Hallam thought that he oc- cupied his mind with too many trifling questions and said that "A man of so much credulity and such an irregular imagina- tion as Browne was almost sure to believe in witchcraft and all sorts of spiritual agencies." Browne did believe in witch- craft. On March 10, 1664, "Amy Duny and Rose Cullender, two widows of Lowestoft, were indicted for bewitching" some seven persons, and "Sir Thomas Browne, then Dr. Browne, who was present at the trials, being a 'person of great know- ledge', was 'desired to give his opinion what he did conceive of them, and he was clearly of opinion that the persons were bewitched .... for he conceived that these swooning fits were natural, and nothing else but that they call the mother, but only heightened to a great excess by the subtility of the Devil, co-operating with the malice of these which we term witchs, at whose instance he doth these villainies. " : Appa- rently Browne's skepticism did not extend to witchcraft. Nor did it extend to the Ptolemaic theory, because he thought the 1 Literature of Europe. Vol. IV, 1839, London. 2 The Geography of Witchcraft, by M. Summers, 1927, New York. 33 34 [ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '28 Copernican theory was against Holy Scripture. However, even naturalists are likely to hold peculiar beliefs on some subject or another, and Hallam's estimate seems somewhat too severe, because Browne was an estimable person and had many good qualities. Returning to his "Pseudodoxia Epidemica," we find him, under the title "Of some Insects, and the properties of several Plants," disposing of the superstition connected with the tap- ping of the '"death-watch" beetle. He says, "For this noise is made by a little sheath-winged gray Insect found often in Wainscot, Benches, and \Yood-work, in the Summer. We have taken many thereof, and kept them in thin boxes, wherein I have heard and seen them work and knack with a little proboscis or trunk against the side of the box, like Apicus Martins, or Woodpecker against a tree. It workest best in warm weather, and for the most part giveth not over under nine or eleven stroaks at a time." He then states that who- ever can "extinguish the terrifying apprehensions" caused by the noise of this beetle, will prevent "many cold sweats in Grandmothers and Nurses." He then takes up the idea that the finding of certain insects one year forecasts famine, war, or pestilence the succeeding year, it having been supposed that the presence in oak apples, of either maggots, flies, or spiders foretold famine, war, or pestilence the next year. He says that flies and maggots are found every year and that the flies are first maggots. He admits that there may be some truth in the "Analogy or Em- blematical phansie. For Pestilence is properly signified by the Spider, whereof some kinds are of a very venemous Nature. Famine by maggots, which destroy the fruits of the Earth. And War not improperly by the Fly ; if we rest in the phansie of Homer, who compares the valiant Grecian unto a Fly;" also that an abundance of flies and maggots in the sap of a tree may indicate its decaying state. Under the title "Of the Picture of a Grashopper," he cor- rects the confusion which existed in ordinary minds, between grasshopper and cicada, and writes, "Again, Between the Cicada and that we call a Grashopper, the differences are very many, as may be observed in themselves, or their descriptions .\\.\ix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL XF.WS in Matt/iioliis, Alilroramlits and Miiffctns. For first. They are differently cucullated or capuched upon the head and hack, and in the Cicada the eyes are more prominent: The Locusts have Antennae or long horns before, with a long falcation or forcipated tail behind ; and being ordained for saltation, their hinder legsj do far exceed the other. The Locust or our Gras- hopper hath teeth, the Cicada none at all ; nor any mouth according unto Aristotle: The Cicada is must upon trees; and lastly, the fritinnitus or proper note thereof, is far more shril than that of the Locust ; and its life so short in Summer, that for provision it needs not have recourse unto the provi- dence of the Pismire in Winter." He then corrects other interpretations, Biblical ones, and goes on to say, "It must be likewise understood with some restriction what hath been affirmed by Isidore, and yet delivered by many, that Cicades are bred out of Cuccow spittle or Woodsear ; that is that spu- mous, froth}' dew or exudation, or both, found upon Plants, especially about the joints of Lavender and Rosemary, ob- servable with us about the latter end of May. For here the true) Cicada is not bred, but certain it is that out of this, some kind of Locust doth proceed; for herein may be discovered a little insect of a festucine or pale green, resembling in all parts a Locust, or what we call a Grashopper." He says that owing to the absence of the cicada in England, they have not "fallen upon its proper name." Many years later, how- ever, the cicada was discovered there. Browne's other entomological subjects include the glow- worm, a description of its light, disappearance with its death, etc., the wrong belief that earwigs are wingless, and the hum- ming sounds made by bees, flies, etc., in which he uses the explanations of Aristotle and Scaliger and advances his own views. All these are to be found under the heading, "Com- pendiously of sundry Tenents concerning other Animals which examined, prove either false or dubious." In addition to being a good observer, Browne was an assidu- ous collector, and his house in Xorwich was full of medals, books, curios, and natural history specimens. He was curious about everything and he wanted to know the truth. 36 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '28 The Larva of Olfersia vulturis Van der Wulp. (Diptera: Hippoboscidae). ])V G. F. FERRIS, Stanford University, California. In September, 1925, tbe writer obtained at San Bias, Nay- arit, Mexico, from a single specimen of tbe black vulture, Catliuristit unibii, sixteen specimens of a Hippoboscid fly. At least as many more individuals of the fly escaped, so that the total Hippoboscid population of this one bird was at least somewhere between thirty and forty. The species is that described by Van der YVulp as Olfersia vulturis. Elsewhere I have joined in an expression of the opinion that vulturis is a synonym of Olfersia spinifcra (Leach), but I am not now so certain that this is the case. I shall not enter into a dis- cussion of the question here and for the present at least I am reverting to the use of the name vitltitris. o Olfersia vulturis Van der Wulp : A, larva ; B, portion of derm of larva. From these flies there were obtained three newly deposited larvae. Two of these were found in the insect net in which the flies were caught and one was attached perhaps acci- XXxix, '28] ENyTOMOLOGICAL XK\VS 37 dentally to the feathers of the host. As far as T am aware no larva of any species of this genus has yet been described. These at hand present certain very striking peculiarities that distinguish them from any other Hippoboscid larvae that have so far been described or with which I am familiar. In its general form the larva (if this species is the same as that which is characteristic of the family, its length on the slide about 5 mm. The stigmatic plate is similar to that of such forms as Ornithoctona iiio(iis and Hif>f>obosca niacnlata. The posterior end of the body is capped by a single plate, representing probably a fusion of the usual paired spiracles, this plate being pierced by a number of small, pore-like openings which communicate with trachael trunks. It has been impossible to determine the arrangement of these pores, for the stigmatic plate is so heavily chitinized and deeply pigmented that it is quite opaque in uncleared specimens and attempts to clear it in caustic potash resulted merely in its complete disintegration. The peculiar feature of the species is the fact that the entire body, excepting only the stigmatic plate and a narrow trans- verse zone which extends entirely about the body near the cephalic end, is thickly beset with short spines (Fig. B). These are spines, not setae, there being no socket. They vary si unewhat in size, being noticeably larger near the center of the body on both dorsal and ventral sides. In addition to these the derm is everywhere marked by small, sub-circular, clear areas. The transverse zone which is free from spines marks the line along which the puparium splits at the time of emer- gence of the adult. In all the other species that have been described and that I have seen, the derm of the larva is entirely free from spines or irregularities of any sort. At the University of California. K. < >. Kssig. associate pro- fessor of entomology and associate entomologist, has been ap- pointed professor of entomology and entomologist at the experiment station. Dr. Kdwin C. Van I )vke. associate pro fessor of entomology, has been appointed professor of i-nto- inology. -Science, Dec. 30, 1 ( L>7. 38 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '-8 A New Species of Meloid Beetle, with a Key to the North American Species of the Genus Leonidia Cockerell.* (Coleop.) By CLARENCE 'E. MICKEL, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn. The following new species of Leonidia was reared from the cells of the bee, Anthophora occidentals Cresson, which were collected in the vicinity of Colorado Springs, Colorado, by Mr. G. W. Goldsmith, of the Alpine Laboratory, Manitou, Colorado. Leonidea anthophorae n. sp. (5 . Piceous ; elytra fulvous, at the sides entirely covering the first abdominal segment ; length 12 mm. Head piceous, except the front very dark mahogany red; labial palpi 3-segmented, the maxillary palpi 4-segmented ; last segment of the maxillary palpi equal in length to the third (Fig 2, a) ; mandibles edentate, blunt at the tip; labrum some- what depressed anteriorly, the anterior margin very slightly and broadly emarginate, moderately punctate throughout, clothed with sparse, erect, black hairs, anteriorly with a fringe of shorter, fuscous hairs ; clvpeus glabrous and with scattered punctures, the latter slightly larger than those of the labrum, anterior margin of clvpeus broadly concave with a small median tooth ; suture between the clypeus and the front indistinct ; front and vertex glabrous, the interantennal area of the front with scattered, very minute punctures, remainder of front and vertex with sparse, rather large punctures interspersed with very minute punctures like those of the lower part of the front ; front and vertex clothed with sparse, erect, black hairs ; anten- nae 10-segmented, the first two segments glabrous, sparsely punctate, the remaining eight segments densely punctulate and pubescent ; first segment campanulate, second segment slightly shorter than the first and almost equilateral; third segment longer than either the second or the fourth ; fourth to ninth segments almost equal in length but the distal ones narrower and more rectangular ; ultimate segment almost twice as long as the penultimate, and acute at the tip (Fig. 2, b). I'rothorax piceous, glabrous, clothed with sparse, erect, black hairs; anterior half sparsely punctate, interspersed with very minute punctures; posterior half very scatteringly punctate; prolhurax four- fifths as long as wide, the base margined and *Published with the approval of tin- Director as Paper No. 700, of the Journal Series of the Minnesota Agricultural Kxperiment Station. ENTOMOLOGICAL \K\YS somewhat sinuate; scutelluni large, prominent, glabrous, punc- tate and clothed with sparse, erect, black hairs; elytra fulvous, rugose, punctured, clothed with sparse, erect, black hairs, at the sides entirely covering the first abdominal segment. Abdomen piceous to blackish bn\vn. the hind margins of the segments testaceous ; all of the segments subcorneous, the basal steruites somewhat less so medially than elsewhere; abdominal tergites with spar.-e punctures, and with sparse, erect, black hairs; sternites punctured and pubescent like the tergites, except sternites four to seven inclusive with a narrow, transverse area of dense, erect, black hairs; ultimate sternite biparted on the median line. Legs piceous, clothed with sparse, erect, black hairs; tibiae with well developed spurs ; tarsi slender ; tarsal claws with a long, basal bristle. Tia. 1 a- Fig. I Leonidia ncomexicana Cockerel! : a. max llat\ palpus ; b niilcinri i ( >tiiiinl ) Hig. 2 Leonidia antliophorae n. sp. : a, maxillary palpus ; b, ante r na. ( Orig i.al. ) ?. Similar to the male; more ferruginous; antennae of same form but slender, not so robust ; abdominal tergites much less corneous, almost membranous; abdominal sternites two to 40 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb.. >28 six inclusive membranous medially, subcorneous laterally ; sternites seven and eight entirely subcorneous, the eighth entire, not biparted on the median line. Ho! of v pc: S, Colorado Springs, Colorado, emerged from cell of Anthophora occidciitalis Cresson, June, 1926; in col- lection of University of Minnesota. Allotypc : 2 , Colorado Springs, Colorado, emerged from cell of Anthophora occiden- talis Cresson, June, 1926; in collection of University of Min- nesota. Paratypcs : 7 $ and 6 2 , Colorado Springs, Colo- rado, emerged from cells of Anthophora occidcntalis Cresson, June, 1 1 J26; in collections of University of Minnesota, Ameri- can Entomological Society of Philadelphia, and Dr. M. H. Hatch. Fig. 3 Leonidia rileyi Duges: a, adult female ; b, antenna; c, labium ; d, maxilla and palpus; e, tarsal claw from the side; f, tarsal claw from above. ( From E. Duges Insect Life, U. S. Dept. Agr.) This species is closely related to L. iicoinc.ncaiia Ckll. It differs from neomexicana principally in the form and the comparative lengths of the ultimate segments of the maxil- lary palpi and the antennae, as is shown in Fig. 1, a and b (neo.mexica.na} and Fig. 2, a and b (antlwphorac}. The figures were made by the author from the type in both cases. . Inthophorae appears to be the most primitive of the three species of this genus so far known from North America, on XXXIX, '28 | ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 41 account of the fact that in certain of the paratypes the last segment of the antennae displays remnants of a suture, indi- cating that at some previous time the antennae have been eleven segmented, the last two segments having fused to form the present ten-segmented antennae. Key io the Species of Lconidia. 1. Second and third segments of the antennae oblique, with one side produced, Fig. 3, b; last segment of the maxillary palpi almost twice as long as the third segment, Fig. 3, d rilcyi Duges. Second segment of the antennae almost equilateral, with one side scarcely produced, the third segment equilateral; last segment of the maxillary palpi not longer than the third segment 2. 2. Last segment of the antennae acute at the tip, almost twice as long as the penultimate segment, Fig. 2, b; last segment of the maxillary palpi equal in length to the penultimate segment, Fig. 2, a anthophorae n. sp. Last segment of the antennae rounded at the tip, only slightly longer than the penultimate segment, Fig. 1, b; last seg- ment of the maxillary palpi distinctly shorter than the penultimate segment. Fig. 1, a ncoinc.vicana C'kll. Specimens of the genus Lconidia shrivel and become greatly distorted when pinned in the same manner as other Coleoptera. This is especially true of the abdominal region which is only slightly chitinixed. To overcome this distortion the type ma- terial of anthophorae was prepared in the following manner: The live specimens were dropped in boiling 1 water and removed immediately ; they were then dehydrated in alcohols, being al- lowed to stand 24 hours in 30 r /f, 50%, 75%, 85% and 95% alcohol respectively; they were then transferred to xylol, in which they remained four or five days; the specimens were then pinned in the usual manner. This method produced very good mounts. The hot water treatment, however, results in the segments of the body and appendages remaining dis- tended after mounting, while in specimens pinned in the usual way the segments of the body and appendages contract into one another upon drying. This accounts for the extraordinary length of the antennae in Fig. 2, b, as compared with Fig. 1, b. It was taken into account in the identification of the material. 42 ENTOMOLOGICAL NE\\ s "[Feb., '28 Scale Insects of Pennsylvania ( Romop. : Coccidae). By F. M. TRIMBLE. Bureau of Plant Industry. Harrislmrg, Pa. The economic importance of the Coccidae or scale insects is recognized by plant growers throughout the world and the interest in this group in the United States has been unusually strong since the introduction of the San Jose scale in Califor- nia about 1870. This family is represented in the fauna of Penn- sylvania by one hundred and twelve species. In 1917 only forty-two species had been recorded in the state, but subsequent explorations by the writer and other members of the Bureau of Plant Industry have revealed seventy other species, three of which were new to science. Although only twelve of the total number are economic pests on out-door plants yet these are sufficiently abundant at times to cause enormous losses if not controlled by artificial means. In greenhouses and con- servatories nine species have been recorded as generally injurious. The peculiarities in form and habitat of this family are not unlike those of many other families of insects and the amateur must closely scrutinize infested plants in order to find many of them. Those found in Pennsylvania are as follows: *!CERYA PURCHASI Maskell. Fluted scale. Infests pittos- permum and citrus varieties. MATSUCOCCUS MATSUMURAE Kuwana. A rare species and recorded but once, imbedded in the cambium of twigs of the past year's growth on pitch pines. Originally described in Japan. XYLOCOCCUS BETULAE Pergande. Recorded from one locality on black birch and ^lliuis iiicaini. The scales w r ere imbedded in the cambium \vhere the bark was cracked. *ORTHEZIA INSIGNIS Dougl. Greenhouse orthezia. A com- mon pest of lantana and coleus indoors. ( ). SOLIDAGINIS Sanders. Occasionally taken on goldenrod and cinquefoil. NIPPONORTHEZIA ARDisiAE Kuwana. A rare coccid found in an ant nest near fort Hunter. Originally described in Japan. NEWSTEADIA AMERICANA Morrison. A rare species described *Note : Greenhouse species marked by an asterisk. '28J EXTO-MOl.O<,lfAL XKWS from material taken by Prof. J. G. Sanders in Pennsylvania on tree roots. *ASTEROLECAXIUM ISAM nrsAi: 1'xlvl. Bamboo scale. Omi- mon on bamboo in greenhouses. A. YAKIOLOSUM Ratz. Pit-making oak scale. Occasionally injurious to white and English oaks. A. SP. An unidentified species taken on Osmodium caro- liiiiuiid, I 'iola cuiarginata and Fraxinus sp. LECANIODIASPIS CELTIDIS Ckll. Taken on horsechestnut and tub]) poplar. L. PRUIXOSA Hunter. One record from black locust. L. TESSELLATA Ckll. Recorded on rhododendron and high- bush huckleberry. KKRMES ANDREI King. Rare on white oaks. K. ARIZONENSIS King. Recorded but once in Pennsylvania, on white oak. K. GALLIFORMIS Riley. Occasionally taken on red oak. K. KINGJI Ckll. Occasionally taken on red oak. K. PETTITI Ehrh. Common on black oak. K. PUBESCENS Bogue. Common on mossy-cup oak in south- eastern Pennsylvania. Gossvi'AKiA SPURIA Modeer. European elm scale, a common pest of all varieties of elms in Pennsylvania. *ERiococcus AZALEAE Comst. Azalea bark louse. A com- mon pest of azaleas and hybrid rhododendrons in greenhouses. E. KEMPTONI Parr. Rare on .-luunoplula breviligulata, taken on Presque Isle in Lake Erie. I 1 ".. QUERCrs Comst. Oak eriococms. Rare on bear oak. PHENACOOTS .U'KRICOLA King. \Yonly maple-leaf scale. A common ]iest of sugar maples. P. SERRATUS Ferris. A rare species taken on beech. P. sp. An unidentified species found dwarfing ragweed. TRIONYMUS sp. An undescribcd species taken under a stone associated with ants. *PSEUDOCOCCUS ADOXIDTM Linn. Long-tailed mealy bug. A common pest of many greenhouse plants. *P. CITRI K'isso. Short-tailed or citris mealy bug. Occa- sionally found on various greenhouse plants. P. COMSTOCKI Kuwana. Recorded from Catalan bniujci and I ! it. v its sempervirens. I'. MAUITIMTS I^hrh. A common mealy bug on many out door plants. *P. NIPAE Maskell. Kentia mealy bug. \ common pest of kentia palms. RIPERSIA MIXIMA T. and K. Hn grass roots in ants' nest. 44 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '28 R. BLANCHARDII K. and C. On grass roots in ants' nest. PrLvrxARiA ACERICOLA Walsh and Riley. Cottony maple- leaf scale. Injurious to silver maples. *P. FLOCCIFERA Westwood. A rare greenhouse species taken on Dilffenbachia. sp. P. VITIS Linn. Cottony maple scale. Common on grape, maple and sycamore. PSEUDOPHILIPPIA OUAINTAXCIJ Ckll. Cottony pine scale. A rare species taken on Finns rigida and Finns virginiana. ERIOPELTIS FESTUCAE Fonsc. Cottony grass scale. A rare species taken on orchard grass in eastern Pennsylvania. *EUCALYMNATUS TESSELLATUs Sign. Tessellated scale. A common pest of palms and many other greenhouse plants. *Coccus ELONGATUS Sign. The elongate scale. A rather common pest of rubber plants in greenhouses. *C. HESPERIDUM Linn. Soft brown scale. A common green- house pest. *C. PSEUDOHESPERIDUM Ckll. Occasionally taken on orchids. Tor.MEYKi.LA LIRIODENDRI Gmel. Tulip tree soft scale. A common pest of tulip trees and ornamental magnolias. T. PIXI King. Occasionally found on pitch pines. Honey- dew excreted by this species is rich in the rare sugar melizotose. LECAXIUM IARYAE Fitch. Brown elm scale. Common on elms and hickory. L. c'ORNi Bouche. European fruit scale. A widely dissemi- nated scale of little importance in Pennsylvania. L. CORNUPARYUM Thro. Magnolia soft scale. A scarce in- sect recorded chiefly on cucumber trees. L. CORYLI Linn. A rare Lecanium taken on P-yracantha ; previously imported from France. L. FLETCHERI Ckll. A common scale taken on arborvitae and junipers. L. NIGROFASCIATUM Perg. Terrapin scale. A bad pest of peach and plum trees in eastern and central Pennsylvania. L. PERSICAE Fab. European peach scale. Taken on im- ported barberry. L. PRUNASTRI Fonsc. Globular scale. A new pest of peach and plum in Central Pennsylvania. L. QUERCIFEX Fitch. Oak lecnnium. A common scale taken on white oak. *SAISSETIA HEMISPHAERICA Targ. Hemispherical scale. A- common greenhouse pest on ferns and various other plants. *S. NIGRA Nietn. Black scale. An occasional pest of rubber plants and ferns. XXxi.X, '28] KXTOMOLOCU AL NEWS 45 *S. OLEAE Bernard. Olive scale. Occasionally taken mi ferns and palms. I'M YSOKKKMKS PiCEAE Schnuik. Spruce Imd scale. Common on white, red and Norway spruces. The spruce Christmas trees shipped into Pennsylvania have often been found to he heavily infested with this pest. CHIONASPIS AMERICANA Johns. Kim scurfy scale. A pest of American elms. C. CARYAE Cooley. A rare scale taken on black walnut. C. CORN i Cooley. Common on Connis anioiiiiiin. C. EUONYMI Comst. Euonymus scale. A serious pest of euonymus. C. FURFURA Fitch. Scurfy scale. A pest of apple tree>. C. LINTNERI Comst. Liiitner's scale. A common pest on Conius ainonnnn. C. ORTHOLOBIS Comst. Cottonwood scurfy scale. A common pest of cotton woods in northern Pennsylvania. C. PINIFOLIAE Fitch. Pine-leaf scale. A pest of all pines and occasionally spruces. C. SALICIS Linn. An imported species introduced on lilac and Tilici sp. C. SALICJS-XIORAE Walsh. Willow scurfy scale. A common scale on willows in western Pennsylvania. C. SYLVATICA Sanders. Gum scurf v scale. Common scale on sour gum. *HOWARDIA BICLAVIS Comst. Mining scale. Scarce on Tauiarindns indacns in conservatories. *DIASPIS BOISDUVALLI Sign. BoisdnvaH's scale. A common pest on many greenhouse plants. *D. BROMELIAE Kerner. Pineapple apple. Taken on Bromeliaceae in greenhouses. D. CARUELI Targ. Juniper scale. A common pest of junipers. *D. ECHINOCACTI Bouche. Cactus scale. Recorded on many greenhouse cacti. AULACASPIS ROSAE Bouche. Rose scale. A common pest of roses and all bramble berries. *HEMICHIONASPIS ASPIIHSTKAE Sign. Aspidistra scale. Common on aspidistra and ferns. *|'I\NASPIS lirxi 1 louche. An occasional pest of dracaenas. LEUCASPIS JAPONICA Ckll. Maple bark scale. Pound in Pennsylvania on sugar maple and Japanese maplo. L. BAMHUSAE Kuw. Taken on bamboo. in a conservatory. 46 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '28 *FIOKINIA KJOKINIAE Targ. European fiorinia. Often in- jurious to camellias and gardenias. *F. THEAE Green. Tea scale. A common pest of the com- mercial tea. AspimoTus ABIETIS Schrank. Hemlock scale. Common on hemlock. A. ANCYLUS Putnam. Putnam's scale. A common scale with a long list of host plants. *A. BRITTANICUS Newst. Laural scale. Occasionally found on bay trees and imported boxwood. A. COMSTOCKI Johns. Often taken on the twigs and leaves of sugar maple. ' : .\. CYANOPHYLLI Sign. Recorded from pandanas in green- houses. A. FORBES: John. Cherry scale. Common on cherry trees. *A. HEDERAE Vail. Ivy scale. A common pest of green- house plants. A. JUGLANS-REGIAE Comst. English walnut scale. Often recorded on walnut. *A. LATANIAE Sign. Latania scale. A common pest of latania, Arcca hitcscens and coconut palms. A. OSBORNI Newell and Ckll. Common on chestnut trees. A. OSTREAEFORMIS curt. European fruit trees scale. Re- corded on plum trees. A. PERNICIOSUS Comst. San Jose scale. The most per- nicious of all scale insects recorded in Pennsylvania. *A. RAPAX Comst. Greedy scale. A common pest in green- house plants. A. TOWNSENDII Ckll. A rather rare species on the twigs and leaves of ornamental magnolias. A. ULMI John. Elm aspidiotus. Often taken on elms. A. UVAE Comst. Grape scale. Often abundant on grape and sycamore. CRYPTOPHYLLASPIS LIQUIDAMBARIS Kot. Sweet gum gall scale. Common on sw r eet gum in southeastern Pennsylvania. * PSEUD AO NIDI A PAEONIAE Ckll. Frequently taken on green- house azaleas. *CHRYSOMPHALUS AONJDUM Linn. Circular scale. A com- mon pest of dracaenas and rubber plants. *C. AURANTIT Mask. Red scale. Occasionally taken on greenhouse plants. *C. DICTYOSPERMI Morgan. Morgan's scale. A widely dis- seminated greenhouse pest. XX.xix. '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS C. OBSCURUS ('must. Obscure scale. Rather omnium on red oaks and English Daks. *(Jv.MXASpis ACHMEAE Xewst. Common on Bromelia and ttilbcryia varieties. *LEPIDOSAPHES BECKII Xewm. Purple scale. Common m camellia, citrus, etc. *L. CAMELLIAS Hoke. Camellia scale. Common on camellia. *L. GLOVERII Pack. Glover's scale. Scarce on citrus varieties. *L. PINNAEFORMIS Bouche. < >n citrus varieties recently imported from France. L. ULMI Linn. Oyster shell scale. A pernicious pest of ornamental shrubbery and trees. *ISCHXASPIS Loxal1 as he reports having examples of aninilata from M. IT. and X. C. These were no doubt sn/noriii as he does not record examining examples of siynorcti nor give drawings of its genitalia. A. aninilata Ball is a western form known at present from Colo., Utah and California and all of these examples were taken in the higher mountains. The male plates are broad and flat at the base with the outer margins parallel or slightly widening to just before the black tips, the inner mar- gins cut out obliquely, and the whole structure clothed with long hairs. In sigiwrcti the male plates are much less divergent longer and narrower, almost finger like, without hairs. Steam's drawing of the plates of annnlata as a very broad crescent is not typical of either species. PHILARONIA Ball. Van Duzee in his Catalog lists bilincata (Say) as the logotype of the genus Philaroma but gives no authority. Lallemand in 1912 designated P. abject a as the type. Stearns states that he has examined specimens of P. abjecta from North Carolina but these were probably examples of Lepvronut antjnlifcra which is abundant in this region and has frequently been determined as abjecta. P. bilincata var. infuscata Stearns (Hemp. Conn. p. 230- 1923) =var. orbicularis Bull. Proc. la. Ac. Sc. 25. p. 145-1919 which Stearns omitted. P. bilincata var. pall id us Stearns p. 230 is so near the type form as to be scarcely worth considering as a varicK It" this form is recognized at all Stearns' name will fall before var. anicricana Bak. (Can. Ent. p. 112 1S9/) shown by a Baker type in the writer's possession. I'.aker described anicr- icaiia as "resembling in color P. Uncut us" while Stearns u exactly the same words "color pale yellow"; to describe var. pallid us and /'. lineahis. There does not however seem to be any valid reason for maintaining a varietal name. 50 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '28 The Invalidity of the Tentamen Names of the Butterflies (Lepid. : Rhopalocera). By W. J. HOLLAND, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Mr. \Vm. T. M. Forbes published in Science, October 28, 1927, pp. 396-397, an article anent the names used in Hiib- ner's Tentamen. He endeavors to reply to my article published in Science on July 1, 1927. Because of Opinion 97 of the International Commission on Scientific Nomenclature all the Tentamen names become unavailable as generic terms attribut- able to Hiibner under date of 1806. Cela i'a sans dire. It is evident that if these names are to be recognized as having generic standing, it must be because they have been used in a generic sense subsequently to the issue of the Tentamen. Mr. Forbes claims that the}- were so used by Hiibner himself from 1806-1816. I take issue with him. I say that they were not so used by Hiibner, Mr. Forbes to the contrary notwithstand- ing. Mr. Forbes evidently does not grasp Hiibner 's "system," or is wilfully perverting it. He and those who hold and have held with him, including my good friend of bygone years, the late Dr. Samuel H. Scudder, have imported into their con- struction of Hiibner's terms concepts derived from modern usage, apparently without heeding the warnings of Hiibner himself. Having studied the works of Hiibner page by page and being familiar with all of them, I think it is beyond doubt, as most authors have held, that Hiibner consistently employed in all of his earlier writings a trinomial nomenclature, in which he entirely ignored generic terms both in his own and in the modern sense of the term. It is in defiance of Hiibner himself that generic value has been attributed by Scudder and a few recent students to the category of names, which Hiibner desig- nated as Stir f>es (Stamme). As my article published in Science may not be easily accessible to some of the readers of the present paper, I here again give the outline of Hiibner's System of Classification: XXxix, '28 j ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 51 Order LEPIDOPTERA a. Phalanges (Gcnnanicc Horden ; Anglice hordes) - ORDERS, in modern parlance. b. He divided the Phalanges, or Hordes, into Tribns (Ger- manicc Rotten; Anglice tribes )= SUPER-FAMILIES. c. He subdivided the Tribus into Stirpcs (Gcnnanicc Stllmme ; Anglice races, or clans) ^FAMILIES, as now u>ed. (/. He subdivided the Stirpcs or races, into Fainilicc (Ger- iii, mice Familien; Anglice families) =SUB-FAMILIES, as now used. c. He subdivided the Families into Coitus (Gcnnanicc Vereine; Anglice unions) =GEXER A in the Linmean sense. /. He subdivided the Coitus into Genera (Gcnnanicc Gat- tungen. Anglice kinds, or species )= SPECIES in the Linnsean sense, and as now employed. In my article Air. Forbes charges me with some sins of omission. Purposely, for the sake of brevity, I omitted allud- ing to a number of things, to which Mr. Forbes calls attention. I was merely stating the law ; I was not construing it in its application to particular cases. Mr. Forbes takes up the par- ticular case of the word Lininas. He evidently is somewhat mystified and puzzled as to the status of that particular word. He flounders, and finally asks the question : "What would Dr. Holland do about it?" So far as the names of the butterflies in the Tcntanicn are concerned the reply I make to Mr. Forbes follows herein- after. As I fully explained in my article published July 1, 1927, Hvilmer in his Tciitamcn was not writing about genera, but, as he explicitly states, about stirpcs (families in the modern sense). As I pointed out, he wrote after the name of each Stir ps (family), which he provisionally suggested in the Tcntanicn, the name of a familiar spi-cies (Gattung) with which all of his readers might be supposed to be well acquainted, in order to show them what kind of a butterfly might be included in the STIRPS. He absolutely was not using the words in a generic sense, although a reader, familiar with our modern use of terms in combination, might jump to such a 52 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '28 conclusion, as has actually been clone by some, including Dr. Scuclder, Air. Forbes, and Messrs. Barnes and Benjamin. That what I say of Hiibner's employment of terms in the Tcntamcn is positively true is proved by all the subsequent writings of Hiibner, in which, until he came to publish Vol. II of the Sam-mi it ng e.rotisclier Schmetterlinge, he always had in mind, or used, a trinomial form of nomenclature. In the legends of his plates, SammlniKj c.rotischcr Schmetterlinge, Vol. I, pis. 1-213, the legends are all trinomial: giving 1st, the name of Stirps (family in the modern sense) ; 2nd, the name of the familia (Hiibnerian) : 3rd, the name of the genus (Gattung. or species in our modern understanding of the term). We must always remember that Hiibner used the word genus for what we today call species. In the SystematiscJi-Alphabetischcs VerseicJiniss, published in 1822 (?), which is, as Hiibner states in the Introduction, the Index to his Sammlung curo- pdischer Schmetterlinge, he consistently uses trinomial terms, although the plates in that work only carried the names of the species (Gattungen), and were in fact uninomial. In the Anzeigcr (undated), but which cannot have been published earlier than 1827, probably later, he furnishes a catalog of all of his published species, which are listed in the Vcrzcichniss bckanntcr ScJimettlingc (sic). In this catalog, which accounts for the species published both in the Sammlung europ'discher Schmetterlinge, and the Sammlung c.rotischcr Schmetterlinge, and which may be justly regarded as "the final layout" of his "system/' the points I brought out in my article of July 1, 1927, are made as clear as the sun. Evidently Mr. Forbes does not understand and has not thoroughly acquainted himself with the writings of Hiibner. In fact he confesses in his article that one of .them he has not seen, and queries its existence in America. There are copies of this work in America, one of which lies before me as I write, thanks to the kindness of its amiable possessor. Professor H. T. Fernald of Amherst, Mass., whose honored father was one of the leading students of the Hiibnerian literature in his day. There is another in the library of the XXXIX, '28 1 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, which 1 have- recently consulted. It is a rare honk. The butterflies in the Tcntamcn and throughout the writ- ings of Hubner were divided by him into two frihns ( Rotten) : the "nymphales" ; and the "gentiles." In the Tcntamcn he suggests the subdivision of these Tribus into Slirpes. Fie says so in positive terms. The names of the Stirpes ( Iniiiiiies in the modern sense) of the first Tribe he consistently used in his later writings; the .s-//r/>.v-names proposed for the second Tribe he used in the trinomial legends of Vol. I of his Saminluiit/ c.votischer Schmettcrl'nujc, but subsequently simply ignored them, and substituted other stirps-names, when he came to publish the index to his Saiiinihtn;/ europaischer Schmetter- lint/e and subsequently, as I shall show later in this article. "TRIBUS I. nymphales"* "Stirps I. NEREIDES Xereis Polymnia" Tlie word Nereis is employed by Hubner in the Tcntamcn and elsewhere as the name of a Stirps (Stamm) of butterflies. It is so used in the titles of Pis. 1-17 in the Sammlitiu/ c.rol- ischcr Scliincttcrlingc, it occurs in the / 'crzcicluiiss bckanntcr Scluncttlinyc, pp. 8-14, as the equivalent, as Hubner himself states, of the Hcliconii of Linne and Fabricius. It is cited in his Anzciycr, 1827, p. 2, in the category of Stirpcs and nowhere ilse. Under the Nereides Hubner assembled the following genera: Hvinenitis, Ithomia, Oleria, Thyridia, Acria, C era- tinia, Sais, Dismorpha, Meclianilis, Eiteides, Melincca, Mit/on- itis, Sitnids, ApostropJiia, Slcyonia, and Ajantis. The name Nereis, which never was used by Hubner in a generic sense (Cf. Anzcu/er, p. 2) under any construction of terms cannot be used as a generic name in the Lepidoptera, because it is preoccupied in the !'erines ( Limueus, 17 ( 'l). That is that! "Stirps II, LIMNADES Limnas Chrysippus" Liinnas, suggested by I fiibner in the Tcntanicn as the name of a Stirps (Stamm) was so employed by him in Vol. I of the Saiiinilitin/ c.votisclicr Schmetterlinge, Pis. 18-.vx On these plates are represented fifteen species, belonging to two *The headings in qnotatimi marks arc tran^crilicd \\-\\\ thr 'l\-iiltiiiicn. 54 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '28 families (in modern parlance), the Danaidcc and the Rio- dinidcc, and nine genera. The use of Limnas as a generic name must be attributed to Boisduval, who, knowing that Hiibner had not used the word in a generic sense, employed it in 1836 (Spec. Gen. I, pi. 20, fig. 1) for a genus of Riodinidcc (Er\cinid(c), as he had a perfect right to do. He designated the genotype as [>i.\'c, a well known and common Central Amer- ican species. Blanchard four years later used the word in the same sense as Boisduval, but wrote it with a variant spelling "Lyinnas." The word so spelled should be designated as a synonym of Limnas Boiscl. (Kirby, Stichel, and Seitz to the contrary notwithstanding.) The generic use of Limnas for any species of the Danaidcc is without warrant, though several reputable authors have made this error. "Stirps III, LEMONIADES Lemonias Maturna" Lemonias, proposed by Hiibner in the Tentamen as the name for a Shrps (Stamm), was subsequently employed by him as such in the titles of plates and in the Verzeichniss, p. 26; and the Anseiger, p. 2. It was never used by Hiibner as a generic term (me jndice). The Lemoniades of Hiibner (Cf. Verzeichniss I. c.) include a heterogeneous assemblage of genera: Stulaelitis (Riodinidcc 1 ) Actinotc and Tclchinia (Acrccidce), Melitfca, Sclnrnis, Byblia, and Cinclidia- (Nym- plialidcc). The first employment of Lciuonias as a generic name among the diurnal lepidoptera was by Hofrmansegg OYiedemann's Zool. Magazin, I, ii, 1818, pp. 99-100). But, as has been shown by Stichel, (Genera Insectorum, fasc. CXII, ]>. 377) Lciuonias Hoffmansegg (1818), falls before Nym- phidinm Fabr. (1807) and the word, with all its derivatives, drops into the synonymy. The use of Lemonias as a generic name in substitution for Melitcea, by Barnes and Benjamin in the "List of the Butterflies of Boreal America," is incorrect, and founded upon a misunderstanding of the status of the term, which, though long used in the Riodinidcc (Ervcin- id(C), has been so used without warrant, as is clearly indicated by Stichel ( /. r.). 'Misspelt "Rliiodinidcc" in Barnes & McDunnough's Check-List, p. 13 -Cinclidia Hiibner is synonymous with Melitcra Fabr. XXXJX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL XE\VS Stirps IV, DRYADES Dryas Paphia" Drvas is suggested by Hubner in the Tcntamcn as the name of a Stirps, and as such is used by him subsequently, but was never employed by him in a generic sense (See his writings passim : Sammlung c.vot. Schinett., \ ol. I, 1806- 1819; S\slcmat.-AlpJi. \~ cr:::c\cliniss, 1822; I'crzcicJiniss bc- kanntcr Schmcttlinyc, 1816-1827. p. 2 ( J ; and the Anzc'ujcr 1827 (?), ]). 2). It has no standing whatever as a generic term, and its use as such by several authors (c. ;'. Bck. Sclimctt., p. 32; Anzciycr, p. 2). The genera, which he included under the Hamadryades, are / 'ancssa. Pvninicis, Precis. Anarlia, Tcnicnis, Jiinonia, Alcyoiuis, A pal lira, Historis, Athena, Polyyonia, Engonia, Inachis, Elyinnias, and Araschnia. As expert systematists know, the genera assembled under this category are somewhat incongruous, but superficially they resemble each other. Ham- adryas as a generic name must be credited to Boisduval, 1832, who applied the name in a generic sense to Papilio zoilut Fabr., which is the genotype. The insect is found in the Austral-Asian region. (Cf. Voyage dc 1' Astrolabe, Lepidop- tera, p. 91; Doubleday & llewitson. (Jen. Diurn. Lep., 1847, pi. 18*, fig. 1; Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep., 1871. p. 18.) The name Hamadryas cannot be used as a generic name for anv Xorth American insect. The word Hamadryas has been used as a generic name in the Opliidia, the Mammalia, and the Mollnsca bv authors writing since Boisduval (1S32). In these three- cases it i> iiomcn prcoccnpalnm. 56 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '28 "Stirps VI, NAJADES Najas Populi" Najas, proposed and used by Hiibner as tbe name of a Stirps (Stamm) was never used by him as a generic term. The many genera included by Hiibner under the Najades are mostly tropical American, African, and Asiatic Nymphalida, of which only Ageronia, Hypolimnas, and Callicore have been listed as occurring within the United States. Its generic use in the lepidoptera attributable to Hiibner (1806) is incorrect; it is, however, apparently preoccupied in the Mollnsca, Lam- arck, 1809. "Stirps VII, POTAMIDES Potamis Iris" Potamis is used by Hiibner to designate a stirps (Pota- midcs), including a large number of genera belonging in our accepted modern classification to the Nymphalida 1 , the Mor- pliidfc, Brassolida-, &c. It was never used in his category of coitus (genera, in our accepted sense of the latter term). Such use is inadmissible, if Hiibner is to be the reputed author of the genus. "Stirps VIII, OREADES Oreas Proserpina" The Oreades of Hiibner are arranged by him in eight families including a long list of genera, mainly referable to the Satyridce. The use of the word in a generic sense is impos- sible, with Hiibner cited as author. The Stirps-names for butterflies, suggested by Hiibner under his "Tribus II gentiles," appear in the trinomial legends of the plates in Vol. I of the Sammlung c.votischcr Schmetter- lingc, as everybody knows, but they are there consistently used as Stirps-names, not as generic designations. The use of Rusliciis, Princcps, J\Jancipiuin, Consul, and Urbanus as Stirps- names was subsequently abandoned by J Iiibner. In his Sys- tematisch-Alphabetisches I'crzcicliniss (1822) he makes the following substitutions : For Rnsiicus he substitutes Agrodicctus ; Stirps Agrodiccti; Princcps Archon ; Archontcs; Mancipium" AntJiropodnui ; " Anthropoda; Consul Hvpahts; " H \pati; " Urhunns Astycus; Astyci. XXXIX, '28 I ENTOMOLOGICAL XKWS The Systematisch-Alphabetisches I'crzcichniss was in fact the index to his Saunnlniif/ curopiiisclier Schmetterlinge. Tn 1822 he threw the names of the Slirpcs used in the first volume of his Sawuilung cxotischer Schmetterlinge into the discard. Hiihner regarded all of his \\ork prior to the issue of the rcrceiehniss bckanntcr Sclinicttliin/c as more or less tentative. He brings this out clearly in his Introduction to the Systcin- atisch-Alphdbetisches I'crzcichniss (1822), in which he says at the outset: "The great number of specimens of species (Gattungsmuster) of European lepidoptera in my collection, which I have figured during the last thirty years, have long called for an index of the names, which I have provisionally (einstweilen) given them, until such time as they can be defin- itely named (unfehlbar genannt) &c." He was a searcher for truth. He had, however, a "System," which upon the whole he preferred to any other, and it was not until he began to publish his rerzcicliniss bckanntcr Schmetterlinge (1816-1827) and the plates of Vol. II of his Sainnilumj e.votischcr Sclunef- tcrlinyc, that he finally fell into line with other systemat'ists, and adopted the binomial nomenclature. In the I'crzcichniss bckanntcr Schmettlinge (1816-1827), which is an attempt to catalog all of the species, of which he had published figures, and is the "final layout" of his "system," he introduces an additional "Stirps" between the Hypati and the Astyci, calling ft the Tclchincs. into which he puts such different genera as Cnretis (Lyeccnid) and Castnia! The Jnzciijer, which cannot certainly have appeared earlier than 1827, completely ignores all the stirps-names given in the Tent a in in in Tribus II. The title is "Anzcigcr/dcr iin I'cr- ceieliniss bckanntcr Schmettlinge aniienonnncncn /'cncnniiin/en Hirer Harden, Rotten/ St'dmme, I'uinilicn, i'crcine, nitd (/'(//- titngcn." Freely translated the title is: "Index of the Names adopted for the Lepidoptera in the I'crzcicliniss bckanntcr Schmettlinge, giving their Phalanges (Horden) Tribus (Rut- ten) Stirpcs (Stamme), l'aniUiX OF E. T. CRESSOX, JR. Under tin- above head it is hit ended to note papers received at the Academy of Xatural Sciences. of Philadelphia, pertaining to the En- tomology of the Americas (Xorth and South), including Arachnida and .\lyriopoda. Articles irrelevant to American entomology will not be noted; but c-untributions to anatomy, physiology and embryology of insects, however, whether relating to American or exotic species will be recorded. The numbers within brackets I I refer to the journals, as numbered in the list of Periodicals and Serials published in the January and Jini- numbers (or which may be secured from the publisher of Entomological >'ews for lOc), in which the paper appeared. The number of, or .annual volume, and in some casts the part, heft, &c. the latter within ( ) follows; then the pagination follows the colon : All continued papers, with few exceptions, arc recorded only at their first installments. *Papers containing new forms or names have an * preceding the author's name. (S) Papers pertaining exclusively to neotropical species, and not so indicated in the title, have the symbol (S) at the end of the title of the paper. For records of Economic Literature, sec the Experiment Station Rec- ord. Office of Experiment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, London. For rccnrds of papers on Medical Ento- mology, see Review of Applied Entomology, Series B. m^Yofe the clidni/, in the method of citing the bibliographical refer- ences, as explained above. Papers published in the Entomological News are not listed. GENERAL. Baker, C. F. Obituary. [12] 20: 748- 7 ( 54, ill. Berlese, A. Obituary. |27] 59: 124. Boldori, L. Per una stretta collaborazione fra naturalist! e spel- eologi. [27] 59: 122-124. Bradley, J. C. The use of the term allotype. [68] 66: 543. Breuning, S. Ueber Fra^en der modernen Systematik. mit Heispielen aus der Gruppf der Carabini. |26]7: 234-236. Illingworth, J. F. Insects attracted to carrion in Southern California. [37] 6. 3' '7- 400. Prell, H. On a hibernating ca] 9: 410-438, ill. Scullen, H. A. Bees belonging to the family Bremidae taken in western Oregon, with notes. [55] 4: 69-76, cont. *Walley, G. Xew species of Sag- aritis with a key to the genus. (Ichneumonidae) |4] 59: 227-234, ill. SPECIAL NOTICES Perhaps the two most recently published summaries of the embryonic and the postembryonic development of insects are those by Prof. Jan Hirschler, of the University of Lemberg, and Dr. Anton Handlirsch, of Vienna, respectively. I'oth are parts of Schroder's Handbucli der Entomologie. The former constitutes Chapter X, pages 570-824, of Vol. I. and appeared in two instalments, viz.: in the 13th and 14th (1924) and 27th and 28th (1927) Lieferungen. Although Prof. Hirschler says that the "noch immer bewegte Zeiten" have prevented him from XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 67 reading many works in the original and possibly from seeing some of the newer publications, one can hardly excuse him from omitting such a careful piece of work as Nelson's Embryology of flic Honev Rcc of I'M 5. Dr. Handlirsch's Chapter 12, pages 1117-1184 of Vol. I, came out in Lieferung 33 (1927), and contains man}- suggestive statements of views which he has expressed in earlier papers. THE LIFE OF Tin-: WIMTF. A. XT by MAURICE MAETER- LINCK. Translated from the French by Alfred Sutro. 231 pp., Dodd Mead and Co., New York, 1927. A short review of La I "ic dcs Termites appeared in tin June. 1927, issue of the Journal of Economic Entomology. This work is now generally available, by the present trans- lation. Following are the chapter headings : The Termitary, The Problem of Nutrition, The \Yorkers, The Soldiers, The Royal Pair, The Swarming, The Devastations, The Occult Power, The Morality of the Termitary, Their Destiny, Instinct and Intelligence. A brief bibliography follows. This work will no doubt popularize the termites, as did the author's The Life of The Bee, but as Phillips states, it seems that Maeterlinck was less familiar with the termitary than he was with the hive. The Life of the White Ant is written in the same style as his work on the honeybee, charged with the same philosophy, such as this ; ' . . . the scheme of nature does not include happiness." He contrasts the "happi- ness" and "freedom" of the hive with the imprisonment and sordid surroundings of the termite nest numerous times. His evolutionary ideas are quite interesting, they give us much to think about. Much of the biological information is the same, but he has distorted, or at least, overstated his problem. Maeterlinck speaks time after time of the intellect of the termite, making countless comparisons with Homo, yet in the closing chapter supports Fabre's conviction that insects prob- ably do not possess a true intelligence. His ideas on the adaptability or plasticity of the termites, and of insects in general might be questioned. He apparently considers termites, ants and other arthropods as readily adaptable to certain situations. Several debatable statements occur, for instance; "In the hive we find working bees, eggs, males and a queen, the last merely a worker whose reproductive organs have been considerably developed." It is quite significant to note that the name of T. E. Snyder does not appear in either text or bibliography. He has probably done more to disseminate knowledge in regard to termites than any other worker in America. Neither does the name of Nathan Banks or Alfred Emerson appear, though 68 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Feb., '28 Cleveland's comparatively recent work with the intestinal Pro- tozoa is discussed in detail. The hook is without doubt very worth-while. It is ex- tremely interesting, and will do much towards a wider dissem- ination of information on insects. It is much better than most of the recent popular accounts. Books written for the general reading public must necessarily be over-stated to attain their point. DeKruif's Microbe Hunters is a fine parallel .case. Entomologists who frown upon attempts to simplify and popularize insects delay the progress of the science, which in a large measure accounts for the bizarre notions many people hold of entomologists. PAUL KNIGHT, University of Maryland. OBITUARY. With the passing of the Rev. A. H. MANEE, of Southern Pines, North Carolina has lost its leading amateur entomologist. He died December 26, 1927, in his cottage on the hillside in the midst of nature that he loved, so well. Born in New York City, March 30, 1858, he had spent the last 23 years in Southern Pines. He preached for many Baptist churches in the North and upon coming to North Carolina filled a summer pastorate in Southern Pines. Mr. Manee was a skillful collector of insects in the Sand- hills section of North Carolina. He was responsible for many unique and valuable insect records, some of which are listed in his six papers published in the ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS from 1908 to 1924. All but one of these papers were devoted to Coleoptera. He was responsible for finding about 100 new species in this limited sandhill section, doing all of his col- lecting withing a radius of five miles of his home. The records of the insect list of North Carolina show that the species he collected and found to be new were, Wasps 14, Carabidae 21, Coccinellidae 11, Cerambycidae 13, other Coleoptera 12, Dip- tera 1, Caddis flies 1. He described four new species. North Carolina entomologists will miss the almost boyish joy he showed when they came to look over his collection and talk about insects. The long leaf pines, scrub oaks, wild flowers and nesting birds near his cottage will miss a devoted friend. R. W. LEIBY. MARCH, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Vol. XXXIX No. 3 CHARLES ROBERT OSTEN SACKEN, 1828-1906 CONTENTS Mickel The Biotic Factors in the Environmental Resistance of An- thophora occidentalis Cress. (Hym.: Apidae; Dip., Coleop.) . 69 Dyar A New Corethrella from Panama (Diptera: Culicidae) . . . , 79 Cockerell Tne Entomology of Central Siberia 80 Gary Sugaring for Catocala Moths in New Hampshire, August-Sep- tember, 1927 (Lepid.: Noctuiclae) 83 Blatchley Two New Anthocorids and a New Microphysid from Florida (Heteroptera) Hiestand Making Insect Labels with the Camera 89 Lindsey Hesperia eos Edwards (Lep. : Hesperiidae) 91 Chamberlin On Three Chilopods from the La Sal Mountains of Utah 93 Insects made of Metal 96 Bromley The Monarch Butterfly Wintering in the Everglades (Lepid. : Danaidae) Entomological Literature 97 Review Theodore D. A. Cockerell's Zoology of Colorado 101 Obituary Frank R. Mason 102 PHILADELPHIA, PA. THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Logan Square Entered at the Philadelphia, Pa., Post Office as Second Class Matter. Acceptance for mailing at the special rate of postage prescribed for in Section 1103. Act of October 3, 1917, authorized January 15, '1921. 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XXXIX MARCH, 1928 No. 3 The Biotic Factors in the Environmental Resistance of Anthophora occidentalis Cress. (Hym. : Apidae; Dip., Coleop.).* By CLARENCE E. MICKEL, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minn. During the summer of 1925, Dr. Frances Long of the Alpine Laboratory, Manitou, Colorado, sent me specimens of both sexes of Dasyniutilla fulvohirta Cresson which had been reared from the cells of the bee, Anthophora occidentalis Cresson. These specimens proved very interesting since they confirmed my decision regarding the identity of the two sexes of D. fnh'ohirta. The male was unquestionably this species, and the female was identical with those which had formerly been known as D. calif arnica auct. and which I had assigned to fnh'ohirta on the basis of the data of geographical distribu- tion. Since both had been reared from the same host, there could l)e little question as to their being the two sexes of the same species. I was interested, however, in rearing out addi- tional specimens of this species from its host and in the fall of 1925, Mr. G. W. Goldsmith, of the Alpine Laboratory, was kind enough to send me a large number of the cells of Anthophora occidentalis. As far as rearing out additional specimens of the Mutillid was concerned the experiment was not a success for not a single Mutillid was secured from the entire lot ; but the insects which eventually emerged from the cells of this bee revealed a more or less complex association, the components of which are held together by the species, Anthophora occidentalis Cresson. If the latter insect were removed from this relationship the whole association -would break down and cease to exist ; the integral parts of the asso- ciation would then be either destroyed or dispersed to form *Published with the approval of the Director as Paper No. 7()2, <>l" tlir Journal Scries of the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station. 69 70 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '28 new relationships with other organisms. The following notes are presented for the purpose of describing this association of insects and the relationships which exist within it. PROCEDURE. The above mentioned shipment of Anthophora cells was received from Mr. G. W. Goldsmith early in the fall of 1925. In a letter dated September 3, 1925, Mr. Goldsmith says: "Large and interesting colonies are common about here . Two weeks ago these colonies showed great activity and many of the nests contained very small larvae or eggs." On October 15th the cells were examined and 249 cells appeared to be inhabited. Each cell was placed in a shell vial, 20 x 80 mm., and the vial was stoppered with a plug of cotton. These vials were kept in the laboratory from October 15th until November 28th. The temperature of the room during this period varied between 72 and 78 F. On November 28th, the vials were placed in a refrigeration room for the winter. The tempera- ture of this room varied between 30 and 40 F. during the time which the, specimens remained there. On April 16, 1926, the vials were taken from the refrigeration room and placed in the laboratory and remained there from that time until the occupants emerged. The temperature of the laboratory during this period varied between 72 and 77 F. The first insect to emerge from the cells in this lot was a chalcid, Monodontom- erus montivagus Ashmead, which emerged on May 12th. The first Anthophora emerged on June 10th. A small number of cells were kept in the laboratory during the entire winter, and were not placed in the refrigeration room. The first Anthophora emerged from these on March 15th. THE ANTHOPHORA OCCIDENTALIS ASSOCIATION. Anthophora occidentals Cress, is the key species to an association of insects which is composed of at least ten species. Nine of these are directly or indirectly dependent on the presence of A. occidcntalis for their existence, either through the appropriation of the old cells of this bee for use as nests, or through the relationship of parasitism. Such an association xxxix, '28 1 KX TOMOLOCJCAL NEWS 7! does nut necessarily imply that if the key species were removed the dependent or secondary species would be exterminated, hut that in such an emergency the latter must form some sort of a new relationship, and that the survival of the secondary species is dependent on their ahility to form such new relation- ships. If a secondary species is capable of forming a new relationship with ease the removal of the key species presents a very small problem, but if the relationship with the key species is close and new relationships are formed with difficulty, then it may easily happen that the secondary species will be exterminated. From the 249 cells which appeared to be inhabited when the material was received ' I succeeded in rearing 85 adult specimens of A. occidcntalis; of these 55 were males and 30 were females. The percentage of emergence of adult Antho- phora bees was therefore approximatly 34; and the percentage of cells which produced females of this bee was 12. The percentage of emergence of adult bees was in reality probably considerably less than these figures, because a large number of cells, the occupants of which had perished, were discarded when the material was received. On June 10, 1926, the first Anthophora occidcntalis emerged from its cell. From that time until July 19, 1926, these bees emerged daily at the rate of fromi one to five per day. On August 17, 1926, it appeared that no more would emerge from the remaining cells, so each was opened and examined. Eighteen of the remaining cells contained adult bees which apparently were unable to make their way out of the cells and had therefore died. Four cells con- tained dead Anthophora larvae; apparently these four were not parasitized. Thd insects which play the part of secondary species in the association are noted below : 1. OSMIA MANDIBULARIS. Cresson. A few of the cells con- tained in the original lot sent from Colorado differed from the others in the way in which the entrance to the cell was closed. The cells containing Anthophora larvae were all closed with the same sort of material of which the cell was con- structed. These few cells, however, seemed to have the en- 72 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '28 trance plugged with a partition of greenish material. These were kept separate from the other cells and very late in the summer of 1926, two males and one female of Osmia mandi- bularis Cresson emerged from these cells. Hicks (1926) has given an account of the manner in which 0. niandibularis uses the old Anthophora cells for its nests. 2. HOLOCHRYSIS n. sp. near CHRYSIS TOTA Aaron. (Det. S. A. Rohwer). One of the cells of which the entrance was plugged with the green material produced a chrysidid wasp. Since the cell was plugged in exactly the same manner as those which contained Osmia niandibularis, I have drawn the conclusion that this species is a parasite of the Osmia bee. Hicks (1926) states that he found Chr^ysis dcnsa Cresson to be a very common parasite of Osmia' niandibularis. 3. ANTHRENUS sp. When the cells of A. occidcntalis were received from Colorado they were heavily infested with the larvae of Anthrenus sp. Since the material was collected in the field and sent directly to the author it seems probable that these larvae were present in the bee colony in nature. This supposition is confirmed by the observations of Hicks (1926) who found Anthrenus larvae in large numbers in colonies of Anthophora neomexicana Ckll. Whether these larvae feed only on the old pollen and dead insects found around the colonies or whether cells containing living larvae of the bee are entered and plundered is unknown. Certain of the cells in the lot of 249 which appeared to be intact when the rearings were started produced neither host nor parasite. When these cells were finally broken open and examined they were found to be empty and many of them contained Anthrenus larvae. There were 59 such cells. 4. MONODONTOMERUS MONTivAGus Ashmead. (Det. A. B. Gahan). The first insects which emerged from any of the 249 cells proved to be specimens of this large green chalcid. On May 12, 1926, 26 days after the lot of cells was removed from cold storage, eleven specimens of this species emerged from a single Anthophora. cell. On the following day this parasite had emerged from ten additional cells. Altogether twenty-one cells proved to be parasitized by this chalcid and a xxxix, '28 j ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 73 total of approximately 415 specimens emerged from these twenty-one cells. About 94 per cent of this number were females. 5. PSEUDOMELECTA MIRANDA (Fox). This bee appears to be one of the minor members in the association with A. occidcntaiis. Only five specimens were reared from the 249 AntJiopJiora cells. The first specimen of this bee emerged on July 2, 1926; two emerged on July -9, and the last two on July 19. All of these were females. "Hicks (1926) has also reared this species from A. inoinc.vicaiui Ckll. but did not find it at all common. In August, 1925, Dr. Frances Long sent me several specimens of this bee which she had reared from A. occidcntaiis taken near Colorado Springs, Colorado. 6. DASYMUTILLA FULVOI-IIRTA (Cresson). The Antho- phora cells were originally obtained from Colorado with the idea of rearing out this species and obtaining further informa- tion regarding it, but no specimens were obtained from the 249 cells. In August, 1925, Dr. Frances Long sent me a male and female of this species which she had reared from cells of A. occidcntaiis, so that it is definitely known that D. fnlvohirta is a member of the association. 7. SPOGOSTYLUM DAPHNE O. S. (Det. C. T. Greene). On July 3, 1926, a borhbyliid fly belonging to this species emerged from one of the Anthophora cells. It is apparently not a common parasite of A. occidcntaiis since only one specimen was reared from the 249 cells. Prison (1922) records the rearing of Spogostylnni albofasciatmn Mac. from the cells of A. abrupt a Say and states that it is a true parasite of the latter. Rau (1926) records the presence of the adults of 5. fur around the colonies of A. abrupt a but did not determine that it actually parasitized the latter. 8. LEONIDIA ANTHOPHOKAE Mickel. Eight males and seven females of this species were reared from the cells of A. occidcntaiis. The first specimen of this species emerged on May 20, 1926. Others emerged at intervals until the last one on July 6. This species ranks next to Monodontomerus inontii'dfjiis Ashmead in the number of host individuals de- stroyed. 74 ENTOMOLOGICAL Niv\vs [Mar., '2K 9. HORNIA MINUTIPENNIS Riley. Four males and three females of this meloid heetle were reared from the A. occi- dcntalis cells. 10. NEMOGNATHA LURIDA Lee. A few cells of A. occl- d entails were kept in the laboratory all winter. By May 13, 1926, it appeared that no more emergence might be expected from this material. At that time all the remaining cells in the lot were opened arid examined. In one of these an adult specimen of Nemognatha lurid a Lee. was found. It was dead and apparently had been unable to make its way out of the cell after reaching the adult stage. No specimens of this beetle emerged from any of the cells in the lot of 249. DISCUSSION. Unfortunately the lack of exact data regarding the relation- ships existing* between Anthophora Occident alls and the insects associated with it has not permitted any definite conclusions to be drawn concerning the effects resulting from these re- lationships. It is clear, however, that the relationships which exist here are of the same sort that exist between an injurious insect pest and its associated parasites. On account of the large number of insects which compose the Anthophora asso- ciation and the ease with which it could be investigated, in its native habitat it offers an opportunity to analyze a situation in which a host insect is present together with numerous biotic factors in its environmental resistance. This sort of a situa- tion exists in every case where an effort is made to control an injurious insect pest by introducing several or numerous parasites from its native habitat. An analysis of the biotic factors in the environmental resistance of Anthophora occi- dcntalis would undoubtedly indicate that certain of the factors taken by themselves are more effective in controlling the num- bers of this bee, than when present in combination with other factors ; that a combination of factors is sometimes less effec- tive as environmental resistance, than the individual factors when taken alone. Fiske (1910) has already called attention to this in a discussion of superparasitism, and the case of the parasites of the Mediterranean Fruitfly in Hawaii, (Pember- XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 75 ton and Willard 1918) affords an example of an injurious insect pest in an association analagous to that of Anthophora occidentals. A. occldcntalis offers an excellent opportunity for the investi- gation of the way in which biotic factors operate as environ- mental resistance. It is practically certain that in this case Monodontoincnis montiragus Ashmead, Pscudomelecta mi- randa (Fox), Das\inntilla fulvohirta (Cress.), Spogostyluui daphne O. S., Hornia uiinutipcnnis Riley, Lconidia anthophorae Mickel and Ncmognatha lurida Lee. are all factors in reducing the numbers of A. Occident alls. To what extent they make up the environmental resistance, whether they operate inde- pendently or in competition with one another, the exact effect produced when any one of them is removed from the associa- tion, and the exact effect produced when additional factors are added to the association, are all problems which it is important to investigate. The solution of these problems would undoubtedly throw considerable light on similar prob- lems involved in the biological control of injurious insect pests. The ways in which biotic factors operate as environmental resistance in the case of one insect would certainly indicate the ways in which these same factors operate in the cases of other insects. A. ocoidcntalis is especially suitable for such a study because several biotic factors are known to be involved. It is certain that biotic factors operating as environmental resistance produce entirely different effects when several such factors are present than are produced when only a single one is acting. This bee is also especially adapted to such a study on account of its gregarious habits, large numbers being found within a very small area in the soil, and therefore great num- bers of them may be amassed with comparative ease. They are easy to carry over winter in the laboratory and can lie handled in such a way that exact data, which may be used in mathematical computations, may be collected readily. Whether the number of Anthophora bees produced in a colony remains constant from one year to another, or whether there is a lluctuation in numbers cannot be definitely deter- mined from the data available ; but as a general rule the greater 76 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '28 the number of factors which operate against the continued existence of a species, the more constant the number of that species will be from year to year. Or in other words, the greater the number of factors making up the environmental resistance of a species, the more constant in number will be the population of that species from year to year, and the lower the number of the population will be in relation to the biotic potential of the species. An environmental resistance composed of numerous factors tends to create an equilibrium in the population of the species against which it operates, while an environmental resistance composed of few factors tends to create great fluctuations in the population of a species from one year to another. (For a discussion of biotic poten- tial and environmental resistance the reader is referred to Chapman, 1926, pp. 143-164.) While the exact value which should be attributed to each of the biotic factors in the environmental resistance of A. occidcntalis is not known, some idea of their relative value is to be had. For example the exact roles which Osinia inandi- bularis and Holochfy'sis n. sp. play as biotic factors cannot be demonstrated at present but it seems fairly evident that theirs is a very minor' role. Spoyostyluin dapJinc and Ncnwgnatha Inrida are probably somewhat more important but are never- theless apparently quite minor factors. The value of Anthrenus sp. as a biotic factor can only be determined when it is known whether it attacks A. occidcntalis directly and destroys the larva, or whether it is a scavenger feeding only on old pollen and dead insects. Dasyui utilla fuk'ohirta may be an important biotic factor although it was not reared from the 249 cells in question. Horuia ininutipcnnis and Lconidia anthophorac are important biotic factors. The habits of the two species are probably very similar, so that one may properly assume that when both are present in the same environment they are in direct competition with one another. What the effect on one would be if the other were removed from the environment, and the ultimate effect on A. occidcntalis would be very inter- esting problems to investigate. Are the combined efforts of H. minutipennis and L. anthophorac more effective in reducing XXXl'x, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS the numbers of A. occidental is than the efforts of either species by itself? 1 Monodontoincri;s inontivagns ranks very high as a biotic factor in this association while Pseudomelecta iniranda apparently may have less value than Hornia minutipennis. The value assigned to P. iniranda, however, would depend entirely on the relationship which may be found to exist between it and M. niontirayus and A, occidcntalis, the possibilities of which are suggested below. The figures given above regarding the ratio of the sexes of M. nwntii'agns agree very closely with the data cited by Rau (1922, 1926) for the same, or a very closely related species, in the nests of A. abnipta Say. On the other hand. Hicks (1926) found the proportion of the sexes almost re- versed in the one cell which he examined, eleven males and three_females having emerged from the cell. Whether M. uiont'rcayus is a primary parasite of A. occidcntalis, a hyperpara- site, or both, does not seem to be definitely settled. Rau (1912. 1926) states that it is parasitic on A. abnipta; Hicks (1926) states that he found it parasitic on Pseudomelecta uiiranda (Fox), which is itself a parasite of A. occidcntalis, and that it was also parasitic on A. occidcntalis. Practically nothing- is known about the life history of .17. montivagus. Rau (1926) states that there are two generations per year, but further than that the insect does not seem to have been in- vestigated. 1-1 ow it gains entrance to the cells of the bees, how and where it lay.s its eggs, how the larva develops, the possibility of the insect being polyembryonic and partheno- genctic, whether it is restricted to Anthophora bees in its parasitic relations, or whether it may be both a primary para- site and a hypefparasite, and whether one species of Mono- dontoinern.s parasitizes several species of Anthophora, or whether each species of the latter has its own particular species of Monodontomerus, are all questions which would bear in- vestigation and all of which would contribute important in- formation regarding the function of this chalcid as a biotic factor in the environmental resistance of A. occidcntalis. As stated above Hicks (1926) thinks that Monodontomerus 78 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '28 montivagus is a parasite of P. miranda, but in the rearings made by me there was no evidence to lead m/e to believe that any such relationship as this existed. If Hicks is correct, a question immediately arises as to the part played by this species in the environmental resistance of A. accident alis. Is the scarcity of P. miranda due to the hyperparasitism of M. montivagus ? If it is, what effect would be produced if the latter were removed from the environment? Would P. mi- randa then increase in numbers and be a more effective factor in the environmental resistance of A. occidcntalis than P. mi- randa and M. montivagus combined, or would it remain con- stant and the numbers of A. occidcntalis increase? All of the questions which have been raised in the above paragraphs may seem to -have only academic interest in the case under consideration, but they are certainly of the highest importance when taken in connection with the introduction of parasites from foreign countries for the control 1 of injurious insect pests. All of these questions can be solved with mathe- matical certainty and the failure to investigate them when an important insect pest is concerned is nothing short of gross negligence. LITERATURE CITED. CHAPMAN, R. N., 1926. Animal ecology, with especial reference to insects, pp. 1-3/0. FISKE, W. F., 1910. Superparasitism ; an important factor in the natural control of insects. Journ. Econ. Ent., 3 :88-97. PRISON, T. H., 1922. Notes on the life history, parasites and inquiline associates of Anthoplwra abrupta Say, with some comparisons with the habits of certain other Anthophorinac. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 48:137-156. HICKS, CHARLES H., 1926. Nesting habits and parasites of certain bees of Boulder County, Colorado. Univ. Colorado Stud., 217-252. PEMBERTON, C. E. and WILLARD, H. F., 1918. Interrela- tions of fruit-fly parasites in Hawaii, Journ. Agr. Res., 12:285-295. RAU, PHIL., 1922. Ecological and behavior notes on Mis- souri insects. Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis, 24:1-71. ID., 1926. The Ecology of a sheltered clay bank; a study in insect ecology. Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis, 25:157-277. xxxix, '28 1 KXTO.MOLO<;K-.\I. xi-:\vs 79 A New Corethrella from Panama (Diptera : Culicidae). I>y HARRISON G. DYAR, U. S. National Museum, Washington, I). C. Corethrella blanda, new species. Mesonotum light brown, abdomen blackish above. Legs pale brown, uniform in the female, a little more diversified in the male, the tibiae appearing paler at their tips. \Yings pale brown, a broad smoky band across the middle, formed by. the darkening of the hairs on the veins. Male hypopygium. Side piece conical and furnished with several stout spines on the inner side ; of these a strong central one arises from a large tubercle, and there are six other less strong ones, scattered over the inner surface and not arranged in a line. Clasper as long as the side piece, rather thick, simple. Mesosome very*, short, composed of two stout approximated cones. Male antennae 16- jointed, tori very large ; joints 4 to 10 have the hairs very long, not arising in whorls, but through- out the slender joint, though the basal hairs are longest ; hairs shorter on joint 11, and thence shorter and fewer to tip. Bred by Dr. D. P. Curry from larvae in a shaded grassy pool at Las Sabarias, Panama, May 28, 1927. "The larvae are cannibals. When first put in tbe tube together, they seized and devoured each other ; but the survivors of the first attack lived together peaceably for weeks afterward." Larva with the head transverse, the front conically pro- duced, but moderately so, the cone not as long as the length of the rest of the head and only about half as wide. Antennae inserted at the tip of the cone, folded backward in a groove when at rest, with three long spines at tip not of uniform lengths. Front margin of labium with ten stout teeth. Man- dibles curved in a semicircle, with three stout teeth on apical aspect and four short ones at tip. Tube stout, flat, about twice as long as wide. Eighth segment with an encircling plate; laterally behind it on each side are four black liairs ar- ranged in two groups. This plate readies the middle of the sides and is supplemented by a small quadrate one ventrally. Sixth and seventh segments with round dorsal plates. Anal segment longer than wide, with six dorsal hairs, eight ventral, and a single lateral one, much smaller than the others. Anal gills small, pointed, not as long as the width of the segment. Pupa with stout thorax and small tapering abdomen. An angularly trilobed structure on each side represents the air- trumpets; a solid flat plate, one angular lobe pointing forward, 80 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | Mar., '28 another laterally, and the largest one posteriorly. Abdominal segments produced laterally and posteriorly, granular, and with a long terminal hair directed backward ; the two posterior horns end in a stout thorn, and have a small lateral hair. Two males and one female (type male on a slide), Las Sabanas, Panama (D. P. Curry), type No. 40517 U. S. Nation- al Museum. - The Entomology of Central Siberia. By T. D. A. COCKERELL. With headquarters at Irkutsk, in the hospitable rooms of the Geological Committee, my wife and I have explored the surrounding country in several directions. First we went to Ust Balei on the Angara, to search for fossil insects in the Jurassic beds ; then to the Biological Station of the University of Irkutsk, on Lake Baikal; later to Archan. 105 versts west of the southwest corner of Lake Baikal, at an elevation of 900 meters. In the last week we have collected in localities near Irkutsk ; Smolenschina and Kychtak. The insect fauna of this whole region is strictly Palaearctic. The extensive deserts to the south have prevented any migration thence of Chinese types. The fauna is an impoverished one compared with that of the Maritime Province, which we visited four years ago. Very few moths come to lights at night, and the butterflies are not especially numerous or striking. The common species belong to Aglais, Ercbia, Melitaca, Colias, Lcptidia (these are the common whites instead of Picris), Lycacua, with several other satyrids and a number of ordinary small skippers. Papilio and Paniassnis are occasionally seen, and I have caught a very nice Clirysof>liauits at Smolenschina. A fine Gnipta was found at Archan. The burnets (Zygacna) are common, apparently of two species. Among the Coleop- tera the Cerambycidae are preeminent with very many species, but nearly all are small, principally of the Lcptura type. Buprestids are occasional. Mordclla sits on the flowers as in Colorado. I have two handsome species of Meloidae. Carabidae are not abundant. These are merely general impressions ; no xxxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 81 doubt intensive collecting over a longer period would reveal many species. Cctonia serves to remind us, like the burnet moths, that we are in the Palaearctic Region. The ants are very commonplace: Formica ntfa with its characteristic nests, F. fitsca under stones, Camponntns in the forest, and other circumsolar types. No Mutillidae have been seen. Ichneu- moniclae are not so numerous as in Colorado and Chalcidoidea are rarely met with. There are some extremely beautiful species of the Chrysididae. Diptera abound with many Tachinidae, Asilidae, etc., and more mosquitos than we desire. Orthoptera include some rather large and handsome forms. A common small grasshopper is Gomphocerus sibcricits, look- ing just like our Colorado species. Mr. Ivan Rultsoff tells me that it is a very great pest ; it recently appeared in vast numbers, causing a loss of about a million roubles. This is astonishing because in Colorado I have supposed Gomphocerus to be harmless. The Hemiptera, so far as seen, are very like those of the Rocky Mountains. Bees are abundant and I have made a fine collection. Except the Bo mints which have been intensively studied by Skorikoff and others, the bees of this re- gion are little known.* Thus I expect to find a good many novelties though I feel sure many of the species are identical with European ones. There is nothing in common with the desert fauna, and so far as I can see on casual inspection, few species are the same as those of the Maritime Province. As bees are found on flowers, it might be supposed that it would be easy to exhaust the fauna of a region, at least as represented during the season visited. Our experience shows that this is not at all the case. The poorest locality we found was Archan, the richest Smolenschina near Irkutsk. At Smo- lenschina, where w r e were kindly taken by Mr. Ivan Belikoff, secretary of the Geological Committee, we found a small flowery spot, a few hundred vurds in each direction, extra- *Long' ati<) Radoszkoski recorded the fnlliuvin.u !!:nn!>ii.\- fruiu Irkutsk: B. tcriniiitilis L., B. distingitendus Alitr., B. baicalensis Red., B. equestris Fab., and var. mucidus Gcrst. Friese makes H. equestris a subspecies of B. silvanim L. and baiaih-nsis a synonym of ciincstrix. Slaclen shmvs that B. distinguendus is a good species, nut a race of B. sitl'tcn-ancus. 82 ENTOMOLOGICAL N'Kvvs | Mar., '2S ordinarily rich in bees, while few were to be found in other places nearby. But the remarkable thing is that after collect- ing one day, we returned after a few days, and from the same flowers (Geranium, Tanacctitin, Achillca, Campanula, etc.) obtained a new set. in many ways different from the first. Thus on the first trip a neat little Nomada was very abundant ; on the second we got none, but only a single specimen of another Notnada. On the first trip we got two specimens only of Nomia, on the second they were abundant. It was on the second trip that a strange looking bee was netted and as I took it out it stung viciously, and I thought had a peculiar feel. I was curious enough to inspect it with the lens as soon as it was quiet in the bottle, and was delighted to see a Mclccta diacantha Eversman, which has a Ooma-like scutellum. At Kychtak I was pleased to find a couple of specimens of Dio.vits, another parasitic genus. Taking the bee fauna of the region as a whole, the following are general impressions. Hylacus is not very common, far less so than in the Maritime Province where I got a long series of species, all new. Collctcs is abundant at least in individuals. Halictus is surprisingly poor in species and even in individuals ; we have more Collctcs and many more Andrcna than Halictus. One species of Halictus is of gigantic size. Andrcna is well represented ; a very large and handsome species was taken at Smolenschina. Sphccodcs is about as usual. MegacJiilc abounds and there are several species of Anthopora. I got only one Eucerine, one Mclccta and one Panurginus. The Panurginus, is, I am nearly sure, P. nigcr Nylander, the type of the genus, described many years ago from Siberia and not seen since. Osmia is rare, all black. We have a few Anthidium and one fine little Dianthidium. Several other genera are represented each by one or a very few individuals. Several of the genera are certainly new to Siberia. To-day (Aug. 22) we start for Tashkent in Russian Turkestan. XXXix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Sugaring for Catocala Moths in New Hampshire, August-September, 1927 (Lepid. : Noctuidae). By MARGARET M. GARY, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pa. This summer a group of boys and girls and I had had such good luck catching Sphingidae over larkspur and phlox in the early evening that we decided to lengthen our collecting day by sugaring for Catocalas. Our cottage is located near Lake Sunapee and is about 1300 feet above sea level. The country is hilly and wooded ; but we live in an open meadow stretching to the lake. Surrounding this meadow are a good many different kinds of trees and on two sides there are large tracts of woodland. We had read about sugaring, but had never been successful and we determined to get the right mix- ture for the bait and to do it for many nights in succession. J o For the benefit of others who have tried different baits, I will give the exact formula which we used. We bought cheap beer, opened it into a large crock, putting in one yeast cake to two bottles of beer, covered it up tight and left it in a warm room. Then we took apples and crushed them, adding some brown sugar and setting them out in the sun to ferment. Early each morning we put the following ingredients together in a bucket : 1 cup of the yeast-beer, }/ 2 cup brown molasses, 1 tablespoon rubbing alcohol, 2 Ibs. brown sugar, 1 cup crushed and fermented apples and 1 yeast cake. By evening this mixture had a very strong smell and at six o'clock (standard time) we began painting the trees around the meadow. We painted five white pines, two white birches, two shaking aspens, two ash trees and four apple trees and stumps. These trees were in three main groups, so that there was a strong odor in each locality. At seven we repainted and often again at nine o'clock. We lighted mir lantern, making the rounds every hall" linur fmm seven-thirty to ten-thirty or eleven o'clock. Catocalas alight on the sugar in such a way that the bright under wings show. They are very nervous and if the slightest shadow crosses the tree where they are resting, they fly away immediately. It therefore takes 84 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Alar., '28 great skill to hold the lantern in such a way that its light falls full and steadily on the sugar, and does not blind the person who is to do the catching. We went single file, I with the lantern in the lead, the hoy with the net following, and the boys and girls with the cyanide jar and collecting case brought np the rear. Absolute quiet was observed. Small Catocalas, like cratacgi, antinyinplia and nltronui, we caught in the cyanide jar, placing it slightly beneath the insect, as Catocalas always dart down when starting to fly, and if the boy with the jar missed it, the boy with the net caught it in flight. For all the larger Catocalas, however, we found the net more satisfactory than the jar. My nephew, being very expert with the net, practically never missed one, and I, myself, caught two Cerogamas in the net at one swoop one night after the children were in bed. We began sugaring on August 2nd, keeping it up until September 12th every night except in the pouring rain or on nights when the wind blew furiously. Catocalas seemed to like spitting rain and dampness, preferring warm, dark nights to those when the moon was bright and the air cold. On three different nights we caught eleven Catocalas, on one other night we caught ten, and in all we got a hundred and sixteen, among which were at least sixteen species and varieties. We caught two forms of unijuga, two or three varieties of briscis, two varieties of relicta, concuiubcns, parta, ulironia, pracclara, cratacgi, ilia form conspicua, ccrogarna, palcogania form phcdanga, and anti- nynipha. Unijuga, briscis, relicta, ccrogaina, and concitinbcns were very much more common than the others, and most of them were caught between eight and nine in the evening. As Holland says in his "Moth Book", "No sport could exceed this". It requires skill and patience and is full of a variety of excitements including skunks, who also delight in the sugar ! XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 85 Two New Anthocorids and a New Microphysid from Florida (Heteroptera). By W. S. BLATCHLEY, Indianapolis, Indiana. Since my work on the Heteroptera of Eastern North America appeared a new species of the family Anthocoridae, belonging to a genus not before known to be represented in this country, has been taken in Florida and another undescribed species of the same family was referred to the wrong genus in that work. A new species belonging to an apparently new genus of the family Microphysidae has also been taken. These have, through the kindness of Mr. \V. E. China, all been compared with specimens in the British Museum. They are therefore characterized and named in this paper. The types of all three are in my private collection. The genus Asthcnidca Renter (1884) is closely allied to Cardiastethus Fieber (1860), differing mainly in the less deeply emarginate base of pronotum, the more shallow trans- verse groove of scutellum, and by the absence of a hamus in the cell of the inner wings. It is not very strange, there- fore, that, without specimens for comparison, I ascribed to the former genus, on page 631 of the Heteroptera of Eastern North America, a species which I called Asthcnidea pallcsccns Renter, but which, according to China, is an unnamed species of Cardiastethus, allied to C. tropicalis Champ., a Guatemalan species. I therefore give it the new name Cardiastethus flaveolus sp. nov. Elongate-ovate. Color above and beneath a nearly uniform pale brownish-yellow, the head and thorax shining, the elytra duller with numerous scattered inclined rather long yellowish hairs ; inner half of cuneus usually in great part fuscous ; membrane pale dusky hyaline, slighty iridescent. Beak scarcely reaching front coxae, its apical joint slender, acute. Eyes relatively large, subglobose, coarsely facetted, narrowly sepa- rated beneath. Antennae slightly longer than head and thorax united, thickly pilose; joint 1 reaching tip of tylus, 2 three times as long as 1, visibly thickened apically ; 3 and 4 slender, tinged with fuscous, each about two-thirds the length of 2. 86 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '28 Pronotum subtrapezoidal, its base less than twice as wide as apex, very broadly and deeply concave ; disk with a wide median transverse impression, the callus of front lobe almost smooth, transversely convex, the hind lobe depressed, finely transversely rugose-punctate ; hind angles thickened, slightly prolonged, the side margins in front of them almost straight, finely carinate. Scutellum with base broadly exposed, very finely punctate, disk with a distinct postmedian transverse impression, its apical portion more coarsely and distinctly punctate. Elytra elongate-oval, passing tip of abdomen by one-third the length of membrane ; clavus strongly declivent toward corium, beset with three irregular rows of very fine punctures ; sides of elytra subparallel to base of cuneus, thence broadly curved into the rounded tips of membrane. Osteolar channel long and curved. Length 2.5 2.8 mm. Described from seven specimens taken at Royal Palm Park, Florida, in December and April by sifting vegetation in low damp places and by beating the dead fallen leaves of royal palm in the dense hammock on Paradise Key. Type a male taken at the Park December 18, 1924. According to China my specimens "are very close to, if not identical with, three specimens in the British Museum from San Geromino, Guate- mala, which were wrongly identified by Champion as a variety of C. tropicalis but which are specifically distinct from the typical form of that species." Champion, after his description of tropicalis, mentions these specimens very briefly as follows 1 : "Var. Above and beneath testaceous, the elytra more sparsely punctured." ELATOPHILUS Reuter, 1884, 56, 61. This genus belongs to the subfamily Anthocorinae, as treated on page 633 of the Heteroptera, and differs from Anthocoris in having the head more prolonged with eyes much more distant from the front margin of pronotum, the base of pronotum feebly but distinctly punctate ; hind coxae widely separated, with apex of metasternum truncate and extending between them. In Anthocoris the eyes are subcontiguous to apex of pronotum, and the hind coxae are narrowly separated iol. Cent. Amer. (Hemip. Heterop.) II, p. 331. xix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 87 or contiguous, the apex of metasternum narrowly rounded between them. Elatophilus pinophilus sp. nov. Elongate-oval, almost glabrous. Head, pronotum and scutellum reddish-brown, shining, the tylus and occiput some- what darker; elytra pale dull yellow, the cuneus and tip of clavus and a faint cloud near apex of corium fuscous ; mem- brane a uniform whitish hyaline; sterna and legs pale brownish- yellow, ventrals fuscous-brown. Head porrect, longer than its width across eyes; tylus stout, cylindrical, its apex truncate. Antennae stout, as long as head and pronotum united; joint 1 and basal half of 2 yellow, 1 just reaching tip of tylus; 2 with apical half fuscous, two and a half times as long as 1, visibly but feebly thickened toward apex ; 3 and 4 fuscous, oblong- fusiform, finely pubescent, 3 scarcely as long as 1, 4 one-fourth longer than 3, obtusely pointed. Pronotum subtrapezoidal, twice as wide at base as apex, hind angles somewhat prolonged, subacute ; sides in front of them feebly sinuate and convergent from base to apical third, thence rounded to apex ; disk with a deep, entire postmedian transverse impression, front lobe smooth, convex and with a faint median impressed line, hind one flattened, minutely shagreened. Mesoscutum broadly exposed. Elytra slightly surpassing abdomen, almost invisibly punctate, very finely pubescent. Abdomen of female broadly oval, narrowed at base. Length 2.8 mm. Type a female, taken April 14, 1927, at Royal Palm Park, Florida, by beating the tops of a dead and fallen pine. It apparently belongs to the subgenus Euhadroccnts Reut., char- acterized by having joint 3 of antennae not longer than 1, with beak scarcely surpassing front coxae. This subgenus is repre- sented by a single heretofore known species, Elatophilns (EuJiadroccrns} crassicornis Renter, described from Algeria. That is piceous-black, with membrane infuscate. No member of the genus Elatophilns has previously been taken in this country. CHINAOLA gen. nov. This genus differs from Mallocliiohr Bergroth, as char- -I was unable to borrow in time a specimen of Mallochiohi // ( ;m. Soc. XIX, \ ( >24, p. 7'i and fig. 2, pi. I. 88 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '28 acterized on page 658 of the Heteroptera, the only other genus of the family Microphysidae known from North America, in having the front margin of pronotum trimcate not concave ; elytra narrowly oval with sides subparallel from just behind humeri to base of cuneus, net broadly oval with sides rounded as in MallocJnola, and membrane with two veins projected back- ward from a ridge near base to the middle of disk, the outer one bent angularly at basal third. The genus is named in honor of W. E. China, the efficient Hemipterist of the British Museum, who has given me much aid in my studies of eastern American Heteroptera. Genotype : Chinaola qucrcicola sp. nov. Chinaola quercicola sp. nov. Oblong-oval. Head black, strongly shining, glabrous ; pronotum and scutellum black, less shining; clavus and basal two-thirds of corium white ; apical third of corium fuscous, cuneus and broad median bar of embolium black ; base and apex of embolium white ; membrane dusky translucent, strongly iridescent ; legs and beak dark reddish-brown. Head porrect ; clypeus stout, its apex obtuse ; ocelli small, separated by four times their diameters ; beak stout, apparently 3- jointed, reach- ing front coxae, its apical joint acute, decurved. Antennae black, about as long as head and thorax, bristly pubescent ; joint 1 not reaching tip of tylus ; 3 and 4 subequal, 3 two- thirds the length of 2. Pronotum with apex and base trun- cate ; collar distinct, prominent ; disk very finely transversely rugose, rather thickly pubescent with very fine suberect blackish hairs ; scutellum feebly convex, glabrous, finely transversely rugose. Elytra conjointly narrowly oval, surpassing abdomen by three-fourths the length of membrane ; sides straight and parallel to base of cuneus, thence gradually curved into the strongly rounded tips ; disk very finely pubescent. Hind tibiae curved, one-half longer than femora; tarsi 2- jointed, joint 2 more than twice the length of 1. Length 1.5 mm. Type a female, taken March 10, 1927, at Duneclin, Florida, by beating the foliage of water oak. The much narrower form of body, different relative length of antennal joints, different shape of pronotum, etc., distinguish this unique form from Mallockiola gagatcs M. & M. xxxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 89 Making Insect Labels with the Camera. By W. A. HIESTAXD, University of \Yisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Very satisfactory locality and ecology labels may be made by using a focusing camera and a typewriter. The illustrations below show examples of labels which were typed on white paper, photographed with a focusing camera and printed on Regular Azo paper. One desirable feature of mak- ing labels in this manner is the fact that their size may be regulated to suit the user. If smaller type is desired than that shown in the illustration it is only necessary to have the typewritten sheet farther from the camera and vice versa for larger type. Needless to say it is advantageous for the collector to be able to print out whatever number of labels he needs and to arrange their composition to suit his taste. Very often the situation arises when it is well to have labels Dane Co.Vlu. Dane Co,71a. Dana Co, Via. Dane Co. Via. Dane Co. Tie. Dana Co. Via. Dane Co.Vla. Dane Co.Wia. Dane Co. Via. Dana Co. Vie. Collector: Collector: Collector; Collector: Collector: Dane Co.'ffla. Dane Co. Via. Dane Co. Via. Dans Co, Vie. Dana Co. Via. Apr 192 Hay 192 Sept 192 Jane 192 June 192 Collector: Collector: Collector: Collector: Collector: Apr 192 it ay 192 sept 192 June 192 June 192 Dane Co, Vie. Dane Co. Via. Dana Co. Via. Dana Co. Via. Dane Co. Vie. Apr 192 May 192 Sept 192 June 192 June 192 Collector: Collector: Collector: Collector: Collector: lei. by S.A.'-aSSTA--.'.' Dane Co.Vlff. Dane Co. via. Dane Co. Vie. Dane Co. Via. Dane Co. Vie. Collector; Collector; Collector: Collector: Collector: Dane Co, Via. Dane Co, Vie. Dana Co, Via. Dane Co, via. Dane Co Wle Apr 192 "ay 192 Sept 192 June 192 June 192 det.by S.A.:tIE^TA-JL ,-.-. f. -: uet.by V.A.KIESTA'ID Collector: Collector: Collector: Collector; Colleotorl Apr 192 May 192 Sept 192 June 192 June 192 Collector: Collector: Collector: Collector: Collector: dei .iy W.A.HIZ T^:;.J 1.--. ' '. \7 ..--. d*t .by .A. 4:STV1D Apr 192 !'ay 192 Sept 192 June 192 June 192 Dne Co. Tie. Dane co.'^ie. Dane Co.Jle. Dane Co. vie. Dane Co Via. Apr 192 :'ay 192 Sept 192 June 192 June 192 S.A.Hleatand 3.A.iUeat*nJ .A Hleetand .A.Kleeta.nd T.A.Hleeta-id iii small quantities from various localities and the expense of having them printed is high, due to the fact that it is often difficult to obtain them in quantities of less than five hundred of a kind. 90 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS | Mar., '28 The following directions should serve to explain the method of making the lahels. First of all it is necessary to use a typewriter with a new black record ribbon as clearness in the copy sheet is desirable. Of course the clearer the typewritten sheet the clearer will be the negative made from it. Several sheets may be photographed at a single exposure depending upon the size of the plate of the camera. I have found that the best results were obtained by exposing the sheets to the camera by artificial light. I use two fifty watt mazda bulbs in two reading lamps and give the film an exposure of three minutes. It is necessary to use a focusing camera with a ground-glass plate in order that the lens may be put in sharp focus and also that the size of the labels may be regulated. I have met with best results when the iris diaphragm of the camera was set between stops 8 and 16. The sheet to be copied should be pinned onto a backing of some sort so that it will be in a plane parallel to the film or plate of the camera. I have found that it is desirable to have the background of white material like the sheet itself rather than darker as the light from the lamps will be more evenly diffused. I have often noticed that the labels in the center of the film were clearer than those at the edges and have traced this defect to the dark background. Since I have used a white background I have not had this trouble. It is necessary to use a "Process" film or plate in copying the labels in order to get the greatest con- trast possible and hence the sharpest labels. Care should be taken in developing the film or plate to insure sufficient development for if either is not left long enough in the fixing bath the resulting labels will not be distinct. Personally, I leave the film in the developer until it becomes so dark that I can no longer make out any characters upon it. In this way I get best results. In printing, the orthodox rules may be followed with good results. I have found that Azo paper, grade number 2, works quite well. A longer exposure than usual is necessary in printing out the labels because of the greater degree of contrast desired. It is well to leave the xxxix, '28J ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 91 prints in the fixing bath for some time to insure their perma- nent character. There is no reason why a collector who has access to a focusing camera can not make satisfactory labels for his coi- tion at a considerable saving of expense. The greatest advan- tage of photographic labels lies in the fact that whatever number needed may be printed and their exact composition made to suit the collector. A great variety of ecological labels can be easily made for different occasions by this means. Hesperia eos Edwards (Lep. : Hesperiidae). By A. W. LINDSEY, Denison University, Granville, Ohio. The standing of Hesperia cos Edwards in our faunal lists has been open to cuiestion for many years. It was merely listed by Skinner (Syn. Cat. p. 91, 1898) and Dyar (List. N. A. Lep. 47, 1902) as a species of Amblyscirtes. McDunnough associated it with celia Skinner and meridional is Dyar (Contri- butions iii, 137, 1916) but in the Barnes and McDunnough Check List of 1917 separated the three names. Finally Mc- Dunnough placed cos and uicridioualis as synonyms of altcrnata G. & R., an arrangement which I retained in my generic revision of the family. This classification is continued by- Barnes and Benjamin in their latest check list of the North American diurnals. During my connection with the Barnes collection a careful perusal of the original description of cos led me to the belief that the species was really the same as cornus Edw., with which it had never, to my knowledge, been associated. Until recently I have been unable to verify this conclusion, but an examina- tion of the material in the Cambridge Museum shows that it was correct. The museum collection, in which the type was said by Edwards to be located, now contains two specimens labelled as types of cos. One is a male of altcrnata, the other a female of counts. The original description mentions a male, but gives no exact information as to the number of specimens in the type series. According to Edwards' usual procedure, his state- 92- ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '28 ment would lead one to expect a single male type, but the appearance of the sexes in Amblyscirtes is such that they can- not readily be separated by superficial examination. The two specimens in the Cambridge Museum are not conclusive in accessory details, for both bear printed locality labels reading "Dallas Vex Boll". In their work on the genitalia of the North American species of Hesperioidea Skinner and Williams indicate that they have examined these types, and say that they believe "cos falls to allcrnata." They refer the other type to coinus, saying that it is a male, and thus unwittingly furnish evidence for my belief that Edwards himself made a mistake in the sex of this type. We cannot fail to consider original descriptions in the ultimate fixation of species. In the present case a comparison of the specimen of counts with Edwards' description shows exact agreement in the distribution and number of spots. Needless to say, the other specimen labelled type contrasts strongly, for counts has well defined white spots on the under surface of the secondaries and well marked preapical spots on the primaries, while in alternate! no spots are well defined and the under surface usually bears only the vaguest indication of spots, due to a slight concentration of the superficial gray vestiture. It seems incredible that such a practiced eye as Edwards' could have included the two specimens in the same series ; it is certainly impossible for his description to apply to the specimen of altcniata. In discussing the disposition of the name, Mr. Banks has suggested a logical course if the two specimens must be regard- ed as types. Altcniata was described before cos, hence when cos was described one specimen belonged to a described species, and in the absence of an absolute indication of the type, would automatically be dropped in favor of the remaining specimen. This would fix the specimen of coin us in the Cambridge Museum as the type of cos. Fortunately all of the facts in the case favor this course. The following bibliography shows the corrected synonymy and includes the chief references to the species concerned. XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 93 Amblyscirtes eos Edwards. Hcspcria cos Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. iii, 276, 1871. Hcspcria counts Edw., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. v, 206, 1876. Amblyscirtes niusl Edw., Field and Forest iii, 118, 1878. I\iuiphila com us Skinner, Syn. Cat. 90, 1898. Stomylcs counts Godman & Salvin, Biol. Cent. Am., Rhop. i'i. 502, pi. 95, fig. 25, 26, 1900. Amblyscirtes cos Dyar, List N. A. Lep. 47, 1902. Euphycs counts Dyar, op. cit. 53, 1902. Pamphila quinquemacula Skinner, Ent. News xxii, 413, 1911. Amblvscirtcs counts Barnes & McDunnough, Check List 22, 1917. Lindsey, Hesp. N. A. 101, 1921. Skinner & Williams, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xlix, 141, fig. 23, 1923. Barnes & Benjamin, List Diurn. Lep. 25, 1926. Amblyscirtes alternata Grote & Robinson. Hcspcria alternate! G. & R., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. i, 3, 1867. Amblyscirtes incridionalls Dyar, fn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. xiii, 135, 1905. Ambl\scirtcs alternata Barnes & McDunnough, Check List 22, 1917. Lindsey, Hesp. N. A. 101, 1921. Skinner & \Yilliams, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. xliv, 138, fig. 18, 1923. Barnes & Benjamin, List Diurn. Lep. 25, 1926. On Three Chilopods from the La Sal Mountains of Utah. By RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah. The material upon which these notes are based was sub- mitted to me for study by Dr. V. M. Tanner by whom the specimens were colleceted in July, 1927. All were taken in the faunistically little known La Sal Mountains of San Juan Co., Utah. In addition to the chilopods, there was in the material collected a male of the diplopod Paraiitlits reinistits 94 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '28 (Wood), a form not previously taken in Utah, although not uncommon in Colorado and New Mexico. The types of the new species are in the author's collection. Lophobius lasalanus sp. nov. Dorsum light chestnut brown, the head scarcely deeper in color than the dorsal plates. Antennae usually concolorous with head, a little paler at tips. Legs a little lighter than anten- nae. Antennae short, composed of twenty articles. Ocelli few, mostly in two series; e. g., 1+4, 3. Prosternal teeth 2+2. Third joint of all anterior legs excepting those of first pair with 2 ventral spines. Ventral spines of first legs 1, 3, 1. Penult legs with ventral spines 1, 3, 3, 2 or 1, 3, 3, 3. Anal legs with two claws; ventral spines 1, 3, 3, 1 or 1, 3, 3, 0. Last two pairs of coxae armed laterally, the last three pairs dorsally. Anal legs of male without lobes. Claw of female gonopods tripartite ; basal spines 2+2. Length, up to 11 mm. This species is differentiated from all others in the genus excepting L. socius in possessing 2 claws on the anal legs. It is readily distinguished from socius in having the ventral spines of the anal legs 1, 3, 3, 1 or 1, 3, 3, instead of 1, 3, 2, 1, in not having the fourth joint of the anal legs modified in the male, in the fewer ocelli, and smaller size. The species now known in the genus may be separated by means of the following key. Key to Species of LopJwbius. a. All anterior legs, or all but first 1 or 2 pairs, with third joint bearing 2 ventral spines. b. Ventral spines of penult legs 0, 1, 3, 3, 2. c. Anal legs armed with 2 claws. d. Ventral spines of anal legs 1, 3, 3, 1(0); ocelli in 2 series lasalanus, sp. nov. dd. Ventral spines of anal legs 1, 3, 2, 1 ; ocelli in from 3 to 5 series. . . .socius Chamberlin cc. Anal legs with claw single. d. Dorsal spines of twelfth legs 1, 0, 3, 1, 1. e. Ventral spines of anal legs 1, 3, 2, 0; of the twelfth and thirteenth 0, 3, 3, 2 collium Chamberlin ee. Ventral spines of anal legs normally 1, 3, 2, 1. f. Last article of anal legs furrowed along mesal side; fourth joint in XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL MAYS male with a conspicuous distal lobe above franciscac Chamberlin ft". Anal legs unmodified in both sexes pungonius Chamberlin del. Dorsal spines of twelfth legs 1, 0, 3, 2, 2 or 1, 0, 3, 1, 2. e. Ventral spines of anal legs 1, 3, 2, 1 ; head a little longer than wide urizonac Chamberlin ee. Ventral spines of anal legs normally 1, 3, 2, 0; head wider than long. hclcnae Chamberlin bb. Ventral spines of penult legs 0, 1, 3, 3, 1 (lobe at distal end of fourth joint in male conspicuous) cast cllo pcs (Chamberlin) aa. First seven pairs of legs with the third joint bearing but a single ventral spine ercmus Chamberlin Watophilus utus, sp. nov. Cephalic plate long, widest anteriorly, the sides converging to the caudal end ; anterior and posterior corners rounded ; anterior margin forming a very obtuse angle at middle. Frontal suture not evident. Cephalic plate overlapping the basal plate, covering about one third of its total length. Basal plate with a transverse row of setae behind middle of its exposed portion. A single small clypeal area present on middle line a little caudad of level of insertion of antennae. Labrum with lateral pieces separated by a district middle piece which bears on its caudal edge about ten long, slender, caudally directed teeth. Claws of prehensors when closed equalling or a little sur- passing the distal end of the first antennal article. Claw of prehensors with a small rounded tooth at base; the two pre- ceding joints with inconspicuous or obsolete rounded nodules ; femuroid also with one at distal end, excavated a little proximad of the tooth. Spiracles all circular ; the first large, the second abruptly smaller and the succeeding ones decreasing gradually caudad. Anal legs clawless, the claw replaced by a minute mem- branous article ; terminating in several stout setae. Last ventral plate wider than long, the caudal margin con- vex. Coxopleural pores 3 or 4 along ventral plate, or partly covered by latter, and 2 or 3 above adjacent to last tergite. Anal pores present. Pairs of legs in female, 65. Length, 21 mm. 96 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '28 The species of this genus have the number of pairs of legs usually invariable, or practically so, for each sex. The species are thus in most cases easily separated on this basis. The present species has a larger number of pairs than any species previously known, the nearest being W . lactus Cham- berlin of California which has a maximum of 55 pairs. GNATHOMERIUM XENOPORUS (Chamberlin) In the col- lection is one specimen of this species which is a common form under leaves along canyon streams in the Wahsatch Moun- tains, but which occurs as well in Colorado and New Mexico. Insects made of Metal. INSECTS made of metal, true to the originals in the last minute details of structure, are produced by a process discov- ered by Dr. N. D. Zelinsky, a German chemist. As a matter of fact, the insects themselves are metallized through a replacement of their original substance with the metal, just as the details of wood or leaf structure are replaced with stone in petrifactions. The process was discovered by a quasi- accident. Dr. Zelinsky had undertaken to make chemical analysis of some insects. The procedure involved covering them with finely powdered copper oxid and heating them in small platinum crucibles under an atmosphere of carbon dioxid. At the end of the treatment he found to his astonishment that he had a collection of -perfect copper insects, for the outer parts of their body-shells had been penetrated by the metal and the original horny chitin, with all its fine markings, was replaced by a layer of copper. It is thought that this method may be of value in museums in the permanent preservation of rare and perishable insect specimens, and possibly plants as well. Science Service in Science for Dec. 23, 1927. The Monarch Butterfly Wintering in the Everglades (Lepid. : Danaidae). The annual migrations of the Monarch Butterflies (Danaiis menippe Hiibner [Anosia plexippus Linn. ] ) have been the source of considerable scientific interest. The paths of mi- gration have been definitely traced for part of their routes, but it has been a matter of some conjecture where the majority spend the winter. In, January, 1924, during the writer's trip through the Ever- glades, between West Palm Beach and Lake Okeechobee, XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 97 great numbers of Monarch Butterflies were noted flying over the saw grass, alighting on flowers, etc. Mating was observed in several instances. The possibility that these great num- bers of butterflies represented the local population must, of course, be considered, but it seems much more probable that these vast throngs of butterflies were the migrants in their winter Quarters. S. W. BROMLEY, Xew York. Kntomologica 1 Literature COM T 'I LED, WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF "BIOLOGICAL, AB- STRACTS," UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF E. T. CRESSON, JR. Under the above head it is intended to note papers received at the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, pertaining to the En- tomology of the Americas (North and South), including Arachnida and Myriopoda. Articles irrelevant to American entomology will not be noted; but contributions to anatomy, physiology and embryology of insects, however, whether relating to American or exotic species will be recorded. The numbers within brackets | 1 refer to the journals, as numbered in the list of Periodicals and Serials published in the January and June numbers (or which may be secured from the publisher of Entomological .News for lOc), in which the paper appeared. The number of, or annual volume, and in some cases the part, heft, &c. the latter within ( ) follows; then the pagination follows the colon : All continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installments. *Papers containing new forms or names have an * preceding the author's name. (S) Papers pertaining exclusively to neotropical species, and not so indicated in the title, have the symbol (S) at the end of the title of the paper. For records of Economic Literature, see the Experiment Station Rec- ord, Office of Experiment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, London. For records of papers on Medical Ento- mology, see Review of Applied Entomology, Series B. mP'A'ofe the change in the method of citing the bibliographical refer- ences, as explained above. Papers published in the Entomological News are not listed. GENERAL. Andrews, E. A. Injuries to vegetation by mound building ants. [90] 62: 63-75. Bott, R. Die Flugbewegung der Insekten. [18] 21: 176-178. Common names of in.sects approved for general use by American association of economic entomnlogiV L <. (Second Supple- ment) [12] 20: 837-839. Godfrey, E. J. Migrations of butterflies in Siam with some remarks on migrations in general. [Jour. Siam Soc. X. II.] 7: 93-100. Grabe, A.- Das Etikett. [18] 21: 255-25S. ill. Graves, P. P. No- menclature, Dr. Verity, etc. [21] 39: 167-16'). *Hedicke, H.Aus der entomologischen Welt. (S) 1 11] 1927: 235- 237. Heydemann, F. Der Gebir^s-und Kusten-Melanis- mus und-Nigrismus. Zu^leich ein Beitrui; y.uv I'Yas^e des [ndustrie-Melanismus. [18] 21: 247-252, cont. Knaus, W. Letter from a pioneer Kansas entomologist. [Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc.] 1: 19-23. Lizer y Trelles, C. A.- 98 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '28 Apuntaciones para la Bibliografia entomologica argentina. [Physis, Buenos Aires] 8: 505-535. McAtee, W. L. Bird nests as insect and arachnid hibernacula. [10] 29: 180-184. McColloch, J. W. A list of the literature o i Kansas Arthropoda. [Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc.j 1 : 3-19. Meissner, O. Kurze Bemerkungen iiber einige neuere naturwissenschaftliche Theorien. [20] 42: 45-46, ill. Miiller, L. Der Fundzettel. [18] 21: 279-281. Schultz, V. G. M. Vogel auf der Falterjagcl. [18] 21: 123-125. ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, ETC. Cretschmar, M.- Pilzsymbiose und verwandte Erscheinungen bei Insekten. [18] 21: 241-244, cont. Demoll, R. Untersuchungen iiber die Atnmng der Insekten. [Zeit. f. Biologic] 87: 8-22, ill. Fischer, E. et P. Observations et experiences sur les evolutions des mouches pendant le vol les reactions au mouvement. [78] 61 : 397-427. Koch, A. Methoden zur Behandlung der Atemphysiologie der In- sekten. [Handb. Biol. Arbeitsm.] Lief. "199: 135-214, ill. Kunze, G. Einige Versuche iiber den Geschmackssinn der Honigbienne. [89] (Zool. u. Phys.) 44: 287-314. Lloyd, L. Salivary Secretions of Blood-sucking Insects in Relation to Blood Coagulation. [31] 121 : 13. Morita, J. Les chromosomes dans la deuxieme cinese spermatocy- taire de "Mecostethus grossus". [78] 61 : 428-432, ill. Morrison, T. F. Animal light, with special reference to the synchronous flashing of fireflies. [Jour. Siam. Soc. N. H.] 7: 71-81. Muir, F. The evidence for Hybrid Vigour in Insects. [31] 121: 56. Pawlowsky, u. Stein. Experi- mentelle untersuchungen iiber die wirkung der gifthaare der uberwinternden goldafterraupen (Euproctis chry- sorrhoea) auf die menschenhaut. [46] 9: 615-637, ill. Prochnow, O. Die Verfahren zur Erforschung des Tier- fluges. [Handb. Biol. Arbeitsm.] Lief. 199: 215-294, ill. Schuster von Forstner, W. Licht ohne Warme ! Die neuesten Forschungsergebnisse iiber die Lampyriden. [20] 42 : 43-44. Tirelli, M. Studi sulla Fisiologia del sistema nervoso degli Insetti. [Bol. Isst. Zool. Roma] 5: 84-114. ill. Whiting, A. R. Genetic evidence for diploid males in Habrobracon. [90] 62: 55-58. Whiting, P. W. The relation between gynandromorphism and mutation in Habrobracon. [90] 62: 59-62. Wiilker, G. Xahrung- saufnahme und Stoffwechsel bei blutsaugenden Insekten. [18] 21: 311-314, ill. Zeleny, C. Non-inheritance of the temperature effect on bar eye in Drosophila m. [90] 62: 88-90. XXXix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 99 ARACHNIDA ANiJ MYRIOPODA. *Leitao, M. - Generos novos de Gonylepticleos. (S) [T5ol. Mus. N'ac. R. d. Janeiro] 3: 13-22. Taylor, R. L.- Xotes on the mite Pediculoides ventricosus Newport. [5] 34: 157- 163, ill. THE SMALLER ORDERS OF INSECTA. *Folsom, J. W. Insects of the subclass Apterygota from Central America and the West Indes. (S) [50] 72, Art. 6: .-16, ill. Heikertinger, F. Ziichtung von Xeuropteren Trichop- teren und Panorpaten (Mecopteren). [Handb. Biol. Ar- beitsm.] Lief. 204: 271-275. :|: McDunnough, J. A new Heptagenia from the Yellowstone region. [4] 59: 261-265. Rabaud, E. Etude biologique des larves de quelqnes Planipennes. [78] 61 : 433-499, ill. HEMIPTERA. Borner, C. Ziichtung der Homopteren. | Handb. Biol. Arbeitsm.] 204: 215-270, ill. *Hungerford, H. B. A report upon the aquatic and .semi-aquatic hemip- tera of the Mulford Biological expedition to Bolivia, South America, 1921-22. [10] 29: 187-190, ill. -Jensen, H. A. C. Hemipterological notes and descriptions. IV. (S) [42] 16: 41-56. Soliman, L. B. A comparative study of the structural characters used in the classification of the genus Macrosiphum of the family Aphididae with special reference to the species found in California. [67] 4: 89- 158, ill. Van Duzee, E. P. A Rare Aradid. [55] 4: 68 L^PIDOPTERA. Barnes & Benjamin. On the iden- tity of Acidalia hepaticaria. (Geometridae). On the identity of "Cosmia" orina. Phalaenidae). [55] 4: 89; 89. Blasche, P. Bequemer Nachtfang. [18] 21 : 131-134. Fischer, E. Ziichtung der Lepidopteren. [Handb. Biol. Arbeitsm.] Lief. 204: 277-356, ill. Johnson, C. W.- Xotes on the present distribution of two introduced moths. [5] 34: 176-177. Learned, E. T. A study of the male abdominal appendages of the Xais-group of Apantesis- Walker. (Arctiidae) [5] 34: 135-145, ill. *McDunnough, J. Contribution towards a knowledge of our Canadian plume moths. [Trans. R. Soc. Canada] Sect. 5, 21 : 175- 188, ill. ^McDunnough, J. The Lepidoptera of the Seton Lake region, British Columbia. [4] 5 ( > : 266-277. *Mey- rick, E. Exotic Microlepidoptera. (S) [52] 3: 321-384. Michael, H. Die Zucht des chinesischen Seidenspinners B'ombyx mori. [Handb. Biol. Arbeitsm.] Lief. 207: 537- 100 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '28 556, ill. *Neustetter, H. Xeue Heliconius-Formen. (S) [18] 21: 227-230. *Niepelt, W. Neue exotische Rhopa- loceren. (S) [18] 21: 180-182, ill. :;: Niepelt, W. Xeue Falter von Columbien. (S) [18] 21: 239-241. *Niepelt, W. Neue Rassen von Morpho theseus Deyr. (S) [18] 21 : 252-253, ill. *Przegendza. Aberrationen von Callicore clymena Cr. und Catagramma hydaspes Drury. (S) [14] 41: 333-335,111. *R6ber, J. Neue exotische Falter. (S) [18] 21: 140-142, ill. *R6ber, J. Xeue exotische Falter. (S) [18] 21: 197-198. -Rober, J. Xeue exotische Falter. (S) [18] 21: 281-282. *Schaus, W. New species of Heterocera from Central and South America. [10] 29: 185-186. *Strand, E. Xordamerikanische, inbesondere californische Lepidoptera. [52] 1914, Abt. A, Hft. 11 : 151- 163. [n. sp. of Papaipema and Dysocnemis] . Voukasso- vitch, P. Observations biologiques stir Vanessa io et ses parasites. [25] 1927: 277-278, DIPTERA. *Aldrich, J. M. Redescription of types of American Mtiscoid flies in the collection of the Vienna natural history museum with incidental notes. (S). [50] 72, Art. 7: 35 pp. *Curran, C. H. Some new Canadian Scatophagidae. [4] 59: 253-261. *Curran, C. H. Synop- sis of the Canadian Stratiomyidae. [Trans. R. Soc. Canada] (Sect. 5) 21 : 191-228. Heikertinger, F. Ztichtung von Dipteren. [Handb. Biol. Arbeitsm.] Lief. 204: 357-398. Malloch, J. R. Descriptions and figures of the puparia of Minettia ordinaria and Caliope flaviceps. [10] 29: 184, ill. COLEOPTERA. Bruch, C. Suplemento al catalogo sistematico de los Coleopteros de la Republica Argentina. [Physis, Buenos Aires] 8: 536-553. Darlington, P. J. Helophorus aquaticus L. in America. [5] 34: 174-175. Heikertinger, F. Ziichtung von Coleopteren. [Handb. Biol. Arbeitsm.] Lief. 204: 399-458, ill. Horn, W. Ueber "Monstrositaten" und verwandte Vorgange bei Cicinde- linen. [49] 16: 471-477, ill. *Luederwaldt, H. Cinco novas especies da familia dos Passalideos. (S) [Bol. Mus. Xac. R. d. Janeiro] 3 : 37-38. Salt, G. Notes on the Strep- siptera and their hymenopterous hosts. [5] 34: 182-192. Scheerpeltz. O. Fin einfaches Hilfsmittel ztir Preparation des Oedeagalapparates bei Koleopteren. [79] 13: 246-251, ill. Van Dyke, E. C. Uncommon Buprestidae. [55] 4: 95. Wilhelm, O. Calosoma sycophanta als Bienenfeind. [18] 21: 187. Wilson, J. W. The male genital tube of xxxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 101 some of the species of the genus Scymnus (Coccinellidae). [5] 34: 167-170, ill. HYMENOPTERA. Arnold, J. Beobachtungen iiber Hornissenvolker. [18] 21: 135-136. Fahringer, J. Ziich- tung von Hymenopteren. [Hanclb. Biol. Arbeitsm.] Lief. 204: 458-484. ill. *Fouts, R. M. Descriptions of new nearctic Serphoidea [10] 29: 165-179, ill. Hartmann, M. Haltung- und Zucht der Honigbiene. [Handb. Biol. Ar- beitsm.] Lief. 207: 513-536, ill. *Gahan, A. B Descrip- tion of a new Eulophid parasitic on Bucculatrix canaden- sisella Chambers. [5] 34: 171-173. Gotze, G. Unter- suchiingen an Hymenopteren iiber das Vorkommen und die Bedeutung der Stirnaugen. [89] (Zool. u. Phys.) 44: 211-268, ill. Kutter, H. -Ziichtung von Ameisen. '[Handb. Biol. Arbeitsm.] Lief. 207: 485-512, ill. *Mitchell, T. B.- Notes on the Megachilidae. [5] 34: 178-181. Starcke, A. -Beginnende Divergenz bei Myrmica lobicorins Xyl. [30] 70: 73-84. 4 fig. *Turner, R. E. On a new Thynn'id wasp from Paraguay. (S) [49] 16: 449. Wheeler, W. M- The occurrence of the pavement ant (Tetramorium caes- pitum L.) in Boston. [5] 34: 164-165. SPECIAL NOTICES. Opuscula braconologica. Von Professor Dr. Josef Fahringer in Wien. Band I. Palaeark- tische Region. This monographic work may be of interest to American students. ZOOLOGY OF COLORADO. By THEODORE D. A. COCKERELL, Professor of Zoology in the University of Colorado. Pub- lished by the University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 1927. 12 mo., pp. viii, 262, illustrated. A fly leaf reads: "University of Colorado Semicentennial Publications Authorized by the Board of Regents of the University of Colorado and prepared under the supervision of a committee of the Faculty .... these five volumes are issued as part of the celebration of the Semicentennial of the University, November, 1927. They will be of interest primarily to the people of this State and are appropriately Dedicated to The Citizens of Colorado." Prof. Cockerell has divided this, the third volume of the series, into fourteen chapters, entitled, respectively: 1. The Past, 2. Mammals, 3. Birds, 4. Reptiles, 5. Amphibia, 6. Fossil Fishes, 7. Living Fishes, 8. Mollusca, 9. Insects, 10. Butterflies, 11. Moths, 12. Crustacea, 13. Worms, 14. Pro- tozoa. The relations between the extinct and living faunas are pointed out in almost every chapter. Chapter 9 occupies 102 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '28 pages 143-208, the Butterflies and the Moths receive 15 and 9 a'dditional pages respectively. In each chapter the most com- mon, or otherwise noteworthy, members of the group dis- cussed that occur in Colorado are mentioned or briefly described, and many hitherto unpublished details and critical remarks will be found in the readable text. There is an alphabetical index of eight pages. The opportunities for discovery of new forms, habits and habitats offered by the rich fauna o thial State are frequently brought to the attention of the reader. For the resident and the traveler in Colorado the book should be a great boon. P. P. CALVERT. !=>' OBITUARY. FRANK R. MASON died on May 28, 1927, in his forty-sixth year, at his residence, 5533 Pulaski Avenue, Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. When about twelve years old he first showed signs of being interested in insects, especially moths attracted to the electric lights. Several years later he commenced his first collection consisting of butterflies and moths. Tiring of these he be- came more and more interested in beetles and finally disposed of all his Lepidoptera and settled down to the stupendous but pleasant task of making as complete a collection of the Coleoptera of the world as possible. The first big addition to his cabinet came with the purchase of the Cerambycidae of the famous Vanderpole collection of Europe. The material was safely transported to Philadelphia and contained many types and thousands of interesting species from all parts of the world. Meanwhile he was steadily increasing his staff of collectors in every country. Much of the duplicate material he was able to exchange to advantage. He also purchased the collection of Mr. George Angell. This consisted of probably the finest collection of CycJints, Carabus, and Calosoma of the world ever made by an American. He took unusual pride in the neatness and appearance of his beetles. The specimens were kept in wooden boxes slightly larger than the regulation Schmitt box. Metal cases were constructed just to hold these boxes. A large room was XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 103 set aside solely for the collection. All his mounting, packing, and other work was done in a separate building equipped for the purpose. He would not tolerate a locality or date label written by hand and had a printing press in order to enhance still further the appearance of each specimen. Although interested primarily at first in the I.ongicorns, he also collected beetles of the other families. His favorites were the Buprestidae, Scarabaeidae, Carabidae and weevils or Rhynchophora. The last few years his collection had grown so rapidly that he decided to dispose of certain obscure, or to him uninteresting, groups such as Staphylinidae, water beetles, etc. At the time of his death he had undoubtedly the best collec- tion of beetles of the world in this country. His material is now in The Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. In accordance with his will and wishes it will be kept intact, but is open for the inspection of all students to whom it can not fail to be a great help and inspiration. He never displayed much interest in writing on entomo- logical topics. Neither was he interested in obtaining a library on the subject except where it would help him in arranging his beetles. Although very fond of being out in the field, he was not a diligent or hardworking collector and readily admitted it. The correspondence with his numerous scientific friends gave him untold pleasure and his premature and sudden passing brought sorrow to many. Frank R. Mason, son of Henry and Emma Mason, was born February 23, 1882, at Germantown, Philadelphia. He was a delicate child and only attended Germantown Academy a short time, most of his education being obtained from a tutor. At the age of sixteen he entered the biological course at the University of Pennsylvania but on account of poor health did not complete the first year. Later he accepted a position in Mexico, but again his health interfered end he remained only six months, but long enough to do some collect- ing. He travelled quite extensively and besides making six trips to Europe also visited Northern Africa, South America 104 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Mar., '28 and Hawaii, and had been in every state of the United States except two. The writer regarded him as one of his best and dearest friends. Many pleasant collecting trips were enjoyed in his company. The mountains of Tennessee and Virginia were explored together. The White Mountains of New Hampshire were visited twice ; also Fairfax County, Virginia, on many occasions, as well as innumerable localities in the states of New York and New Jersey. Even on the day of his sudchn death, from a blood clot formed near the brain, he was to have been with a party of friends collecting at Point Pleasant, New Jersey. Word of his being taken was received upon the writer's return from this trip and the following day he sadly went to Philadelphia to the funeral of his good friend whose irreparable friendship he will never be able to replace. ALAN S. NICOLAY. Mr. Mason's collection is especially rich in the exotic species, but does not exhibit its value alike in all the families. This is. however, compensated for by the large series in the families in which he was especially interested. Among these may be mentioned the Cicindelidae with 372 species, Carabidae with 2,338, Meloidae with 238, Pselaphidae, 194, Cleridae, 100, Elateridae, 410, Buprestidae, 1,733, Tenebrionidae, 591, Scara- baeidae, 1,636, Lucanidae, 99, Cerambycidae; 4,660, Chryso- melidae, 1,593, Platystomidae, 259, Coccinellidae, 121, Curculionidae, 1,336. In all the collection is represented by 53 families, 16,863 species and about 76,650 specimens, and is contained in over 1,100 boxes, in nine large pest-proof steel cabinets. The collection of the family Carabidae alone contains about 10,200 specimens and is, as regards the exotic species, considered to be one of the most important and complete in the country. The fine condition of the material, together with the excellent technique exhibited in the mounting and arrangement, gives it an exceptionally handsome appearance and great value. E. T. CRESSON, JR. APRIL. 1928 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Vol. XXXIX No. 4 CHARLES ROBERT OSTKN SACKEN, 1828-1906 CONTENTS Gunder Evolution, Classification, Etc. (Lepid., Rhopalocera) .... 105 Forbes To all Collectors of New York State Lepidoptera Ill Thierolf The Economic Importance of Paratenodera sinensis (Or- thoptera : Mantidae) 112 F'orbes The Tentamen versus the Tentamen Names 116 Weiss The Entomology in the Bestiary of Philippe de Thaun 119 Custer Parasites of Some Anthidiine Bees (Hymenoptera : Megachi- lidae, Chrysididae ; Dipt.: Bombyliidae) 123 Knull A New Species of Batyle (Coleop. : Cerambycidae) li'ti Forbes The First Insect Described from North America 12ii Caudell A Note on Tenodera sinensis Sauss. (Orthop.: Mantidae). . 127 Stiles Amendments to the International Rules of Zoological Nomen- clature 128 Personals A. B. Gahan, R. A. Cushman, R. A. Cooley, George N. Wolcott 129 Entomological Literature 130 Review List of the Insects of New York 135 Obituary Felix Henneguy 136 PHILADELPHIA, PA. THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Logan Square Entered at the Philadelphia, Pa., Post Office as Second Class Matter. Acceptance for mailing at the special rate of postage prescribed for in Section 1103. Act of Octobers. '9 1 ?. authorized January 15, 1921. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS published monthly, excepting August and September, by The American Entomological Society. Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., Editor; E. T. Cresson, Jr., R. G. Sthmieder.Ph.D., Ernest Baylis, Associate Editors; John C. Lutz, Business Manager. Advisory Committee: Philip Laurent, J, A. G Rehn, Chas. Liebeck, J. Chester Bradley, Ph.D., F,rank Morton Jones, John C. Lutz, Max Kisliuk, Jr. The sibscription price per year of ten (10) numbers is as follows: United States and possessions . . $3.00 Canada, Central and South America . 3.15 Foreign 3.25 Single copies 35 cents ADVERTISING RATES: Full width of page. Payments in advance. One issue. 1 in.. $ 1.20. 2 in., $ 2.40, half page, $ 4.00, full page, $ 8.00 Ten issues " 11.00, " 20.00, 35.00, 70.00 SUBSCRIPTIONS. 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Owing to the limited size of each number of the NEWS, articles longer than six printed pages will be published in two or more installments, unless the author be willing to pay for the cost of a sufficient number of additional pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Proof will be sent to authors. Twenty-five "extras" of an author's contribu- tion, without change in form and without covers, will be given free when they are wanted; if more than twenty-five copies are desired this should be slated on the MS. Owing to increased cost of labor and materials, no illustrations will be published in the NEWS for the present, except where authors furnish the necessary blocks, or pay in advance the cost of making blocks and pay for the cost of printing plates. Information as to the cost will be furnished in each case on application to the Editor. Blocks furnished or paid for by authors will, of course, be returned to authors, after publication, if desired. Stated Meetings of The American Entomological Society will be held at 7.30 o'clock P. M., on the fourth Thursday of each month, excepting June, July, August, November and December, and on the third Thursday of November and December. Communications _ on observations made in the course of your studies are solicited ; also exhibits of any specimens you consider of interest. The printer of the "News" will furnish reprints of articles over and above the twenty- five given free at the following rates: One or two pages, twenty-five copies, .35 cents; three or four pages, twenty-five copies. 70 cents; five to eight pages, twenty-five copies, $1.40; nine to twelve pages, twenty-five copies, $2.00; each half-tone plate, twenty-five cnpics, 20 cents; each plate of line cuts, twenty-five copies, 25 cents; greater numbers of copies will be the corresponding multiples of these rates. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS VOL. XXXIX APRIL, 1928 No. 4 Evolution, Classification, Etc. (Lepid., Rhopalocera). By J. D. GUNDER, Pasadena, California. (PLATE II) N. D. Riley of the British Museum has said in suhstance, "An v scale of classification for Lepidoptera sliould he a scale of convenience and it should also he approximately natural." To be CONVENIENT such a scale should consist of terms whose continuity of definitions each express for themselves, an indi- viduality of rank or grade on the scale for the specimens to be described. For example, "var. nov.," "ab. nov.," etc., when used in formal description do not indicate a located status or give to the specimens described, a classified conception in the minds of systematic entomological readers. Such terms are "conversational words" and have too broad and general a meaning to be employed for specific purposes. These and some other vaguely used terms of classification (as subspecies is sometimes used) should feel the hand of synonymy as well as occasionally the insects for which they stand. The mixing- in or indiscreet use of one or several general terms within a single description is also and always a source of much con- fusion. I cite a quaint example or (cross-word puzzle )- This VARIETY was bred at in the woodshed near iny barn and should prove to be a valid RACE, which I will call SUBSPECIES nov., though it has all the ear-marks of an ABERRATION: but I cannot place it among those FORMS, because the SPECIES already lias some doubtful INDIVIDUAL FORMS which to me look like LOCAL RACES. I for one, deplore the naming of SPORTS, and especially FREAKS. Sorry I cannot figure the type as my barn burned down last weekend. I certainly lost a beautifully marked and valuable horse. A scale of convenience can be arrived at if British and American k-pidopterists can get together. We arc not far 105 106 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '28 apart. More discussion or impersonal treatises upon the sub- ject should appear in American journals, however, like those being printed in the Entomologist's Record of London. To be approximately NATURAL in classification means that nomenclature will eventually have to recognize the element of time in any scheme of its declension. To do this, the fact of a "beginning," as well as of an "end" has to be taken into consideration ; in other words, the "start" of a species or "that evidence of a source of a species" is just as important as a matter of classified record on a scale, as is the constant or "finished" species itself. Also it is just as important and deserving of consideration as is any recognized middle sub- division thereof. Some zoologists consider any data relative to origin as of paramount importance. This article deals mostly with the inception, or the beginning, of a species as far as it concerns Rhopalocera. In almost every constant group of butterflies, excepting those evidently long acclimated to some flat equatorial regions, there occasionally appear specimens whose wing designs or colors differ from the normal run of their kind and also from each other with persistent coextensive diversity. These are called transition forms (transient from near typical to definitely limited variation away from typical parental type) and for convenience of classification, they are divided into two main groups, those showing change of color and those having change of pattern. A further subdivision of the above is made based upon color sequence. (See ENT. NEWS, May, 1927, and Nov. 1927.) The biological value of these transition forms, which are somewhat rare in most collections, will be more generally understood when future lists and publications put them through taxonomic revision into eventual systematic order. These interesting variations occur either plentifully or seldom in a species according to the amount of pressure nature is exerting for change upon their particular habitat. Should a butterfly colony exist under a long and more or less settled environment, it feels no immediate need of further develop- ment ; but should the climatic or geographic area of its range or portions of its range be altered, then this change is grad- XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 107 ually reflected upon the wing colors and patterns of the more susceptible individuals of that colony or those portions of it. In other words these particularly susceptible and conductive examples in a group have retained in their being a suppressed inertia, apparently latent and hereditarily deficient from a former cvcle of deviation, which when liberated bv timely - J external inducement, finds renewed expression by either ex- panding or contracting wing design or by alternating sequence of existing wing color. These primarily modified specimens then breed through the generations and, by the law of averages, increase the ratio of receptive progeny and eventually all of the affected group undergoing change, takes on and perma- nently adopts the salient traits of the specific character deviation of its original and most dominant transition form. If this transition be progressive or futuristic, then that style domin- ates ; if the tendency is retrogressive or atavistic, then that influence takes the lead. To dominate of course, means that many more of one kind than of the other shall exist and propagate to force an average of their style upon their kind. In this manner, if time and surroundings allow, first the initiative local forms segregate and later the pure races are founded which digress laterally, for example, more and more from their original parental stock, existing either nearby or far-away according to the area of the geographically intrusive wedge or climatically modified intersection. With independent and virginal isolation may come structural variation probably forced primarily by a maximum density of previous develop- ment and evinced by venational or genitalic differences. As these attain constancy, the group can no longer be considered in the light of an atypical marked race only, but has advanced on the classification scale to the rank of species. Thus the cycle by consistent development in point of time is completed : beginning with the meager evidence of dominant TRANSITION FORMS (first) ; making, may I say, an associated plurality of contiguous local FORMS * (second); which eventually separate 1 In America thus far, we have confined the term "Local Form" to mean a majority assemhlage within a race or a species and occupying an altitudinal or confined desert area, the confines of which are NOT well marked. The confines of a "race" ARE well marked, being geographical and as a rule separate. 108 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '28 into geographical RACES (third) ; and then through attainment of some constant physicnj character become SPECIES (fourth). The wings of variant-group butterflies and particularly those of transition form butterflies may be likened to delicate barom- eters and the interesting and unusual fact about them is that in the living species, they not only record their immediate PAST, but also forecast the patterns of their wings for the FUTURE. I believe in no other order of insects, or for that matter in no other animal organism, is it possible to find, so OBVIOUSLY APPARENT, the equivalent of such dual evolutionary tendencies. Regarding, one of the many causes for the extinction of a species, I believe, though it is only a surmise, that if a species is over-long constant, it entirely loses susceptibility or loses those reactive individuals of quota necessary in its midst to rejuvenation under new conditions and therefore with no medium, there can be no survival. Many species of butterflies have a complicated wing pattern. This should denote an older existence ; however in most cases, I believe it is only the result of a more varied existence. Rarely is there a long cycle poise in a temperate or variable zone species without the occurrence of transition form indi- viduals which goes to prove that the order Lepidoptera is of fairly recent origin and compared to Coleoptera for example, which is an older order, has not achieved that equilibrium of maturity with immunity to the Earth's more commonly re- current and somewhat adverse periods. Many entomologists are continually raising or breeding various species of butterflies, subjecting their larvae to unusually cool or extra warm temperatures with the idea of producing quickly at home by artificial means what would take much time and energy in the field to find and collect under natural con- ditions. Many of these experimenters have thought that Nature's course could be altered by special breeding processes and that something new or of radically different design could be evolved ; but this has never been found to be the case, as everything which is man-made invariably corresponds to those at sometime collected under natural conditions and vice versa. Breeders are often disappointed and discouraged when their XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 109 batches of "treated" larvae fail to produce anything but typical examples. They should bear in mind that no amount of ''treatment" will make well marked transition forms in a prime generation unless the inherited taint of receptivity happens to be present. If they are lucky enough to procure among their original outside stock some having this invisible strain, then their experiments will be just that successful in point of num- bers and no more. Plate II accompanying this article is labeled "Evolution : a discernible cause and effect," for the reason that ancient transition forms, similar to those shown on each side of the illustrated species, have been the apparent medium of pro- ducing the divergent races shown just below them. The pic- tures well portray what is meant by transition forms "forcing an average of their style (salient traits) upon their kind." Progressive tr. forms are, as a rule, larger specimens than their retrogressive brothers ; this may indicate then, a slightly larger species in the future. The plate shows progressive tr. f. fusimacula Barnes on the left and retrogressive tr. f. mariana Barnes on the right. From a biological stand-point, the determination of the progressive trend has more signifi- cance, as it sets the pace for the future species. The reason I have chosen one of the Nymphalinac as a graphic example is because I have at hand more original photographic material to select from in this group, so far as transition specimens and related races are available; for that matter, one of the Asciidae or Hesperioidea would suit the purpose just as well, but a few "missing links" would have to be filled in until such time in the future when more material is found. The habitation of Euphydryas chalccdona D. & II. around the San Francisco Bay region and just to the south is considered very old, both botanically and geographically ; also chalcedona happens to be the first named, though that is beside the question; so, I see no particular reason why this species cannot be considered, in the light of our present knowledge, as the parental root of this West Coast group. The point of prime sj>ecies, versus closely related races now listed as species, will undoubtedly form the basis of some discussion in the future ; however, 110 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '28 constancy of genitalia, plus limited range of maculation var- iation within a congenial area obviously older botanically should establish a primitive species among any related butter- flies. Dr. Verity, of Florence, Italy, is at present concluding a survey of Rhopaloceran deviation in Europe. In a recent communication, he calls his work "a study of the geographical variations." I wish to compliment the Doctor upon his worthy and difficult undertaking. There may be some dis- satisfaction regarding those of his new names which represent specimens whose type localities do not call for the rank of "race nov." If the data of his original descriptions cannot save his names, due to lack of details (and brevity in this regard is hardly an excuse), then comparative illustrations- showing species with race, holotype material only, is the best way to settle a temporary argument. Future or contemporary students, having collected impartially over areas representing names under dispute, will be better able to establish status or confirm whatever synonymy is involved. As a whole, the con- figuration of the surface of Europe and its relation to vast continents on the east and south have been conducive to more legitimate butterfly variation than ever our territories here will be able to show. However, this does not mean that conception of classification terms need to be strained. Should America work out "geographical variation" in the future, it will have several distinct advantages over Europe. I might mention several. 1st. Our systematists have been able to keep up to date by publishing fairly often, but for the most part privately, synonytnical check lists. (Personally, I would like to see pub- lished yearly at Washington, complete check lists of all U. S. insects and in check list style only. The printed matter space would not be so great and new names could be designated as new for the year. Government paper and ink could be used for this purpose as well as for certain other purposes of which I doubt the good.) 2nd. Our authors have, as a rule, described the insects they are naming in a full and accurate manner at the time of the XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NK\VS 111 first proposal of their new names. Rarely do our workers "tell of a summer's trip and in the middle of a paragraph somewhere stick-in a name nov." Most of the editors of our journals paragraph a description, as a whole, separately. The old idea of "hiding out" a name, as if the author was bashful, uncertain or ashamed of it, is as old-fashioned as it is unethical. 3rd. By creating typical paratypes at time of original de- scription and generally depositing these in different entomo- logical centers, much material is available to all students. 4th. Original types are more accessible to American special- ists in America than they are to European specialists in Europe. Sometimes it is necessary to have photographs of both upper and under sides of a specimen. Important details of a type cannot be gained by viewing it under glass. Insti- tutions should record all their types by photograph and the negatives of these should be always available. 5th. Will not some Lepidopterist, using preferably the Eng- lish language, work out the transition forms as listed in Europe? The study of "aberrations" systematically by series of grades will cut down an immense number of names. To all Collectors of New York State Lepidoptera: As sub-editor for the Lepidoptera of the New York State List of Insects, now coming off the press, I wish to express my regret that it has not been possible to give credit to col- lector or determiner for most of the records compiled before 1916. They have been recorded in all cases of any particular interest in our files, but the circumstances of the compilation, which was an alternation of frantic haste and of long delays, made it impossible to transfer them to the finished manuscript. For the same reason the order of species, which in the first draft followed "Dyar's List," is in some confusion, especially in the Noctuidae. I also regret, though I cannot accept personal -blame for them, the errors, and the obscurities in giving credit, resulting from innumerable changes made in the editorial office of the New York State College of Agriculture, which were made without my knowledge in violation of a definite agreement, and which they refused to rectify in proof. I may say that the proof of the "Lepidoptera of New York" had received similar treatment, and that the agreement was made in that connection. WM. T. M. FORBES. 112 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '28 The Economic Importance of Paratenodera sinensis (Orthop.: Mantidae).* By WALTER R. THIEROLF, Glenside, Pennsylvania. Paratenodera sinensis, the praying mantis, a comparatively recent arrival in this country from China, is gaining a rapid foothold in the vicinity of Philadelphia. Some normal spread is being noted annually and some successful efforts have been made to colonize it in new localities. Since no actual study of the economic relationship of this new-comer has been made, would it not be the part of wisdom to call a halt on further distribution until its economic status has been established upon a scientific basis? BENEFICIAL REPUTATION To this new arrival have been attributed predaceous, car- nivorous, even cannibalistic tendencies, and because of these attributes, and possibly because of its religious nomenclature, the praying mantis has been hailed as a welcome combatant against the depredations of the countless hordes of harmful insects. These beneficent qualities have been attributed largely as the result of general observations of its feeding habits without any special effort to determine its relative stand- ing as an economic factor (Rummel 1926). THE NEED FOR INVESTIGATION. While numerous instances have been reported, covering a wide range of insect victims of Paratenodera sinensis, most of these observations have been made during its captivity, when abnormal conditions of environment, degree of hunger, and limitation in the choice of food were determining factors in the selection of its food (Didlake 1926). Such observations have also been made with Stagmomantis Carolina, a closely related species, and while different foods were offered the two * A thesis submitted to the Department of Zoology, Graduate School, of the University of Pennsylvania, in partial fulfillment of the require- ments for the degree of Master of Science, May, 1927. ENT. NEWS, VOL. XXXIX. Plate II. ul _l o Z o z a. O LLJ < 3 2 "> a: < O vi-cc O UJ i'j < za. c u 2 Z I- u UJ l_ li. Ill a z Ul l/> D U UJ m z or UJ U en Q < z O O UJ XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 113 species, a striking similarity has been noted in the insect food actually accepted by them (Ran and Ran 1913). This brief study, which is an effort to record, from field observations of feeding habits and from laboratory analyses of stomach contents, the insects preyed upon under normal unconfmed conditions, does not presume by any means to de- termine definitely this economic status. Before the life of any species is jeopardized by placing it upon the scale of economic benefit or harm it should be granted the justice of an intensive and extensive investigation. This report is presented, there- fore, as an effort to stimulate such further study before even seriously considering the suggestion that Paratcnodcra sinensis may be a lion in a sheep's clothing. And if the results which are herein recorded appear to cast a shadow of economic sus- picion upon the praying subject, it would seem that justice should be tempered with mercy by sounding a plea for extended economic sentence until some of the points in question shall have been further elucidated. INCUBATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIMENS FOR OBSERVATION. During the winter and early spring of 1926 about fifty egg cases of Paratcnodcra sinensis were gathered from open fields and hedges in the vicinity of Glenside, Pennsylvania. These cases were placed about the shrubbery of my home and neigh- boring lawns. Some cases were kept in the house at normal living room temperature (70 degrees) for early hatching. On May 15, the first indoor specimens were hatched. The earliest outdoor hatchings began June 1, and continued until early in July. During this period, approximately 10,000 specimens were distributed over lawns, shrubbery, flowers and trees of the neighborhood. By far the largest part of this number dis- appeared, either having died or gone to the open fields not far away. Wandering specimens were brought back during the 114 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '28 whole summer season, and at no time from early July to October frosts were specimens for observation unavailable. A number of individuals were released on a farm near Doyles- town, about twenty miles from Glenside, and some of the observations of the accompanying tabulations were made from these specimens. All records apply to adults with the exception of a few specimens which were in the later stages of meta- morphosis. METHODS OF OBSERVATION. Records of feeding habits are listed under the following heads: (1) Confined and artificially fed. (2) Unconfmed and insect baited. (3) Unrestricted freedom. (4) Microscopic analysis of contents of alimentary tracts. The first method, where specimens were placed in jars and boxes and supplied with various forms of insects, was not performed with a view to weighing economic worth by stim- ulating appetite and then offering victims which might not have been touched during freedom, but rather for the purpose of discovering existent possibilities of food taken during freedom. In the second type of observations, individuals were given their freedom, and conditions were so arranged that while certain insects were placed within reach, their hunger was not controlled, and acceptance or rejection of the food was left optional. The third method was the observation of groups in their own actual choice of environment and their own selection of food. This constituted the only truly scientific method of obtaining economic facts from the living specimen. The fourth process, that of analysis of the contents of the alimentary tract, was an effort to identify parts of insects eaten. This was successful only to a limited degree because much of the food material was broken and digested to a stage beyond possibility of identification. XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 115 Following are the tabulations of the results obtained : CONFINED AND ARTIFICIALLY FED. Table 1. Mantids Mantids Insects Insects Eaten Date Observed Which Ate Offered Harmful Beneficial Neutral July 29-30 1 1 1 horse fly 1 1 bumblebee 29-30 1 1 1 horse fly 1 1 grasshopper 1 29-30 1 1 1 garden spider 1 daddy long legs 1 Jap. beetles 1 house fly 1 " 29-30 1 1 house fly 1 grasshopper Aug. 14-16 1 1 3 blister btls. 2 3 house flies 3 " 16 1 11 Jap. beetle 1 19-21 1 1 15 house flies 9 1 garden spider 1 caterpillar 8 house flies 3 1 katydid 1 2 garden spiders 1 wasp Aug. 24 to Sept. 41 02 katydids 2 grasshoppers 1 caterpillar 3 crickets 1 blister beetle Aug. 6-71 11 cricket Aug. 81 02 Jap. beetles 1 firefly Sept. 10 11 10 1 2 Jap. beetles 1 cricket 1 1 firefly 1 lady beetle larva 1 aphis covered leaf 4 wasps 1 honey bee 3 blister beetles 1 grasshopper 1 Sept. 10 13 17 11 Jap. beetle 50 blister beetles 1 hornet 6 wasps 1 honey bee 1 Oct. 10 1 11 mothc'rplar 1 Totals 38 10 134 24 1 2 116 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '28 In table 1 are listed the results of a series of observations covering the period from July 29 to October 10. The period of confinement for individual groups ranged from one to four days. Considering each day a mantid was observed as a man- tid day there were one hundred eighteen mantid days. The fact that thirty-eight specimens during this time consumed only twenty-seven insects from a possible one hundred thirty-four offered (considering the aphis covered leaf as one specimen) reduces the reputed voracity of Paratcnodcra sinensis to the surprisingly low average of a very small fractional part of an insect per day for each specimen. Twenty-four of the insects eaten were harmful forms, one was beneficial and the remaining two were neutral. In the boxes where larger numbers were confined the amount of food eaten was unaccountably small. At least one individual during this time was in the pre-molting condition, its cast exuvia being found in the box on the last day of confinement. Also the specimen under observation from August 24th to September 4th cast its exuvia on the last date. (To be Continued) The Tentamen versus the Tentamen Names. By WM. T. M. FORBES, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. In the February number of the ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS, Dr. Holland discusses my attitude toward Hiibner's names pro- posed for Lepidoptera as expressed recently in Science. Per- haps a preliminary remark may clear some of the issues. The question seems largely to be as to what is a scientific name, and how much may or must we extend our definition in applying it to early workers whose ideas on the matter were less well formulated than our own. As I see it, a scientific name of an animal has two essential parts: first, a name-word applying to a group of animals with some common characters, and not duplicated in the animal kingdom ; second, a word for each species of this group, which shall not be duplicated within the group. It is also, I think, generally agreed that additional words may be added between these two, to indicate XXXJX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 117 subordinate groups within the major group (subgenera within the genus), and others for the subdivision of the species (sub- species, variety, etc.). It is now customary to set off these subordinate parts of the name in some way, but many ancients whose names are universally accepted did not do so. For instance Linnaeus himself frequently abbreviated the subgenus name in exactly the same way as the genus, and no one ever thought he thereby invalidated his genus names, no matter how they may have viewed his subgenera. The basis of my contention then, is that when Hiibner in the period 1806-1816 issued a plate labelled Limnas fernujinca Chrysippus he established a perfectly valid scientific name, composed of genus (Limnas} and species (Chrysippus}, with an intermediate adjective between, much ,as was done by Linnaeus himself (Sphinx Adscita Phcgca} but further sub- ordinating the second word by engraving it in smaller characters and without a capital. Now as to Dr. Holland's particular points. The Tent amen to be sure speaks of Stirpes, a rather noncommittal word mean- ing in English "stocks" or "groups." He used many words in an unusual way: Gattung or "Genus" for species, Sclrncingcn and Scnkcn for fore and hind wings; but if we look at his names, we find he is making perfectly regular binomials, Limnas Chrysippus and a hundred others, so he uses a stirps name as a genus name is used today. Now that the Committee have ruled the Tcntamcn unpublished I suppose we fall back on the next oldest use (date uncertain, 1806-1814) and there we find Limnas ferrnginea Chrysippns the very same name attached to a perfectly good picture. I can now say, moreover, that in the index to his Sammhuuj Enropaisclie Schmetterlinge, published in 1822, which gives the latest picture of his ideas, he is doing just the same. ' Besides Forbes, Scudder, etc., Ochsenheimer (1816) and Harris (1841), with others between, also "jumped" to the con- clusion that Hiibner's stirps names were (jenent. I seem to be in good company at least. 1 This index is now in our Cornell library. The alphabetic entry is "Chrystppus" [sic] L. 678. 679. Limnas ferruginea. 118 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '28 The Anseigcr of the Verzeichniss, as well as the Vcrseich- niss itself, uses a different system, which he adopted in 1816 and continued to use in the two works he started at that time. Evidently he viewed consistency in a single book more im- portant than consistency in time ! This second system is, as Dr. Holland says, binomial even in the strictest modern sense. As I see it there are two possible ways to reconcile them. One 2 is the obvious way by which we now clear all points of nomen- clature when we can, namely by taking whichever name first gets valid publication. If we count out the Tcntamen this will in general be the first volume of the Sammlung E.rotisehc Schmetterlinge for the butterflies, the Verzeichniss for the moths, but there are many uncertainties of date, and a few embarrassing certainties. Thus the first DiphtJiera published was hieraglyphica (a South American Erebid of the genus Noropsis), which I think no one would like to accept. There was no other Diphthera published before 1816 when Ochsen- heimer used it expressly on the basis of the Tcntamen. There is no use in further analysis of the butterflies ; two are pre- occupied, as Holland and I have already said (and many others). The rest are just as obvious as Linnaeus's own but- terflv names. j Perhaps I should say in parenthesis that the puzzle about Apatela (originally Apatcle} as used by Harris, was merely where he got it. He uses it as a well known name, typically represented by aceris. If he did not get it from a Hubner Strips name, where on earth did he get it ? Ochsenheimer had come in contact with the Tcntamen too late to use it as he did Diphthera and several others. As to Limnas, it should be noted that sometime after 1814, - The other way would be to make a hypothetical combination of his two systems, thus : Now Genus (adjective) Subgenus Species Hubner Stirps familia Coitus Genus Name Limnas ferruginea Euploea Chrysippus using the names cited in the singular in the Anzciycr to the Vcrzcich- niss. Linnaeus's scheme then makes a substantial parallel : Genus Subgenus (adjective) Species Papilio Danaus festivus Chrysippus The result in nomenclature is as before. XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 119 the date of our prospectus, Hiibner recognized his "Limnas" was heterogeneous, and published one Erycinid under the name "Napaea." In the Verzeichniss, as already said, the stirps names are supergeneric, but we can extract from it what Hiib- ner had in mind we find all of his Er\cinicls formerly in Limnas are now Napaeae. Finally in 1822, chrysippus, the original Tentamen species, is again in Limnas, while lucina, the only European Erycinid, is properly enough in Napaea. Also Boisduval does not designate pixe as type of Limnas ; as I have already stated in Science, he merely figures it as an example. The corresponding text was never published, but I think we can be sure from Boisduval's custom that we would have there found Limnas credited to Hiibner, and a species known to Hiibner listed as type. Mr. Benjamin has called my attention to the fact that Dryas, Najas, Hamadryas and Oreas (as subgenera) go even back of the Tentamen to the introduction to Borkhausen. Finally, as to changes of name, such as Hiibner's transla- tions of the Latin names of the "Tentamen" into the Greek of the "Syst. Alph. Verz." I had supposed it was generally agreed: 1, that until the middle of the last century it was considered allowable for the author, and even for others, to change an unsuitable name, as we still have some right to do in morphology ; and 2, that in our present codes such changes have been rejected, and we use the original names proposed. The Entomology in the Bestiary of Philippe de Thaun. By HARRY B. WEISS, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Regardless of the origin of the Physiologus stories, which circulated during the Middle Ages under the name Bestiaries, and for which various theories have been advanced, it is of interest to know just what kind of popular entomology flour- ished during the eleventh, twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Reference has been made 1 to the spiritual application of the peculiarities of the animals utilized in the stories, and it is ijourn. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Dec. 1925, Vol. XXXIII, pp. 238-242. 120 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '28 usually assumed that theology controlled all thought during the Middle Ages and that natural science was used only as a carrier of religious doctrine. However, according to Thorn- dike 2 the people at that time studied nature out of curiosity and not in search of religious parallelization, and by the thirteenth century the scientific writers, when they utilized the Physiologus at all, discarded its religious content. Thorn- dike questions whether the characteristic elements of the Physiologus were ever religious and asks if they were not always scientific. According to Ahrens, 3 the title originated with Aristotle and the contents for the most part with Pliny, and the allegories do not appear in certain early texts. Thorn- dike calls attention to the fact that the allegories cannot do without the facts, or what passed for facts, about the animals while the pseudo-scientific facts do not need the allegories and often dispense with them. Thomas Wright, in his "Popular Treatises on Science written during the Middle Ages in Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Gorman, and English" (London 1841), reproduces among other things the Bestiary of Philippe de Thaun, in Anglo-Norman, with a translation into English. Little is known about Philippe de Thaun, except that he was a poet, and according to his "Livre des Creatures," had an uncle, Humfrey de Thaun, "who was chap- lain to Yhun and seneschal to the king." Wright states that Philippe was patronized by Adelaide of Louvaine, queen of Henry I, to whom his Bestiary, written within a few years after her marriage in 1121, was dedicated. Philippe's Bestiary was based on the Latin Bestiaria which were common in the manuscripts of the period. Various animals, mythological and otherwise, are mentioned in the poem, but only that portion of Wright's translation relating to insects is quoted below. It will be noted that Philippe, in his account, mentions only the ant and the ant-lion. "Philippe de Thaun into the French language has translated the Bestiary, a book of science, for the honour of a jewel, 2 A History of magic and experimental science. Vol. I. (New York. 1923). 3 Zur Geschichte des sogenannten Physiologus, 1885. XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 121 who is a very handsome woman, Aliz is she named, a queen she is crowned, queen she is of England, may her soul never have trouble! In Hebrew, in truth, Aliz means praise of God. I will compose a book, may God be with its com- mencement." "This saith Solomon of the ant rightly, and of the idle man who waits for the fine weather ; be not slothful, look at the ant, it carries much corn to its hole in summer, in winter it sustains itself by the work it has performed. "This say writings, that the ant has three natures ; it has such a nature, when it issues from its hole, orderly in the morning right on its way, and when it has found grain of all sorts of corn, it knows well which is wheat, by the smell alone ; it does not care for grain of barley, such is its nature ; but if it is grain of wheat, it takes it with its mouth, carries it to its nest, is supported with it in winter. "And when it meets an ant, it does him no disgrace or shame, nor takes from him his property, nor asks nor gives ; the ant, which is cunning, puts itself in the track from which the ant turned who brought the grain ; who brings the wheat, take, of its experience. Since this little beast shows us the good condition, man in the same manner ought to take of its experience. "And hear without doubt another similitude of it ; for Scripture says, by figure, five virgins, and five lamps full of oil and light, went to a wedding, they carried them burn- ing ; there were five foolish, their lamps were empty ; those entered who carried them full, the bridegroom knew them, and received them joyfully; the foolish ones entered not, who brought nothing there. This is a great signification, have it in remembrance. "By the five virgins are understood truly the five senses, seeing, hearing, talking, touching and smelling and vir- ginity represents chastity, and who has that, shall be welcome to the wedding, that is, he shall come safely to the Judgment, -where will be the bridegroom who shall give the great gifts, that is the Lord God, who will be in majesty. "And the lamp signifies the soul in this life; the oil, Chris- tianity; the fire, the Spirit of God. We have this meaning by the ant ; hear the other nature, according to Holy Scrip- ture ; the grain which it has it separates in two parts, thus it does cunningly, that in winter it may take of it for support. "Hear thou', man of God, this is authority, as much seed as is written, as Isidore saith, thou shouldest part it in t\v<> for support in winter, that is, spiritually, and historically,- 122 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '28 that thou come safely at the Day of Judgment ; and there- fore St. Paul says for truth in his writing. 'the law is spiritual, and not corporeal ; the letter kills,' as he says, 'and the spirit lives. '--This is said for example, that you may have remembrance of it. The traitrous Jew understands so much of Scripture, not in allegory; he knows not what it sig- nifies. "But hear, thou man of God, understand authority, and hear Scripture, and the third nature of the ant, that it under- stands by its smell which is grain of wheat, and similarly, which is of barley ; when it has found a grain of barley, and has smelt it, then it stoops and goes to seek the wheat ; when it has found an ear, it mounts wisely upon it, takes the flour of the grain, and puts it in its hole ; it collects rather the flower than the straw. "O man of holy Ife. hear what it signifies ; by the letter, understand thou the straw of the wheat ; know that the flower of it signifies the allegory ; and since the nature of this little animal show us that what it does leads to all good, man in the same manner ought to take experience. 'And what the writing says, that the ant does not care for barley, has a great signification ; listen to the allegory ; barley is food to a small creature ; by barley, we understand the doctrine of heretics. "And Solomon says for truth in his discourse, 'For wheat they gave me barley, who hated me ;' otherwise do the triflers, may God give them trouble! for barley, he takes wheat from his next kinsman, whom he takes by surprise, he soon reduces him to seek his bread, he was not his friend, since he has impoverished him, then he conceives hatred for him, and looks upon him as a thing that is vile. "Know that, by Solomon, we understand wise people, and by the triflers, are understood covetous and bad people, and by barley, vain-glory, sin, and heresy ; he who will please God, must desert the deceiver. Photius, Sabellicus, Donatus, Arius, these were heretics, and merited ill, let us not believe in their folly, let us leave their heresy. "Also Isidore speaks of the ant in his writing, and shows the reason well why it is named formula', It is fortis (strong), and carries mica (a particle), that is the meaning of the name; there is no creature of so small a shape, -which carries by its own force so great a burden ; it carries a burden of heavy lead of its own size, this, a horse or a dromedary connot do. Also, this beast is of so cunning a nature, if it rain on its wheat, it throws it out to the wind, and if it be sound ix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 123 within, then it saves it to the time, which will come in winter, when it will eat it. "Also Isidore speaks further of another ant: In Ethiopia there are some who make a mystery of the grain ; there is a river there, the gram of gold is produced in it, which they collect with their feet, and defend it from people, people dare not approach there, to take or touch it ; whom these ants bite, they die immediately ; no one dares approach there, the ants are so fierce. If any one will have some of that gold to make his treasure of, by a stratagem they contrive they have great plenty of gold. They keep without food mares which have newly colted, then on the third day, as you will find, a little basket on the backs of the mares they bind firmly, they make them pass the river to bring the gold, and draw them to a meadow which has great plenty of grass, the ants are there where the mares go, they make their cells in the basket and load the mares, when they are satisfied, charged, and filled, they repair back behind them, they run to the colts where they are neighing, which the men have bound and attached by the river ; thus truly that people get the gold. "There is also a beast which is master of the ant, it is the f ormicaleon, that is its name ; it is the lion of ants, whence it is thus named; -it is a very little beast, puts itself in the dust, where the ant goes, and does it great outrage; but of this matter I will make no more discourse, because I will now begin to treat of another." Parasites of Some Anthidiine Bees (Hym. : Megachi- lidae, Chrysididae ; Dipt. : Bombyliidae). By CLARENCE P. CUSTER, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. Various insects are parasitic on bees of the genera Anth'uliuni and Dlanthidinm. In 1923 H. Friese reported that certain bees of the genus Stdis, two wasps, Chrysis rcfnhjcns and Holopvgia fcrvida, and two beetles, Zonitis iniitica and Sihtris inuralis were parasitic on the European Anthidia. In 1926, C. H. Hicks reported a fly. which Mr. Green later determined as Spogost \lnui daphne, parasitic on Dianihidlnm snyi. In 1927 he showed that Euscipyt/a pro.riina Cresson was parasitic on Diantliidinm pndicnm. The same year I found a wasp, Chrvsis (Tctraclirysis) hint a Cresson 1 to be parasitic on Determined by Miss Grace Sandhouse. 124 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '28 Anthidium portcrac. I have found reference to no other American parasite of this genus. Ordinarily about three months in an incubator at 27 C. are sufficient for the maturation of an insect which would require nine months in the out-of-doors. It is interesting to note that Chrysis lauta required over ten months of incubation. This may have been due to one of two factors: Either the larva was waiting over a season before maturing or it had been injured by being kept at 37 C. for the first week of its incubation. At any rate it postponed the eating of the host until the latter had consumed the pollen and spun a cocoon. After this it constructed its own cocoon inside that of the bee. The wall of the wasp's cocoon consisted of a hyaline membrane on which, towards the mammillary end of the bee's cocoon, there was a cream-colored, shield-shaped area which was more fibrous than the rest. The larva remained without further development from Sep- tember 26 to July 22 at which time the dark eyes were visible. Eight clays later it had fully developed and on August 1 this bright green wasp emerged by c litt'ng the wall along one side with its mandibles. Miss Sandhouse informs me that the male of this species is unknown. There is some evidence that certain mutillid wasps are para- sitic on bees of the genus Anthidium. Thus I have observed such a wasp near the nest of an Anthidium that was filling in the tunnel with pebbles. The bee was securing these from a distance of a meter or so away, and the wasp, which is wing- less in the female sex, was between her and the nest. Every time the bee flew overhead the wasp followed until it found the nest. Then it entered by digging down through the peb- bles. Approximately a minute was spent underneath, ap- parently while it was laying its egg in the host's cell. Neither host nor parasite could be reared from this cell and so the matter will bear further investigation. During the winter of 1926, C. H. Hicks reared the parasitic fly, Spogostylwtn daphne, from the cell of the bee Dianthidium sayi. In 1927 we secured over a dozen such parasites from the resin cells of this bee. This fly is specially adapted to xxxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 125 gain exit from the tough cocoon and hard, resin walled cell, for it must emerge from this before shedding its pupal cov- ering. From the anterior end, which is covered by smooth chitinous armor, eight spines project. It sways back and forth and thus batters its way, with the help of these spines, through the wall of the cell. The row of hairs, which arises from the junction of thorax and abdomen, as well as the dorsal spines catch on the edge of the opening and thus prevent a 'Dor \ya/ , ro*v e Anterior i The armor-plate of the pupa of Sfiog-osMum daphne which enables it to gain exit from the bee's cocoon and resin cell. ( X 7.5 diameters. ) slipping back into the cocoon. When the parasite is almost completely outside the latter, the cephalic armor-plate bursts and the adult is given its full freedom. The larva is undoubt- edly carnivorous for in some cases I have opened parasitized cells and seen the parasite, hardly larger than the egg from which it had hatched, firmly attached to the back of the host which was almost full-grown. In such instances, as though irritated by the light, the anterior end of the parasite would lash rapidly back and forth, showing that it was alive. LITERATURE CITED CUSTER, C. P. AND HICKS, C. H. 1927 Nesting habits of some Anthidiine bees. Biol. Hull., 52: 258-277. FRIESE, H. 1923 Die europaischen Hienen (. \pidae). 3 und 4 Lieferung: 297-307. Berlin and Leipzig. HICKS, C. H. 1926 Nesting habits and parasites of certain bees of Boulder County, Colorado. I'niv. of Colo. Studies, 15: 217-252. ID. 1927 Nesting habits and parasites of Dianthidium pndi- cum Cresson. Psyche. 126 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '28 A New Species of Batyle (Coleop. : Cerambycidae), By J. N. KNULL, Pennsylvania Bureau of Plant Industry. The following Batyle differs so widely from Batyle ignicollis Say in color and sculpture of thorax that the writer believes it worthy of a name. Batyle rufiventrk n. sp. Resembling a large specimen of ignicollis in shape ; head, thorax, entire ventral surface, legs with the exception of the tibiae and tarsae, scutellum, small area around scutellum and humerus rubescent, antennae and elytra piceous. Head densely punctured, antennae, when laid back over the elytra, extending to about the middle of same, first joint clavate, second about as long as broad, third longer than first, fourth shorter than third, fifth longer than fourth, sixth shorter than fifth, joints gradually decreasing in length to eleventh, eleventh as long as tenth. Thorax wider than long, widest basally, dorsal area opaque, punctures small, widely separated, becom- ing more numerous laterally, entirely wanting on a median dorsal line, each puncture containing a bristling hair. Scutellum triangular, glabrous. Elytra nearly three times as long as wide, wider than thorax, sides parallel, obtusely rounded pos- teriorly to rounded apices, densely punctured, punctures be- coming larger and less numerous anteriorly, each puncture containing a bristling hair. Ventral surface shining, abdomen with minute sparsely placed punctures, each puncture contain- ing a long fine hair. Length 14 mm., width 3.5 mm. o o o Type a female labeled Sierra Ancha Mountains, Gila Co., Arizona, August, D. K. Duncan collector. The writer is indebted to Mr. Duncan for the specimen and also to Mr. W. S. Fisher, who compared the insect with the material in the National Museum. The First Insect Described from North America: In the days of Queen Elizabeth, as stated in the letter of dedication, Thomas Moufetius (or Mouffet) wrote a book on inserts, which he intended to dedicate to the Queen. He died unexpectedly and the book was not published till 1634, when it appeared in Latin, as "Insectorum sive Minorum Animalium Theatrum." On page 98 of that edition is figured the large southern form of the Tiger Swallowtail, Papilio aitstralis. The figure has some fantastic details, but is un- XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NKWS 127 mistakable, and is credited to P. glauciis in Rothschild and Jordan's revision of Papilio. Unless some still unknown record is found from the Spanish explorations, I suspect that this will prove to he the first described North American insect, and at the same time the first insect collected in North America, as the original was no doubt taken in the sixteenth century exploration of Virginia. In any case it is earlier than any of the species mentioned as strict'! v Xorth American, in Rohwer's article in the Decem- ber number of the News. W.M: T. M. FORBES. A Note on Tenodera sinensis Sauss. (Orthop.: Mantidae). The Chinese mantis, Tenodora sinensis Sauss, was introduced into the United States about three decades ago. It was brought overseas on nursery stock to Alt. Airy. Pennsylvania, near Philadelphia, where it became acclimated and has now spread northward to New York and has been introduced into Con- necticut and Massachusetts ( J & 2 ), but has not been reported as having established itself permanently that far north; south- ward it has now been found to occur in nature as far as northern Virginia. Its unusually large size and interesting appearance make it an object of general curiosity and speci- mens are often sent in for determination. An apparently unrecorded variation in the biology of this large mantid is that the females, at least in captivity, sometimes produce egg-masses entirely unlike the sub-spherical and fluffy ones typical of this species ; they are elongate and with little, or scarcely any, of the fluffy papery outer covering, in extreme cases resembling very much those of the Carolina Mantis, Stagmomantis Carolina John. That such oothecae are produced by the females of Tenodera is certain, as they have been formed by caged specimens in some observed instances, one in Kent County, Maryland, and one in New Jersey. These elongate and more or less smooth oothecae are due perhaps to their producers being confined during oviposition, the oothecae produced being thereby rendered abnormal in structure and form. Miss Hart, of the Bureau of Entomology, reports, however, that she has found such oothecae formed by this species outdoors in Washington, D. C. A. N. CAUDELL, Bureau of Entomology. U. S. Department of Agriculture iBritton, W. E., Bull. Div. Km. U. S. Dept. Agric.. No. 46, p. 107 (1 fcws for lUc), in which the paper appeared. The number of, or annual volume, and in some cases the part, heft, &c. the latter within ( ) follows; then the pagination follows the coion : All continued papers, with lew exceptions, are recorded only at their first installments. Papers containing new forms or names have an * preceding the author's name. (S) Papers pertaining exclusively to neotropical species, and not so indicated in the title, have the symbol (S) at the end of the title of the paper. For records of Economic Literature, see the Experiment Station Rec- ord, Office of Experiment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, London. For records of papers on Medical Ento- mology, see Review of Applied Entomology, Series B. jUSF~Note the change in the method of citing the bibliographical refer- ences, as explained, above. Papers published in the Entomological News are not listed. GENERAL. Ball, E. D. Symposium : needed lines of investigation in American Entomology. (Introduction by E. D. ball. Taxonomy by S. A. Rohwer. Insect physiology by P. S. Welch. Insect bionomics by R. \Y. Doane. In- sect ecology by A. C. Alice. Needs in the study of bene- ficial insects by L. O. Howard. Economic entomology by E. O. Essig and W. P. Flint. Summary by E. F. Phillips.) [7] 20: 419-422. Brown, F. W. Odors and insects. [40 j No. 299: 1-9 pp. Engelhardt, G. P. Collecting at Mobile, Alabama. [19] 22: 251-253. Holland, W. J. "Exit the Tentamen, but " What? [68] 67: 161-162. Kitt, M. Typei, Cotypen und Anderes. [64] 12:89-92, cont. McColloch & Hayes & Bryson. Hibernation of certain scarabaeids and their Tiphia parasites. [84] 9: 34-42. ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, ETC. Abbott, C. E.- Further observations on the olfactory powers of the Necro- phori. 1 7] 20: 550-553, ill. Beal, j". A. The development of the proventriculus of Pityogenes hopkinsi Swaine. [7] 20: 522-539, ill. Bergner, A. D. The effect of prolongation of each stage of the life-cycle on crossing over in the second and third chromosomes of D. melanogaster. 1 42) 50: 107-161. Bleich, O. E. Thanatose und hypnose bei coleopteren. [46] 10: 1-61, ill. Boldyrev, B. T. Copulation and spermatophores of Gryllomorpha dalmatina XXXIX, '28J ENTOMOLOGICAL NE\VS 131 (Gryllidae,). [EOS] 3: 279-288, ill. Boldyrev, B. T.- Einige Daten tiber die Spermatophoren-Befruchtung bei den insekten. [Rev. Russe Ent.J 2l : 133-136. Cleveland, L. R. Fuither observations and experiments on the sym- biosis between termites and their intestinal protozoa. [92] 54: ^31-237. Davis, A. C. Studies of the anatomy and histology of Stenopelmatus fuscus Hald. [67] 4: 160- ^08, ill. Eastham, L. A contribution to the embryology of Pieris rapae. [53] 71: 353-394, ill. Fink, D. E The application of studies in Hydrogen ion concentration to entomological research. [7j 20: 503-512. ill. Hanstrom, B. Das Gehirn tincl die Sinnesorgane der Aphanipteren. [28] 48: 154-160, ill. Heslop, J. W. A Further Induction of Melanism in the Lepidopterous Insect Selenia biluaaria, and its Inheritance. Induced Changes in the Pigmenta- tion of the Pupae of the Butterfly Pieris napi, and their Inheritance. [Proc. R. Soc. Canada] (B) 102: 338:257; 347-353. Hirschler, J. Appareil de Golgi-vacuome au cours de la spermatogenese chez Macrothylacia rubi. (Lep.). [77] 98: 145-146, ill. Hosselet, C. Le comporte- ment du chondriome au cours de la dedifferenciation musculaire dan.s la nymphe de C ul ex annulatus. Le chon- driome dans la production de la striation transversale et des grains interstitiels dans les muscles du vol de Culex annulatus. [77] 98: 3C1-305. Kuhnelt, W. Ein Beitrag zur Histochemie des Insektenskelettes. [34] 75: 111-133. Morison, G. D. The muscles of the adult honey bee. [53] 71 : 395-463. ill. Pcutiers, R. La sensibilite des insectes aux stimulants chimiques. [Ann. d. Epiphytes] 13: 181- 194, ill. Richter, G. Untersuchungen an homopteren- symbionten. [46] 10: 174-206, ill/ Robinson, W. The Thermocouple Method of Determining Temperatures. [7] 20: 513-521, ill. Sayle, M. H. Factors influencing the rate of metabolism of Aeshna umbrosa. [92] 54: 212-230. Sivickis & Filoteo. Observations on development of the spider, Latrodectus hasseltii. [Trans. Amer. Micro. Soc.] 47: 11-27, ill. Tchang-Yung-Tai. Les renovations succes- sive (partielles et totales) de I'epithelium de 1'intestin moyen chez les chenilles de Galleria mellonella. [77] 98: 204-205. Tempere, G. Vn precede probablement inedit d'emploi de 1'anhydride sulfureux dans la preparation des insects. [Misc. Ent.] 30: 56-58. Ten Gate, J. Contribu- tion a la physiologic des ganglions thoraciques des insectes. [Arch. Xee'rl. Phys. d. Horn, et d. Animaux] 12: 327-335, 132 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '28 ill. Toumanoff, K. Le rapport entre la pigmentation et 1'alimentation chez Dixippus morosus. [77] 98: 198-200. Yonge, C. M. Feeding mechanisms in the invertebrates. | Biol. Rev. Camb. Phys. Soc.j 3: 21-76, ill. ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA. Erickson, E. W. Beobachtungen an den Spinnen aus der Gattung Theridium. [Rev. Russe Ent.J 21: 64-84, ill. Kingston, R. W. G. Protective devices in Spiders' snares, with a de- scription of seven new species of orb-weaving Spiders. [93] 1927: 259-293, ill. Oudemans, A. C. Laelaps-Studien. [Tijds. voor Ent.] 70: 163-209, ill. Petrunkevitch, A.- Systema Aranearum. [Trans. Conn. Ac. A. & Sci.] 29: 1-270. ORTHOPTERA. Friedrich, H. Untersuchungen iiber die tibialen sinnesapparate in den mittleren und hinteren extremitaten von Locustiden. [34] 75 : 86-94, ill. Pallister, J. C. An observed use of the forceps of the earwig, Aniso- labris annulipes (Forficulidae). [19] 22: 254-255. THE SMALLER ORDERS OF INSECTA. Byers, C. F. The unknown nymphs of North American Odonata. [4] 60: 4-6. *McDunnough, J. The Ephemeroptera of Jasper Park, Alta. [4] 60: 8-10. HEMIPTERA. -Ball, E. D. Notes on the Phlepsids of the subgenus Phlepsius (Rhynchota Homoptera) [4] 59: 262-265. Ball & Reeves. Further studies on the genus Gypona and its allies (Homoptera). [7] 20: 488-500, ill. *Barber, H. G. Two new species of Pentatomidae from the Southern United States. [19] 22: 241-244, ill. *Hun- gerford, H. B. A new Notonecta from Mexico. (Notonec- tidae) 19: 22: 250. McAtee, W. L. Notes on "Heteroptera or true bugs of Eastern North America." [19] 22: 267-281. "McAtee & Malloch. Synopsis of pentatomid bugs of the subfamilies Megaridinae and Canopinae. (S) [50] 72: Art. 25 : 20 pp. ill. Readio, P. A. Biological notes on Phymata erosa subsp. fasciata (Gray) (Phymatidae). [19] 22: 256-262, ill. LEPIDOPTERA. -Biedermann, R. Descriptions et notes diverses (S) [59] (B. Ill) 3: 1-10, ill. Draudt, M.- Seitz Macrolepidoptera of the world. Fauna Americana. 6: 569-584, ill. *Forbes, W. T. M. The American Catop- silias (Pieridae) |7] 20: 474-480. Conner, P. Einiges iiber die atalanta-Raupe. [14] 41: 368-369, ill. *G6nner, XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 133 P. Der Trauermantel (Vanessa antiopa Linne) uncl sein Formenkreis. 1 14] 41 : 383-385, ill. Gunder, J. D. Blow- ing eggs of Lepidoptera. [4] 60: 1-4, ill. ::: Hall, A. Some new forms of Nymphalinae fiom Tro])ical America. (S) [9] 61 : 11-13. Kautz, H. Pieris napi L. | Verb. Zool.-Bot. Ges. in Wein] 77: 44-79. LeCerf, F. Observations et opinion stir le choix des genotypes. [59] ( B. Ill) 3: 39-4'). ::: McDunnom h, J. A new Cleorid with notes on synonymy (Geometridae). [4] 59: 277-278. *Michael, O.- Neue oder wenicr bekannte Agriasformen vom Amazonasgebiet. (S) [14] 41: 300. DIFTERA. Aldrich, J. M. Redescription of types of American Muscoid flies in the collection of the Vienna Natural History Museum, with incidental notes. [50] 72 : Art 7; 1-35. ''Alexander, C. P. New or little-known Craneflies. Part II. (S) [59] (B 1 . II) 4: 17-27. *Borg- meier, T. Dois generos novos de Phorideos. [32] 3: 31- 36, ill. *Curran, C. H. Insectes of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Diptera or two-winged flies. [Sci. Surv. P. Rico & Virgin Isb] 11: 1-118, ill. *Dampf, A. Un Simulido nuevo de Mexico, procedente de Tiltepec, estado de Oaxaca. [Rev. Mex. Biob] 7: 125-130, ill. Eltringham & Hamm. On the Production of Silk by Species of the Genus Hilara. [Proc. R. Soc. Canada] (B) 102: 327-338, ill. *Enderlein, G. Dicladocera hoppi nov. spec., eine von Werner Hopp in Siid-Peru entdeckte Tabanide. (S) [11] 1927: 234-235. Hardy, G. H. On the phylogeny of some Diptera Brachycera. [Proc. Lin. New S. Wales] 52: 380- 386. *Muttkowski, R. A. A new and unusual insect record for North America. (Detiterophlebiidae) [19] 22: 245-249, ill. Patterson, J. T. Sexes in the Cynipidae and male-producing and female-producing lines. [92] 54: 201- 211. Shachov, S. D. Ueber das Parasitieren von Agam- omermis Stiles bei den Mticken Aedes dorsalis Mg. und Aedes cantans Mg. in der Umgegend der Stadt Charkov. [Rev. Russe Ent.f 21 : 27-32, ill. *Seguy, E. Un nouveati Calliphorine de la Guyane Franchise. (S) [24] 96: 2(>2. *Seguy, E. Description d'une nouvelle espece d'( )rmia. (S) [59] (B. II) 4: 16. *Walley, G. S. A new species of Cricotopus with a kev to the genus. (Chironomidae). [4] 60: 21-22. COLEOPTERA. -Aurivillius, C. Xetie oder \venig bekannte C"oleoi)tera Longicornia. (S) [83] 1 ( >: 525-547. ill. Banninger, M. Die Ozacnini (Carab.). [11| 1<>27: 134 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '28 177-216, ill. Bertrand, H. Captures et elevages de larves de Coleopteres aquatiques. [24] 96: 241-246. Bristowe, W. S. An observation on the copulation of Stylops. (Strepsiptera). [8] 64: 4-5. *Brown, W. J. The sub- genus Platydericles in North America. [4] 60: 10-21. *Carr, F. S. New species of the genus Brychius. [4] 60: 23-26. Csiki, E. Carabidae : Carabinae II. [Coleopter- orum Catalogivs] 92: 317-621. Donisthorpe, H. The Copulation of Scraptia fuscula, Mull ; and a case of ab- normal copulation in two species of Staphylinidae of different genera. [21] 40: 12. Engelhardt," G. P. A breeding record of the Clerid beetle Cymatodera balteata [19] 22: 253. -Hatch, M. H. Studies on the carrion beetles of Minnesota, including new species. [Univ. of Minn. Agriq. Exper. Sta.] Tech. Bull. 48: 3-19. Hervey, G. E. R. A European Nitidulid, Brachypterolus pulicarius L. (Niticlulidae). [12] 20: 809-814, ill. Jeannel, R.- Monographie des Trechinae. [L'Abeille Jour. D'Eit.] 32: 221-550, ill., cont. Kuzin, B. S. Zur geographischen Variabilitat in der Gattung Mylabris Fabr. (Meloidae). [Rev. Russe Ent.] 21: 17-26, ill. Luederwaldt, H. Passa- lus tetraphyllu.s e um Popilius. [32] 3: 65-66. *Pic, M. Nouveaux Chauliognathus. (S) [24] 96: 240. Pic, M. Phenpodidae, Karumiidae. [Coleopterorum Catalogus] 94: 3-8. Reed, H. Some observations on the leaf-mining flea- beetle Dibolia borealis Chevrolat. [7] 20: 540-548, ill. *Reichensperger, A. Neue Myrmekophilen nebst einigen Bemerkungen zu bekannten. (Paus. Clavig. Hist.). (S) [Tijds. Voor Ent.] 70: 303-311, ill. Schenkling, S.- Plastoceridae, Dicronychidae. [Coleopterorum Catalogus] 93: 3-11. Semenov-Tian-Shansky & Dobzhansky. Die Larve von Sliphopsyllus desmanae Ols., Parasit der Moschusratte, als Kriterium seiner genetischen Beziehun- gen und seiner systematischen Stellung. [Rev. Russe Ent.] 21 : 8-15, ill. :|: Sweetman & Hatch. Biological notes on Osmoderma with a new species of Ptiliidae from its pupal case. [19] 22: 264-266, ill. Thery, A. Etudes sur les Coleopteres Buprestides appartenant aux collections des grands musees. [24] 96: 247-261. HYMENOPTERA. Alpatov, W. W. Zur Systematik der Ameisen. (34) 75: 138-140. Arnoldi, K. W. Studien iiber die Systematik der Ameisen. [34] 75: 123-137. Bird, R. D. The external anatomy of the larva of Hoplocampa XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS halcyon Xort. with a key to the instars and to those of related species (Tenthredinidae). [7| 20: 481-486, ill. *Borgmeier, T. Einige neue Ameisen aus Brasilien. [34] 75: 32-39, ill. Clausen, C. P. The bionomics of Anastatus alhitarsis Ashm., parasitic in the eggs of Dictyoploca japonica Moore. [7] 20: 461-472, ill. Cole, M. P. -Formica sanguinea takes the trail. [Can. Field-Nat] 41: 199-201. ^Compere, H. Xew Coccid-inhabiting Chalcidoid parasites from Africa and California. [67] 4: 209-230, ill. Griswold, G. H. The development of Coccophagu-s gossyparlae Gahan, a parasite of the European elm scale. [7] 20: 553- 555. Holmquist, A. M.^Xotes on the life history and habits of the mound-building ant, Fjormica ulkei. [84] 9: 70-87, ill. Voukassovitch, P. Sur I'accouplement des Hymenopteres parasites. [24] 96: 263-269. *Williams, F." X. Studies in Tropical wasps Their hosts and asso- ciates (with descriptions of new species of Larra from South America). [Bull. Exp. Sta. Hawaii. S. P. A.] Ent. Ser. No. 19: 179 pp., ill. The long-expected LIST OF THE INSECTS OF NEW YORK, WITH A LIST OF THE SPIDERS AND CERTAIN OTHER ALLIED GROUPS [Opiliones, Eriophyidae, Diplopoda, Chilopoda and Protura] has appeared as Memoir 101, Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station. Ithaca, New York, Date of publication, Jan., 1928. 1121 pp., a folding map in the back cover. The history of this List is given by the editor, Mor- timer Demarest Leonard, in the Introduction. The List was "initiated about twelve years ago by a committee of a number of the leading entomological specialists. . . . Dr. J. Chester Bradley, of Cornell University, was appointed Editor-in-Chief .... and a group of subeditors was selected Pres- sure of other work prevented Dr. Bradley from continuing in charge, and the present editor was appointed in the spring of 1923, while he was Acting State Entomologist at Albany, New York. The Board of Editors was somewhat modified for various reasons, and in the fall of 1924, the work was transferred to Cornell University, where it was completed under special appropriation by the New York State College of Agriculture and the Heckscher Research Fund. To these funds the New York Academy of Science added $150 and the New York Entomological Society a like amount." Dr. \Y. T. M. Forbes gives a brief account of the Faunal Districts of the State (pp. 7-11) accompanied by an outline map in the text. The list of 31 orders, 430 families, 4,797 genera and 136 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Apr., '28 16,124 species follows to p. 1083. 15,449 of the species are insects. The different sections of the work were farmed out to more than 150 specialists and collectors, who have brought the data together. Under each species the known localities and dates of appearance are given. The character of the list is thus similar to that of Smith's Insects of Nczv Jersey, the 1910 edition of which embraced 331 families, 3,486 genera and 10,385 species. At the end of the volume are alphabetical lists of the more important collecting stations not in the U. S. Official Postal Guide, of the cooperators and authorities and an index down to genera inclusive, which alone occupies 28 ^o pages in fine type. The University, the Editors, their assist- ants and collaborators have placed all naturalists under a great debt by this publication. P. P. C. OBITUARY. Announcement has just come of the death, in Paris, on January 28, 1928, of FELIX HENNEGUY. This news is re- ceived with very deep regret, although it was not entirely unexpected. The writer saw Henneguy last July at the meet- ing of the Academy of Agriculture in Paris, and was much disturbed by his appearance. He looked like a man who had not long to live. He was operated upon for stone in the bladder last October, and never recovered. Henneguy was born in Paris, March 18, 1850, and was destined to a medical career. He was an assistant in physiology at Montpellier from 1871 to 1875, and took his doctorate in medicine there. ' He came to Paris in 1881 and was preparator in comparative embryology at the College of France. He studied under Balbiani and was given a doctorate in science in 1888. He became Professor of Comparative Embryology in 1900. He was made a member of the Academy of Medicine in 1907, and of the Academy of Sciences in 1908, succeeding Alfred Giard. Although his work covered a large field, he had an especial interest in entomology, and his great work, Les luscctcs, a large, well illustrated volume of eight hundred pages, is well known, and is often consulted all over the world. It was pub- lished in 1904. It is especially strong in questions of morph- ology and embryology, and is one of the great books. He also published some shorter entomological papers. A brief review of his life and work was given by the President of the Academy of Agriculture of France at the meeting of February 1st. L. O. HOWARD. MAY, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Vol. XXXIX No. 5 CHARLES ROBERT OSTBN SACKEN, 1828-1906 CONTENTS Ferris The Genus Myialges (Acarina; Sarcoptidae) 137 Thierolf The Economic Importance of Paratenodera sinensis (Or- thoptera: Mantidae) 140 Blatchley Passing the Buck in Descriptions of Insects 146 Townsend On the Structure, Host Habit, Affinity and Geographic Range of Beskia (Diptera : Tachinidae) 150 Townsend Schistocercophaga, New Genus of Locust Parasites (Lar- vaevoridae) (Diptera: Tachinidae) 152 Practical Hint for Breeding Lepidoptera Invitation from Prof. E. O. Essig Chamberlin Some Chilopods and Diplopods from Missouri Hungerford Aquatic Hemiptera from New Mexico and Georgia, In- cluding a New Species of Corixidae 156 Dr. Felt retires as State Entomologist 157 Hiestand A New Kind of Moth Trap .... . 158 Entomological Literature 161 Obituary Charles Walter Howard 167 152 152 153 PHILADELPHIA. PA. THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. Logan Square Entered at the Philadelphia, Pa., Post Office as Second Class Matter. Acceptance for mailing at the special rate of postage prescribed for in Section r Act of October 3, 1917, authorized January 15, 1921. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS published monthly, excepting August and September, by The American Entomological Society. Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., Editor; E. T. Cresson, Jr., R. G. Sthmieder.Ph.D., Ernest Baylis, Associate Editors; John C. Lutz, Business Manager. Advisory Committee: Philip Laurent, J, A. G Rehn, Chas. Liebeck, J. Chester Bradley, Ph.D., Frank Morton Jones, John C. Lutz, Max Kisliuk, Jr. The subscription price per year of ten (10) numbers is as follows: United States and possessions . . $3.00 Canada, Central and South America Foreign . . . 3.25 Single copies 35 cents ADVERTISING RATES: Full width of page. Payments in advance. One issue, 1 in.. $ 1.20. 2 in., $ 2.40, half page, $ 4.00, full page, $ 8.00 Ten issues " 11.00, " 20.00, 35.00, 70.00 SUBSCRIPTIONS. 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Owing to the limited size of each number of the NEWS, articles longer than six printed pages will be published in two or more installments, unless the author be willing to pay for the cost of a sufficient number of additional pages in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Proof will be sent to authors. Twenty-five "extras" of an author's contribu- tion, without change in form and without covers, will be given free when they are wanted; if more than twenty-five copies are desired this should be stated on the MS. Owing to increased cost of labor and materials, no illustrations will be published in the NEWS for the present, except where authors furnish the necessary blocks, or pay in advance the cost of making blocks and pay for the cost of printing plates. Information as to the cost will be furnished in each case on application to the Editor. Blocks furnished or paid for by authors will, of course, be returned to authors, after publication, if desired. Stated Meetings of The American Entomological Society will be held at 7.30 o'clock P. M., on the fourth, Thursday of each month, excepting June, July, August, November and December, and on the third Thursday of November and December. Communications on observations made in the course of your studies are solicited ; also exhibits of any specimens you consider of interest. The printer of the "News" will furnish reprints of articles over and above the twenty- five given free at the following rates: One or two pages, twenty-five copies, 35 cents; three or four pages, twenty-five copies, 70 cents; five to eight pages, twenty-five copies, $1.40 ; nine to twelve pages, twenty-five copies, $2.00 ; each half-tone plate, twenty-five copies, _ 30 cents; each plate of line cuts, twenty-five copies, 25 cents; greater numbers of copies will be the corresponding multiples of these rates. ENT. NEWS, VOL. XXXIX. Plate III. MYIALGES CAULOTOON, A-D, F, G, I, K. M. ANCHORA, E, H, J.-FERRIS. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS VOL. XXXIX MAY, 1928 No. 5 The Genus Myialges (Acarina : Sarcoptidae). By G. F. FERRIS, Stanford University, California. Plate ITT. The members of the mite family Sarcoptidae are character- istically parasites of mammals. However, a single genus, Myialges, with two known species, occurs on flies of the family Hippoboscidae. The two named species were originally record- ed from Africa in 1907, and as far as I have been able to determine there have been no additions to the knowledge of the genus since. In the course of working over a rather large amount of material belonging to the Hippoboscidae, I have upon three occasions met with these mites. Two species are included in the material at hand. The existing descriptions omit reference to some structures of specific importance and it is possible that the forms at hand are new, but I am disposed to believe that this is not the case and to refer my material to these named species. It is not possible to add anything to the knowledge of the biology of the species, but the descriptions may be considerably amplified and as the genus has not appeared in American lit- erature I shall here review what is known of its biology. Subfamily MYIALGESINAE Trouessart. 1907. Trouessart, Bull. Soc. Zool. France 31 :128. Type and only included genus, Myialges Sergent and Troues- sart. The following general notes apply to both species. Thus far, except for the first stage of M. anchora, only the adult females are known. These are found attached by their beaks to the body of the fly host. In the case of, the specimens which I have myself seen all but one were attached to the abdomen, this one being on the thorax. Sergent and Troues- sart record them as occurring on both parts of the body. That 137 140 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '28 there appears a very small chitinous spot which encloses a minute opening (fig. Z).) that somewhat suggests a spiracle. The abdomen, as is common to the family, is marked with fine ridges. In the figure of M. caulotoon (fig. A} I have indicated merely what a student of finger prints would call the "deltas, loops and arches" of the pattern. It is evident, how- ever, that these are variable in their arrangement. EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. Myialges caulotoon Speiser. A, female ; B, anterior leg ; C, venter of cephalothorax ; D, undetermined structure from lateral aspect of abdomen ; F, rostrum ; G, chela ; /, second leg ; K, caroncle. Myialgcs anchora Sergent and Trouessart. E, ventral aspect of cephalothorax ; H, claw of anterior leg. J, second leg. The Economic Importance of Paratenodera sinensis (Orthop. : Mantidae).* By WALTER R. THIEROLF, Glenside, Pennsylvania. (Continued from page 116). UNCONFINED AND INSECT BAITED. Table 2. Mantitls Mantids Insects Date Observed Which Ate Offered Harm July 18 6 1 aphids (many) 1 ants (many) Aug. 19 1 1 house flies many 6 Oct. 8 2 2 1 owlet moth caterpillar 2 Oct. 10 5 4 5 tent cater- pillars 4 16 4 15 tent cater- pillars 4 1 1 1 meas. worm 1 Oct. 12 1 1 2 garden spiders 1 1 1 garden spider 1 1 1 cricket Totals 34 16 18 Insects Eaten ul Beneficial Neutral 1 1 1 3 In the observations recorded in table 2 the freedom of the subjects was normal. While the matter of accepting food was optional the selection of such food can hardly be considered natural. Of the thirty-four specimens observed sixteen con- XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 141 sumed twenty-one insects, eighteen of which were harmful and three neutral. It is natural to assume that the appetite of these free specimens was more nearly normal than in the case of the confined mantids. The periods of time involved in these feedings varied from a few minutes to several hours. On August 19th, one mantid consumed six house flies in one hour. On October 10th, twenty-two individuals required two hours to eat eight tent caterpillars and a measuring worm. In this particular instance the mantids were captured in an open field and carried to a tree on which the caterpillars were feeding. The excitement factor due to heing handled must be taken into account as a possible cause affecting appetite, also possibly the presence of numbers of specimens, for at this time the mating instinct was at a high ebb and sex stimulation together with the antagonistic attitudes of the males toward one another may have had a negative influence upon feeding. It should be noted that during these observations one pair of mantids en- gaged in copulation and several combats ensued among the males. The second table would undoubtedly indicate a high degree of efficiency of Paratenodera sincnsis on the beneficial side of the balance. The same conclusion would be drawn from the first table of results. It now remains to be seen whether the same type of insect food is selected during 11011 confinement and freedom of food selection. UNRESTRICTED FREEDOM. Table 3 Mantids Mantids Insects Eaten Date Observed Which Ate Harmful Beneficial Neutral Sept. 11 20 1 2 honey bees 1 honey bee 1 1 butterfly 1 honey bee Sept. 12 20 1 2 honey bees 1 wasp 1 honey bee 1 honey bee 1 honey bee 1 honey bee 1 honey bee Sept. 16 1 11 grasshopper Oct. 1 1 2 caterpillars Totals 42 11 4 11 1 142 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '28 From an economic viewpoint the results of the third series of observations as recorded in table 3, are of importance. Of the forty-two mantids enjoying absolute freedom eleven ate sixteen insects, eleven of which were beneficial, four harmful, and one neutral. In the preceding table, where a decided ca- pacity for harmful insects was noted, no insects of a beneficial type were offered. In this series of observations, which were made in an open field overgrown with flowering golden rod, evening primrose, and other weeds, bees were decidedly pre- dominant in number, though other insects observed within the range of the mantids were ants, aphids, mosquitoes, fireflies, caterpillars, house flies, butterflies, moths, spiders, blister beetles, lady beetles, ground beetles, grasshoppers and wasps. There seems to have been undoubted evidence of a preference for bees as well as a striking adaptation iH the selection of an environment which was particularly attractive to bees. The time factor varied, the observation of September llth cover- ing one hour and fifteen minutes and that of September 12th two hours and fifteen minutes. It would be unfair to reduce such meagre results to terms of bee destructive capacity for a season, yet it may be readily seen that a few mantids in the vicinity of an apiary would wreak destructive havoc in a short time. SUMMARY OF FEEDING OBSERVATIONS. Table 4 Number of Man- Insects Eaten Group tids Feeding Harmful Beneficial Neutral Total Confined and artificially fed 10 24 1 2 27 Unconfined and insect baited 16 18 3 21 Unrestricted freedom 11 4 11 1 16 Totals 37 46 12 6 64 While there has been no definite correlation of these three types of observations which are summarized in table 4, it may be interesting to note that the thirty-seven feeding mantids ate forty-six harmful, twelve beneficial and six neutral insects during the time they were under observation. The figures in connection with the group in unrestricted freedom naturally XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 143 bear the most damaging evidence against Paratenodera sinensis as an economic factor. ANALYSIS OF ALIMENTARY TRACTS. With reference to food eaten, the preceding methods have been both qualitative and quantitative in nature. The stomach analysis method is entirely qualitative, since no effort was made to determine the number of any species of insect present. Table 5 Number of Mantid Food Identified 1 Lepidopter, sawfly* 2 grasshopper, honey, bee, Lepidopter 3 nothing identified 4 Lepidopter 5 grasshopper, Lepidopter, spiders* 6 nothing identified 7 honey bee, Lepidopter 8 honey bee, Lepidopter 9 honey bee, Lepidopter, spider* 10 honey bee, Lepidopter 11 honey bee, Lepidopter, wasp 12 honey bee, Lepidopter 13 grasshopper 14 honey bee, Lepidopter, wasp 15 honey bee, Lepidopter 16 honey bee, Lepidopter, wasp 17 honey bee, Lepidopter, wasp, Ichneumonoid* 18 honey bee, lady beetle, wasp 19 honey bee, wasp 20 caterpillar, honey bee 21 grasshopper, honey bee, Lepidopter, Hetcropteron* 22 honey bee, Lepidopter,* sawfly* 23 caterpillar, grasshopper 24 nothing identified 25 caterpillar, grasshopper, honey bee 26 caterpillar, honey bee, hornet, Lepidoptera 27 grasshopper, honey bee 28 caterpillar 29 caterpillar, grasshopper, honey bee, Lepidopter, Ichneumonoid* 30 caterpillar 31 caterpillar, grasshopper, honey bee, Lepidopter 32 caterpillar, Lepidopter 33 caterpillar, grasshopper, honey bee, Lepidopter 34 grasshopper, spider* 35 fly, honey bee, wasp * Identification of starred parts was accomplished through the courtesy of Dr. W. C. Henderson, Chief of the Bureau of Biological Survey, Washington, D. C., whose assistance was procured by Dr. Philip P. Calvert, of the Department of Zoology, University of Penn- sylvania, under whose direction this thesis was prepared. 144 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '28 The results of this check-up which are listed in table 5, would seem to be the most summary evidence of feeding habits; however, they must not be considered exhaustive because of the large number of parts unidentifiable. The alimentary tract was removed and divided into three sections, the oesophagus and gizzard, the stomach and the in- testine. The contents of these sections were spread out on watch glasses and microscopically examined for such parts as mandibles, maxillae, tarsi, claws, sections of legs, antennae, stings, hairs, scales and various other bits of characteristic chitin that could be traced to their original possessors. Since very few parts were found in the oesophagus and because of the similarity of parts found in the stomach and intestine, the results tabulated are for the alimentary tract as a whole. Expressed in summary form, of the thirty-five alimentary tracts examined twenty-three indicated bee food, twenty-one butterfly or moth as indicated by Lepidopter, ten caterpillar, one fly, two sawfly, two Ichneumonoid, one Heteropteron, eleven grasshopper, one hornet, one lady beetle, seven wasp, three spider. The first twenty-three specimens were taken from an open field on September 16th and the remaining twelve were taken from the same locality October 2nd. At the time the latter group was captured the blossom stage of golden rod and evening primrose was on the wane, and bees, wasps and butterflies were less in evidence, having been supplanted by larger numbers of caterpillars and grasshoppers. This change of food was decidedly noticeable in the alimentary tract exam- ination. Table 6 Insect ] Number of Mantids in 23 21 10 1 11 1 1 7 2 1 2 3 Foods Indicated Percentage of Mantids imentary Tract Eating Indicated Food honey bee 65.7 Lepidopter 60.0 caterpillar 28.5 fly 2.8 grasshopper 31.4 hornet 2.8 lady beetle 2.8 wasp 20.0 Ichneumonoid 5.7 Heteropteron 2.8 sawfly 5.7 spider 8.5 XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 145 In table 6 are indicated the number of mantids whose ali- mentary tract contained the remains of insects specified, and also the percentage of mantids examined which ate that par- ticular kind of insect. The results of these observations show conclusively that large numbers of mantids are depredators among the bees and that they destroy beneficial Ichneumonoids. They show the mantis also to be extremely helpful to man by destroying butterflies and moths, caterpillars their direct descendants, grass- hoppers and sawflies. The other types of insects eaten are representative of both beneficial and harmful sides of the economic scale. Whether they should be definitely classed as harmful or beneficial depends upon the relative numbers of each type of victim consumed and upon our evaluation of these respective victims. As a result of a more or less quantitative observation, F. C. Hadden ('27) states that "theoretically mantids should be and probably are. more beneficial than harmful, for it is the com- mon, harmful insects that they catch in greatest numbers." Among the insects eaten by the mantis he includes four species of Orthoptera, one species of Homoptera, three species of Lepidoptera, fifteen species of Diptera and six species of Hymenoptera, though he does not state whether these insects were fed to the mantids or whether they were taken freely in the wild. The fact that the insect victims of mantids are so extremely varied would appear to make them worthy agents in nature's plan to retain a normal balance in insect life. BIBLIOGRAPHY. Didlake, Mary. 1926. Observations on the life histories of two species of Praying Mantis. Ent. News, vol. 37. Hadden, F. C. 1927. A list of insects eaten by the mantis Paratenodera sinensis (Sauss.). Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 6. Ran, I'hil, and Ran, Nellie. 1913. The biology of Stagmo- mantis Carolina. Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis, vol. 22. Rnmmel, Charles. 192n. < )bstrvations of polygamous and supposedly cannibalistic insects of the order Orthoptera. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 21. 146 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '28 Passing the Buck in Descriptions of Insects. By W. S. BLATCHLEY, Indianapolis, Indiana. During the six years spent in the preparation of the man- uscript of my work on the Heteroptera of Eastern North America I was obliged to borrow, or probably I should say "tried to borrow," examples of numerous species not repre- sented in my collection in order that I might draw up from them in my own words descriptions suitable for the character of the work which I was preparing. That work, as well as my other manuals, was intended mainly for the use of tyros or beginning students, and also for busy economic entomologists who desire to find out as quickly as possible the name of some insect in hand. On a number of occasions I was asked by persons, who did not particularly care to lend me specimens, why I did not use descriptions already in print. As an example of these, and to make the purpose of this paper more clear, I will quote the following specific instance : In 1925 there appeared in the Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum an excellent work for specialists entitled "Revision of American Bugs of the Reduviid Subfamily Ploiariinae," by Messrs. McAtee & Malloch. It is a difficult group, and there were a number of the species described from the eastern United States which were not in my collection. I therefore wrote to Mr. McAtee and asked for the loan of .representatives of eleven of these. A few days later I had a reply from Mr. A. Wetmore, Assistant Secretary of the Museum, stating that examples of five of the species were being sent me (the others being represented in the museum by single specimens) and adding: "We are somewhat sur- prised to notice your request for the loan of this material, inasmuch as the Museum has recently published a paper by McAtee & Malloch treating all the Nearctic species of this subfamily. Certain workers 1 who use this paper find it very satisfactory and we had hoped it would be of service to all workers in the preparation of local lists and in obtaining definite characters for the identification of the various species." 1 The Italics are mine. XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 147 I replied, stating to Mr. Wetmore the nature of the work which I was preparing and that I desired the specimens to draw up new descriptions which would show correctly and in detail both color and structural characters. I also cited him to certain features in the McAtee-Malloch paper which render it in some respects practically useless to beginners. A few of these, briefly stated, are as follows : EMPICORIS ORTHONEUROX n. sp., p. 18 "Similar to erra- bitiuins in color except that," etc. EMPICORIS RETICULATIS n. sp., p. 20 "Similar to crrabundus in color, the spots at apices of hind wings very distinct." EMPICORIS CULICIFORMIS (DeGeer), p. 25 "In color it agrees very closely with crrabundus but it is distinguished structurally as indicated in the key." EMPICORIS ERRABUNDUS 2 (Say), p. 24 In neither the de- scription nor the key is any reference made to the color of this species except that the "hind wings are spotted with black apically." In other words, the authors presuppose that every person using their paper has at hand correctly named examples of the insect they call Empicoris errabundus Say. If he does not have these, and not one beginning student in one hundred will have them, the descriptions of the first three species above named are entirely worthless as far as color goes. This kind of a description is what I term, to use a slang expression now very much in vogue, "passing the buck," not only from one species to another, but passing it also to the innocent student. There are numerous other instances of the kind in the McAtee-Malloch paper, but the most flagrant examples of this "buck passing," which I happened upon during my studies of the Heteroptera, are in a paper by H. H. Knight in Bulletin Brooklyn Entomological Society, XV, 1920, pp. 49-66, entitled "New and Little Known Specie's of I'hytocoris from the Eastern United States." A few words of explanation in re- gard to this : In 1876 O. M. Renter, a noted European Hemipterist and 2 The E. tuberatlatiis Banks, p. 518 of the "Heteroptera of E. N. Amer." 148 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '28 afterward world authority on the family Miridae, described 3 from Texas, a species of Mirid under the name Phytocoris eximius. In 1909 Renter sent to the U. S. National Museum a specimen under the name of P. eximius which he had com- pared with the type in the Stockholm Museum. In the same year he redescribed 4 P. eximius from specimens which Knight states "were apparently a different species, being a form with irrorate membrane." Knight, in the paper above cited, used specimens from the eastern United States which he had com- pared with the paratype of a Texas species in the U. S. Nat. Museum, and which he says does not agree with Renter's second description, to draw up a two-page description of what he (Knight) calls P. eximius, but which he admits in the notes which follow, may not be that species. On the subsequent pages Knight describes ten new species, viz., P. brcvifurcatus, salicis, neglcctus, spicatus, cortitectus, buenoi, pcnipcctus, pec- tinatus, obtectus and conspurcatus, beginning the description of each of them with the words "Resembles eximius," or "Very similar to eximius," and giving otherwise only a few charac- ters pertaining to the color or male genitalia, in which it differs from his detailed description of his supposed eximius. There are no keys to separate the species and unless a student knows that he has at hand for comparison specimens of the supposed eximius described by Knight, the descriptions given are wholly worthless, except to validate the new species for Knight and other specialists who have paratypes at hand. On pages 634 and 638-640 of the "Hemiptera of Connecticut," these deficient descriptions are copied verbatim from Knight's 1920 paper, but in this work they are accompanied by a key which will help the student to pass on them. On page 639 he describes another new species, P. husseyi. In the description of this he gives the color of pronotum and elytra as "nearly as in crcctus," and when we turn to crcctus on the next page, we find, "very similar to husseyi in size and coloration," thus giving the "buck" plenty of exercise. 3 Capsinae ex America boreali in Museo Holmiensi asservatae. Ofv. sv. Vet.-Ak. Forh. XXXII, p. 67. 4 Bemerkungen ueber Nearctische Capsiden. Acta Soc. Sci. Fennicae, XXXVI, No. 2, p. 23. XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 149 In a number of other instances Knight has indulged in this pastime of "passing the buck" in his descriptions, notably in his treatment of the species of Lopidca, Plagiognathus and Deraeocoris in his various isolated papers on these genera, and in the treatment of these same genera in the Hemiptera of Connecticut. In my work on Heteroptera I was obliged to copy verbatim some of these deficient descriptions, as I was unable to borrow specimens, but wished to include the species in my book. Mr. E. P. Van Duzee, in his "Monograph of the North American Species of OrtJwtyhis," has also "passed the buck" in a number of his descriptions, using the older species 0. dorsalis (Prov.), O. flavosparus (Sahib.), and others, as a basis for his "Very similar to". He even goes farther, as he describes as new Ortlwtylus angulatus bninncns as a "sub- species" and then uses that form as the basis of comparison for O. cuncatus, O. pullatus and O. latcralis, three new species which he also describes and then again uses latcralis as a basis for two others. Probably no one on earth except Van Duzee has at hand for comparison, determined specimens of his var. brunnens and species lateralis. Of what benefit therefore are his "very similar to" descriptions of the other species? It is not only among Hemipterists that this "buck passing" is in vogue, but among other entomologists as well. I have recently prepared an "Annotated List of the Scarabaeidae of Florida," and in its preparation ran across numerous examples. Casey, in his "Review of the American Species of Rutelinae, Dynastinae and Cetoninae 5 ," almost equals Knight in the festive game. A single example from his work will suffice. In the genus Ligyrodcs the variations of the claws of the front tarsi of the males are used in classification. In his description of his new species L. quadripennis on p. 182, he states: "the larger claw of the male as in rclictu-s." The next species he mentions is L. relictus (Say), and in the description he says "the larger claw of the male as in the preceding." How much knowledge is available to the student in these two statements? 5 Memoir s VI, 1915. 150 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '28 Many other instances of this "buck passing" could be cited. Perhaps all systematists, myself included, have indulged in it at times. However, its commonness and cussedness is never forcibly brought to mind until one has to use extensively and intensively the descriptions of others in which it occurs. In my later years I have come to believe, and have tried to practice the belief, that the description of every species, new or old, should "stand on its own bottom," i. e., should be com- plete within itself, without reference to another species, unless the other be one well known and of wide distribution as, for instance, Passolus cornutus Fabr. or Papilio aja.v L. Then, in the notes following the description, the author can make his comparisons and draw his deductions ad libitum without fear of being accused of "passing the buck." On the Structure, Host Habit, Affinity and Geogra- phic Range of Beskia (Dipt. : Tachinidae). By CHARLES H. T. TOWNSEND The sexes of Beskia were not certainly distinguished by Brauer & Bergenstamm when they described B. cornuta. Neither sex has proclinate frontoorbitals, but both have one reclinate frontoorbital. Other head characters are very similar in the two sexes, but the male has the third antennal joint much elongated and widened, produced heavily on front apical angle in form of the blade of a pruning knife. The external genitalia are usually retracted in dried specimens so that their true character is not readily evident. The female has a sharp piercer of the ordinary short type, the base of which is over- lapped by an emarginate, hairy, scale-like structure that usually stands out in profile. This structure is the larvipositor guide, borne dorsally, the vagina opening between its base and the base of the piercer. It functions during larviposition to direct the ejected maggot through the puncture made by the piercer. Nothing is so far certainly known as to the host, but in 1908 Mr. E. O. G Kelly found on wheat in Pawnee, Okla- homa, a larva or pupa from which a specimen of Beskia aclops XXXJX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 151 issued later. The following extracts from correspondence refer to this specimen : "The pupa was collected on wheat and the adult reared. The supposition is that the larva was feeding upon aphids" (F. M. Webster, February 8, 1909). Reared from a larva found "in the act of actually feeding on a grain aphid on wheat, probably Macrosiphum granaria" (F. M. Webster, February 13, 1909). Mr. Kelly's notice was attracted to this larva "from the fact that it seemed quite different from syrphid larvae which are common among aphids on grains" (F. M. Webster, Feb- ruary 18, 1909). Since the Dcskia female has a sharp piercer, it is quite out of the question that the Bcskia larva should feed externally on aphids. The indications are that the female of Bcskia injects a living first-stage maggot within the body of syrphid larvae which feed on aphids. On September 23, 1911, Mr. E. S. Tucker found in axils of rice leaves at Crowley, Louisiana, two puparia of Bcskia aclops. One was empty, but the fly issued; five days later from the other. In each case the puparium was pressed as deeply as possible into the axil with the anal end lowermost. The anal stigmata of the last-stage maggot and puparium of Bcskia are borne on a pair of stout, elongate, divergent tubercles, approximated at base and rugose on their external surfaces. The respiratory area is rather reniform and shows three more or less distinct divisions, the whole area of one tubercle bearing from twelve to twenty-eight microscopic geminate warts irregularly disposed. Bcskia evidently belongs in the family Phasiidae, subfamily Phaniinae, tribe Cylindromyiini, forming a well-marked sub- tribe with Hcmyda, Ei'ibrissa, Epigrimyia and certain other genera. Bcskia aclops ranges as far north as Virginia and B. cor nut a as far south as Rio Grande do Sul. Both reach Mexico and aclops may continue farther south. 152 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '28 Schistocercophaga, New Genus of Locust Parasites (Larvaevoridae) (Dipt. : Tachinidae). By CHARLES H. T. TOWNSEND Schistocercophaga n. gen. Differs from Hypophorinia as follows : Facial profile reced- ing, bulged ; f acialia nearly on edge, sharp ; male third antennal joint four times the second; face and front nearly equilateral; f rentals stopping at base of antennae ; two reclinate f ronto-or- bitals in male ; f rontalia width in middle equal to paraf rontalia width at same point ; paraf acialia narrow ; one preacrostichal and two postacrostichals ; median discals on intermediate abdominal segments ; discal row on anal segment. Genotype, Oedcmatoccra dampfi Aldrich, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., XXIX, 17, Southern Mexico and Guatemala. Schistocercophaga dampfi is a parasite of Schistoccrca para- nensis, the migratory locust of tropical America. It evidently belongs in the tribe Phoriniini and is far removed from Ocde- matoccra. ' ' Practical Hint for Breeding Lepidoptera. Many butterflies have the habit of emerging from their co- coons at night, so that breeders have had to sit up with their charges until all hours in order to prevent them from fluttering about their cages and damaging their delicate wings. Herr Julius Stephan, a German naturalist, avoids this nocturnal labor by artificially hastening nightfall. At two or three in the afternoon he transfers the cocoons to a dark cool place, and the insects soon begin to display their normal night-reaction. By 7 o'clock all that are due to emerge that day will have put in their appearance. Science News in Science, April 6, 1928. Invitation from Prof. E. O. Essig. Beginning May 14th and continuing until June 24, 1928, E. O. Essig will conduct a University of California course in field entomology in the Yosemite National Park, with headquarters at the new Yosemite Park Museum. From July 1st to August 1st of the same season he will be at his permanent summer camp at 'Echo Lake, in the High Sierras, 7,500 feet altitude, eleven miles from Lake Tahoe. Entomologists visiting Cali- fornia are cordially invited to call on Prof. Essig at either of the above places and he will be very glad to assist them in the various types of entomological work in those regions. XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 153 Some Chilopods and Diplopods from Missouri. By RALPH V. CHAMBERLIN The notes of the present paper are based upon a small col- lection of chilopods and diplopods transmitted to me for iden- tification by Miss Mary J. Brown. It seems desirable to publish them both because few species of these groups have been recorded from the state and because the collection includes several previously undescribed species. All of the material was collected by Miss Brown at St. Charles during 1926 and 1927. All type specimens of the new forms are in the author's personal collection. CHILOPODA Cryptopidac THEATOPS SPINICAUDUS (Wood). One specimen April 16, 1927. OTOCRYPTOPS SEXSPINOSUS (Say). Two specimens, in 1926 and one in 1927 Linotacniidac LINOTAENIA BRANNERI Bollman. Two specimens, 1927. LINOTAENIA BIDENS (Wood). One specimen, 1927. Chilenophilidae GNATHOMERIUM UMBRATICUM (McNeill). Gcophilidae Geophilus missouriensis, sp. nov. The general color of the holotype as preserved in alcohol is reddish yellow above, with legs yellow. In life the color may have been distinctly red as usual in G. nwrda.v. Cephalic plate broad, the caudal margin truncate, the anterior margin obtusely angular ; frontal plate set off behind by a distinct pale line. Basal plate overlapped anteriorly by cephalic plate, the exposed portion at base about four times as wide as median length, but exposed along sides of rounded corners of cephalic plate. Prehensors when closed surpassing anterior end of head, attaining distal end of first antennal joint; joints unarmed excepting for a minute denticle at base of each claw; all joints very shoVt. Anterior ventral plates deeply depressed or pitted at middle. Spiracles all circular, very gradually decreasing in size from the first caudad. Last ventral plate very wide, sides nearly parallel, the caudal margin a little convex. Pleural pores about six along each edge of ventral plate and partly covered by the latter, the most caudal pore a little largest, 154 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '28 and in addition a single pore above, adjacent to tergite. Anal pores distinct. Anal legs with claws long and slender. Pairs of legs in the holotype, a female, 75. Length, 38 mm. The holotype, the only specimen taken, was collected in 1926, at St. Charles, Missouri. Lithobiidae NADABIUS IOWENSIS (Meinert). Three specimens, 1927 DIPLOPODA Craspedosomidae TIGANOGONA, gen. nov. Agreeing with Clcidogona in general characteristics : the body consisting of 30 segments, with carinae and setigerous tubercles obsolete; ocelli numerous and well-developed, forming a triangular patch on each side of the head ; antennae long and filiform, the third joint longest, the seventh shorter than the sixth ; gonopods of male consisting of two pairs of pro- cesses ; first two pairs of legs in male small and slender, the next five pairs moderately crassate. Differing from Clcido- gona. in not having the ninth legs of male with basal joints enlarged and the last three reduced and hamate, all joints being of normal proportions and the first one with a process at distal end beneath. Tenth legs of male also with joints of normal proportions, the second joint with a protuberance at proximal end beneath. Eleventh and twelfth legs and their pedigerous laminae not specially modified. Genotype Tiganogona broivnac sp. nov. Tiganogona brownae sp. nov. The body in general form much as usual in Clcidogona, subfusiform. Brownish black above with an interrupted yel- lowish stripe along middle line of dorsum and one on each side of dorsum ; lower part of sides and venter yellow ; antennae blackish ; the head between bases of antennae brown, areolate over vertex, light colored over and just above clypeal region; legs proximally yellow or whitish, the distal joints blackish. The ninth legs of male with joints of normal proportions, the process at distal end of second joint subcylindrical, of mod- erate length. The basal process of second joint of tenth legs of male short, nearly tuberculiform. Posterior processes of male gonopods uncate, bending forward between anterior pair, smooth. Anterior pair of processes bent caudad, the superior branch of each distally vertically laminate, bifid at end and a little bent mesad. A short cylindrical process, acutely pointed XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 155 at tip, extends ventrad just outside (laterad) of each of these processes. Length, about 12 mm. Holot\pc, a male. In addition to the holotype, the paratypes include two females, all taken at St. Charles in 1926. Polydesnridac POLYDESMUS SERRATus Say. Five specimens, mostly imma- ture, 1927. SCYTONOTUS GRANULATUS (Say). One specimen, 1927. Xystodesniidae MIMULORIA, gen. nov. Embracing forms smaller than typical Fontarhi as in the case of Aphcloria. Characterized especially by the structure of the male gonopods in which the blade is not coiled as in Aphcloria, extending cephalad, a little bent or curved toward or beyond middle of length and expanded into a small laminate plate at distal end ; with a short, typically laminate spur toward base of telopodite. Genotype Mimuloria missouricnsis, sp. nov. Fontaria castanca (McNeill) of Indiana also belongs in this genus. Mimuloria missouriensis, sp. nov. In most specimens the general color is yellow, becoming tinged with orange cephalad, the orange color densest on an- terior segments and head, the carinae usually paler than mid- dorsal region of tergites. Only one specimen, the female allo- type, appears to be in full color. In this specimen the tergites are brown with the keels yellow. Posterior angles of seven- teenth, eighteenth and nineteenth tergites produced and distally rounded, those of the three preceding tergites only slightly extended, the others with caudal margins straight. Last ter- gite narrowly truncate at caudal end, scarcely curved ventrad. Anal valves mesally strongly margined. Anal scale triangular, the sides convex. Second joint of legs with the usual long- spine at distal end, but first joint and sternum unspined. The gonopods of the male have basal spur of telopodite laminate and acutely pointed. The expanded distal plate with a thin, slender, acutely pointed process at right angles to general sur- face. Length, 19 mm. The types embrace eight specimens of which one, the holotype, is an adult male. All were collected at St. Charles in 1926 and 1927. 156 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '28 Aquatic Hemiptera from New Mexico and Georgia, Including a New Species of Corixidae. H. B. HUNGERFORD, Dept. of Entomology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas. On two or three occasions Mr. Charles H. Martin, a former student at Kansas University, has sent us noteworthy collec- tions obtained by him on occasional holiday trips. Since some of the records are new, and some of the species represented by very long series it seems worth while to record them In Torrence County, New Mexico during the summer of 1925 Mr. Martin secured the following species and specimens : ARCTOCORIXA LAEVIGATA (Uhler). 180. A. utahensis Hungerford. This species is described from Utah. 119. A. TUMIDA (Uhler). A new record. 191. A. EDULIS (Champ.). A new record. 16. A. ALTERNATA (Say). A new record. 46. RAMPHOCORIXA ACUMINATA (Uhler). A new record. 1 NEOCORIXA SNOWI Hungerford. 13. NOTONECTA KIRBYI Hungerford. A beautiful series showing all color phases of this variable species. 650. N. INDICA Linnaeus. A new record. 112. N. UNDULATA (Say). 210. Not long ago he sent me the following insects which repre- sented one vacation day's trip in Baker County, Georgia (Oct. 23, 1927). In this lot we find more new records and a new species : NOTONECTA UHLERI Kirkaldy. A new record. 2 N. IRRORATA Uhler. A new record. 1. N. HOWARDII Bueno. A new record. 131. ARCTOCORIXA NITIDA (Fieber). 54. A. BRIMLEYI Kirkaldy. A new record. 1. A. LUCIDA Abbott, new record. 9. A. INTERRUPTA (Say). A new record. 15. A. sp. nov. Described below. 47. GERRIS CANALICULATUS Say. 1. TENAGOGONUS HESIONE Kirkaldy. 16. TREPOBATES PICTUS Uhler. 12. MESOVELIA BISIGNATA Uhler. 9. HYDROMETRA MARTINI Kirkaldy. 8. XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 157 Arctocorixa martini sp. n. 10 mm. in length; width of head 3.5 mm. in male, a little wider in the female. General color effect dark. Pronotum crossed by nine or ten pale, quite obscure bands that are slightly narrower than the darker bands. Pale lineations of hemelytra, transverse, slender and wavy, those at base of clavus broader and more conspicuous than elsewhere but not as wide as the black bands. Elsewhere the pale bands are not more than half as wide as the intervening black bands. Pattern of membrane continuous with that of corium. Middle of anterior margin of vertex as seen from above slightly produced in the middle of both sexes. Interocular space: width of eye ::10:13. Frontal depression of face of male large ovate and deeply concave, attaining the eyes later- ally. Thorax rather elevated as seen in lateral view. Pronotum and hemelytra strongly rastrate, membrane shiny. Metaxyphus longer than broad. Strigil elongate of 10 rows, length: breadth : :22 :8. The pala of male elongate, sides nearly parallel but slightly wider in distal third, row of pegs about 30, larger at base and smaller and more crowded at tip, the distal end of the row making a neat curve following the upper distal margin of the pala. On some males there is a curious excres- cense on the distal margin of the pala, in others this is entirely lacking and in one specimen is present on the tip of one pala and absent on the other. Described from 47 specimens taken by C. H. Martin in Baker County, Georgia, October 23, 1927. Holotypc, allotype and paratypes in University of Kansas Entomological collec- tion. Some paratypes in U. S. N. Museum. This species is of the same size as Arctocorixa intcrrupta (Say). It can be distinguished from all other species of this series by its rough surface, deeply depressed face of the male and the shape of the male pala. The right clasper of male is stout, curiously formed and turns transversely across the genital capsule. Dr. Felt Retires as State Entomologist. Dr. Ephraim P. Felt, New York State Entomologist, retired on March 31 to become adviser on shade trees and forest insect problems with the Rartlett Research Laboratories at Stamford, Connecticut. Science, April 6, 1928. 158 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '28 A New Type of Moth Trap. By W. A. HIESTAND, University of Wisconsin. During the spring and summer of 1923 the author working in collaboration with Mr. C. H. Hicks had such unprecedented success with four moth traps of their own design that it seems quite fitting to describe the construction and use of these traps to all who have occasion to collect moths in this way. Every lepidopterist who has used moth traps is aware of the feasi- bility of taking moths in this way and probably also of the difficulties encountered. ^ ^S<3> <^> <=>^& ^1) (* ^ The conventional type of trap appears to be the age-old box trap with plates of glass placed in such positions as to keep the moths from entering the light chamber as well as to pre- vent their escape from the trap having once entered it. The trap of this type (fig. 1) ordinarly consists of a light chamber containing either an incandescent electric bulb or an oil lamp, the latter making it possible to hang the ti^ap far from the source of electric current. The light chamber is separated XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 159 from the killing chamber by a plate of glass and this latter chamber confined from the outside by one or more panes of glass placed at angles to make the entrance of the moth as easy as possible and to prevent as far as possible its escape. The bottom of the killing chamber usually consists of a funnel with a screw top jar attached to it containing the killing agent, potassium cyanide. Such traps as these are offered for sale by various entomological supply houses. The chief objection to this form of trap, it was found, lay in the fact that only one side of the box was open to let the light shine out. The success of such a trap largely depends upon the location of it and the direction in which the light projects. After several trials of a wooden box trap of this type which finally resulted in the explosion of the kerosene lamp and of course burning of the trap it was decided that an improved type of trap could be constructed which gave rise to the trap described here. This trap must be used near a building or where electric current is available but it was soon found that the returns were so favor- able that it was unnecessary to place the traps at any distance from the buildings, providing of course the buildings were lo- cated in regions where moths were found. Four of these traps were used outside the Biology Building of the University of Wisconsin and very good results were obtained. The best results were had when the traps were placed at the height of the third story windows. The chief advantages of this trap are its simplicity, its low cost of construction, its ease of operating and cleaning, its convenience in setting up and taking down, and most important of all its efficiency due to the great radius of light emitted. Figure 2 illustrates the trap. It consists simply of a funnel ten inches in diameter with the spout removed and instead a screw cap of a Mason jar with a circular hole cut in it soldered to it. The funnel is hung by three or four wire rods with one end bent to form hooks so that the trap may be readily taken apart, to a circular galvanized iron disc, also ten inches in diameter. To this metal disc is bolted a porcelain socket to receive a Mazda bulb. The distance of the disc to the funnel depends upon the size of the bulb used. Best results 160 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '28 were obtained when the tip of the bulb projected about one and one-half inches below the top of the funnel. An eyelet or other means of support may be soldered to the top of the disc for hanging the trap. The conduits from the socket should be brought through an opening in the center of the metal disc in order not to interfere with the open sides of the trap. The cyanide used was placed in a bag of cheese cloth so that the jar could be washed out frequently. Powdered cyanide gave better results then lump cyanide. When not in use the jars can be unscrewed from the traps and regular Mason jar caps placed on them to keep, the cyanide from deteriorating. Fresh dry cyanide never works as well as that which has been used a few times and has become moist so that it is advisable to place a few drops of a weak acid such as tartaric or citric acid on it for the first time it is used. Of course, cyanide may be imbedded in cotton or plaster of Paris as well as tied up in sacks but the jar may be kept clean more easily if the cyanide is not fastened to it. The above traps may be fastened to poles and placed outside of windows and so easily taken in, or suspended from limbs, etc. The collector will indeed be surprised by the effectiveness of this type of trap. In fact on warm sultry nights it was found necessary to place jars of a two quart capacity on the funnels to accommodate all of the insects caught. The manner in which the insects are caught is as follows : The brightness of the light attracts them and upon striking the bulb they drop into the jar where they are soon killed by the fumes of the cyanide. It is no exaggeration to say that as many as two hundred or more moths may be caught in a single trap on a favorable night as well as myriads of other insects such as Diptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Homoptera, Heteroptera, Trichoptera, Neuroptera, and even cockroaches. It is the intention of the author to construct such a trap that can be used with the ordinary six volt automobile bulb to be used on camping trips in the woods. If the reader has been disillusioned with the conventional types of light traps it will be well worth his effort to try out one of this type and see how effectively it will work under favorable collecting con- ditions. XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 161 Entomological Literature COMPILED, WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF "BIOLOGICAL, AB- STRACTS," UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF E. T. CRESSON, JR. Under the above head it is intended to note papers received at the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, pertaining to the En- tomology of the Americas (North and South), including Arachnida and Myriopoda. Articles irrelevant to American entomology will not be noted; but contributions to anatomy, physiology and embryology of insects, however, whether relating to American or exotic species will be recorded. The numbers within brackets I ] refer to the journals, as numbered in the list of Periodicals and Serials published in the January and June numbers (or which may be secured from the publisher of Entomological News for lOc), in which the paper appeared. The number of, or annual volume, and in some cases the part, heft, &c. the latter within ( ) follows; then the pagination follows the colon : All continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installments. *Papers containing new forms or names have an preceding the author's name. (S) Papers pertaining exclusively to neotropical species, and not so indicated in the title, have the symbol (S) at the end of the title of the paper. For records of Economic Literature, see the Experiment Station Rec- ord, Office of Experiment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, London. For records of papers on Medical Ento- mology, see Review of Applied Entomology, Series B. 0^-A T oe the change in the method of citing the bibliographical refer- ences, as explained above. Papers published in the Entomological News are not listed. GENERAL. Alinder, S. Eine coccinellidenfressende Rhynchote. [Mitt. Miinchner Ent. Gesell.] 17: 75-76. Balfour-Browne, F. The "Balfour-Browne" water-net. [8J 64: 58-61, ill. Bezzi, M. L'attivita scientifica del Prof. Mario Bezzi. Elenco delle pubblicazioni. [Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Xat. Mus. Civ. Milano.] 66: 287-312, port. Blatchley, W. S. "Quit-claim" specialists versus the mak- ing of manuals. [19] 23: 10-18. Bruce, E. A. Entomo- logical notes of veterinary interest. [Proc. Ent. Soc. Brit. Col.] 24: 26-29. Cockayne, E. A. -Somatic mosaics and mutations. [21] 40: 17-21, ill. Dennys, A. A. Some notes on the hibernating habits of insects in dry trees in the interior of B. C. [Proc. Ent. Soc. Brit. Col.] 24: 19-25, ill. Fassl, A. H. Actividades de un naturalista en Colombia. [B'ol. Soc. Colombiana de Ciencias Nat.] 17: 11-16, cont. Franz von Tunkl, F. Ueber die brutpflege cler insekten. [26] 7: 210-212, cont. Heikertinger, F. Wie ordnet der Spezialist Gattungen und Arten nach einem naturlichen System? [79] 14: 24-42. Leonard, M. D.- A list of the insects of New York. [Cornell Univ. Agric. Exper. Sta.] Mem. 101: 5-1121. McAtee, W. L.- Sub- genera often preferable to genera. 1 10] 30: 14-K>. Rau, P. The ecology of a sheltered clay bank ; a study in insect sociology. [Trans. Acad. Science of St. Louis] 25: 157- 162 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '28 276, ill. Robertson, C. Florida flowers and insects. [Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis.] 25:277-324. Thorndike, L. A historical sketch of the relationship between history and science. [76] 1928: 342-345. Timm, P. Das Photo graphieren von Insektcn in vergrossertem Massstabe. [2] 22: 76-82, ill. Van Den Bergh, P. J. Indrukken van mijn reis naar Zuicl Amerika. [58] 6: 49-59. Weiss, H. B. James Petiver's gazophylacii. [6] 35: 411-414. ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, ETC. Cockayne, E. A.- An error of metamorphosis, hysterotely, in a lepidopterous pupa, with a discussion on prothetely and hysterotely. [36] 75: 297-305, ill. Fisher, R. A. On some objections to mimicry theory; statistical and genetic. [36] 75: 269- 27 ! 8. Goldschmidt & Katsuki. Zweite Mitteilung iiber erblichen Gynadromorphismus bei Bombyx mori. [97] 48: 39-43. Hersch, A. H. Organic correlation and its modification in the bar series of drosophila. [42] 50: 239-255. Handlirsch, A. Der Bau des Insektenkorpers tmcl seiner Anhange. [Handbuch cler Ent.] 1: 1186-1296, ill. Hoffman, C. C. Nota acerca de un probable trans- misor de la Trypanosomiasis humana, en el estade de Vera Cruz. [Revista Mexicana de Biologic.] 8: 12-18. Hottes, F. C. Concerning the structure, function and origin of the family Aphididae. [95] 41 : 71-84. Kat- suki, K. Weitere Versuche iiber erbliche Mosaikbildung und Gynandromorphismus bei Bombyx mori. [97] 48: 43-49, ill. Page, H. E. The origin of instinct. [21] 40: 32. Peters, H. Ueber das Gehor der Noctuiden. [14] 41 : 371-372, ill. Rostand, J. Survie des divers segments clu corps les Insectes. [25] 1927: 311. Soudek, S The pharyngeal glands of the honevbee. [Bull. Sup. Agri. Brno.] C 10: 1-63, ill. Steinfeld, H. M. Length of life of Drosophila melanogaster under aseptic conditions. [Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool.] 31: 132-178, ill. Voinov, D. Le vacuome et 1'appareil de golgi dans les cellules b genitales males de Notonecta glauca. [Arch. Zool. Exp. et Gen.] 67: 1-22, ill. Whiting, P. W. Mosaicism and mutation in Habrobracon. [IViol. Bull. Marine f'.iol. Lab.] 54: 289- 306, ill. ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA. Baerg, W. J.- Tht- life cycle and mating habits of the male Tarantula. [73] 3: 109-116. Lundblad, O. Zur Systemalik der Familie Hygrobatidae. |34| 75: 176-180. -McGregor, XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS ]63 E. A. Descriptions of two new species of spinning mites. [10] 30: 11-14, ill. Petrunkevitch, A. Systema Aranear- um. [Trans. Conn. Acacl. Arts & Sciences] 29: 7-270. Verhoeff, K. W. Diplopoda. [Klassen und Ordnungen des Tier-Reichs.] 5 : 801-1072, ill. THE SMALLER ORDERS OF INSECTA. *Argo, V. N. The North American species of the genus Pota- manthus, with a description of a new species. [6] 35 : 319-326, ill. Calvert, P. P. Report on Odonata, including notes on some internal organs of the larvae. [Univ. Iowa Studies] 12: 3-44, ill. " Day, H. C. Varieties of the dragonfly Agrion aequabile in Colorado. [Univ. Colo. Stud.] 15: 253-155. Heath, H. Fertile termite soldiers. [Biol. Bull. Marine Biol. Lab.] 54: 324-326, ill. *Jordan, K. Siphonaptera collected during a visit to the Eastern United States of North America in 1927. [71] 34: 178- 188, ill. Marshall, W. S. The malpighian tubules of the larva of Ileptagenia interpunctata, Say. [7] 20: 149-154, ill. *Powell, W. N. On the morphology of Pyrsonympha with a description of three new species from Reticulitermes hesperus. [Univ. California Pub. Zool.] 31: 179-200, ill. :|: Silvestri, F. Description of a new species of Japyx (Thy- sanura) from Potter Creek Cave, Shasta County, California. [Univ. California Pub. Ent.] 4: 335-340, ill. 'Womersley, H. Notes on the antennal sensory organs of Campodea. [8] 64: 65-66, ill. ORTHOPTERA. Caudell, A. N. Grasshoppers and their allies. [76] 1928: 329-334, ill. Caudell, A. N.- Report on the orthopteroid insects. [Univ. Iowa Studies Nat. Hist.] 12: 3-22, ill. -Werner, F. Neue Mantodeen aus vier Erdteilen. (S) [56] 6: 275-281, ill. HEMIPTERA. Batchelder, C. H. The variability of Aphis gossypii. [7] 20: 263-278, ill. *Davis, W. T. New Cicadas from the Western United States with notes on sev- eral other species. [6] 35 : 373-385, ill. *Drake, C. J.- synopsis of the American species of Acalypta ( Tingitidae). [19] 23: 1-9, ill. :|: Drake, C. J. Synoiiymical notes on tingitid genera with the descriptions of two new species from Haiti. | ( '5| 41: 21-24. -Drake & Harris. Three new gen-ids from Xorth America. [95] 41:25-30. Esaki & China. A new family of aquatic 1 leteroptera. [3<>| 7?: 279-295. Coding, F. W. The membracidae of South America and the Antilles. 11. Subfamily C'eiitrotinae. [6] 164 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '28 35: 391-406, ill. Hottes, F. C. Concerning the structure, function, and origin of the cornicles of the family Aphid- idae. [Proc. Biol. Soc. of Washington] 41: 71-84, ill. *Hungerford, H. B. A new species of Hydrometra from North America. [7] 20: 262. * Knight, "H. H. Key to the species of Clivinema with descriptions of seven new species (Miridae). [Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington] 41: 31-36. "Knight, H. H. New Species of Phytocoris from North America (Miridae). [19] 23: 28-46. -Knight, H. H. Megalopsallus, a new genus of Miridae with five new species from North America. [7] 20: 224-228. *Knowl- ton, G. F. A new rabbit brush Aphid from Utah. [7 1 ] 20: 229-231, ill. *Lawson, P. B. New species of Acinop- terus (Cicadellidae). [7] 20: 232-239, ill. McAtee & Malloch. A character for recognition of the family Mem- bracidae. [Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington] 41: 39-40, ill. *McAtee & Malloch. Synopsis of pentatomid bugs of the subfamilies Megaridinae and Canopinae. (S) [50] 72, Art. 25: 1-21, ill. Myers, J. G. The Croton leafhopper, Cicadella histrio. (S) [75] 1 : 376-377. LEPIDOPTERA. Ahlberg, O. Ronnbarsmalen Ar- gyresthia conjugella. [Meddel. 324, Central. Forsok. Tordbruk. Stockholm] " 1927: 5-127, ill. Dicksee, A.- Butterrlies from South America. [Proc. Ent. Soc. London] 2: 41. Dingier, M. Ueber die puppe und das Schlitpfen von Morpho laertes Druce [-epistrophis Hbn.]. (S) [Mitt. Miincher Ent. Gesell.] 17: 61-68. *Dyar, H. G. Descrip- tions of four South American moths. [10] 30: 9-10. Hopp, W. Die Megalopygiden-Unterfamilie der Trosiinae (Megalopygidae). [Mitt, aus dem Zool. Mus.] 1927: 206-336. ::: Joicey & Talbot. New forms of Rhopalocera in the Hill Museum. (S) [Bull. Hill Mus.] 2: 19-27. Jor- dan, K. ()u some Lepidoptera of special interest, with remarks on morphology and nomenclature. [71] 34: 132-146. Petersen, W. Die Blattminierergattungen Lith- ocelletis u. Nepticnla. [CO] 88: 113-174, ill. Ph'ilpott, A. Notes on the female genitalia in the Micropterygoidea. [36] 75:319-322. *Pr o 'ut, L. B. New Geometridae. (S) [7 1 !] 34: 53-70. Provancher & Huard. Faune entomolo- gique de la province de Quebec. Sixieme ordre (Nos Papillons). [Le Naturaliste] 54: 157-167, ill., continua- tion. *Talbot. G. A new form of papilio from Colombia. [Bull. Hill Mus.] 2: 28. Thorpe, W. H.- \ 7 ote on Hypo- nomeuta cognatella feeding on the honey-dew of Aphis XXXJX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 165 humicis Linn. [8] 64: 46. Turner, H. J. [Xote on Huebner's Tentamen]. [21] 40: 30-32. Randolph, V.- On the seasonal migrations of Dione vanillae in Kansas. [7] 20: 242-244. Ris, F. Ueber die Generationen von Pieri.s napi. [41 1 14: 20-36, cont. Stichel, H.- Kachar- beiten zur Revision der Riodinidae. [45] .23: 35-46. Watton, J. H. An early note on the forming of the pouch in Parnassius. [9] 61 : 52-53. Wiesmann, R. Die beiden Knospenwickler Tmetocera (Eucosma) ocellana F. und Olethreutes variegana Hb. als Knospenschadlinge der Apfelbaume und ihre Bekampfung im Wallis 1926. [41] 14: 14-16. *Wright, W. S. Two new Geometridae from San Diego County, California. [Trans. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.] 5: 41-43. DIPTERA *Borgmeier, T. Zwei neue myrmecophile Phoriden aus Brasilien. [EOS] 3: 505-511, ill. Collin, J. E. Gynandromorph.s and intersexes in Diptera. [Proc. Ent. Soc. London] 2: 47-48. *Edwards, F. W. A Tipulid apparently mimicking a mosquito. (S) [Proc. Ent. Soc. London.] 2': 45-46. Edwards, F. W.- -Two widely- spread moth-flies. [9] 61 : 32. Ewing, H. E. The hip- poboscid fly, Ornithomyia avicularia Linnaeus, as a carrier of Mallophaga. [7] 20: 245-250, ill. *Frost, S. W.- Three new species of Phytomyza. (Agromyzidae). [71 20: 217-220. Hearle, E. List of mosquitoes of British Columbia. [Proc. Ent. Soc. Brit. Col.] 24: 11-19. Kriebel, O. Contribution a etude du corps adipeux des Chironomides I. [Publi. Faculte des Sci. Univ. Masaryk] 1927: 3-15, ill. Mesa, E. O. Caso de perforacicm del velo del palad ar por larvas de Chrysomyia macellaria. [Bol. Soc. Colomb. Cien Nat.] 16: 157-161, ill. Myers, J. G.- A peculiar feeding-habit of Culex pipiens L. [8] 64: 57-58. Parman, D. C. Experimental dissemination of the tabanid egg parasite Phanurus emersoni and biological notes on the species. [U. S. Dept. Agric.] Circ. no. 18: 1-7, ill. Thomann, H. Erfahrungen in der Zucht der Dasselfliege. [41] 14:4-5. COLEOPTERA. Abbott, C. E. Experimental data on the olfactory sense of Coleoptera, with special reference to the Necrophori. [7] 20: 207-216. Ballou, C. H. An observation on mating habits of Leptinotarsa nndecim- lineata. [12| 21: 235-236. "Banninger, M. Uc-ber die Nebriini. 13. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Carabinae. [79] 166 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '28 14: 1-7. Beier & Strouhal. Kaferlarven und Kaferpuppe-n aus Maulwurfsnestern. [45] 23: 1-34. Bertrand, H. Les larves cles Dytiscides, Hygrobiides, Haliplides. [59] (A) 10: 1-366, ill. Blatchley, W. S. Notes on the supple- ment to Leng'.s catalogue of coleoptera. [19] 23: 47-49. Boving, A. G. Descriptions of larvae of the genera Dia- brotica and Phyllobrotica, with a discussion of the taxono- mic validity of the subfamilies Galerucinae and Halticinae (Chrysomelidae). [10] 29: 193-205, ill. *Breuning, S.- Monographie der Gattting Calosoma Web. (Carab.). (S) [79] 14: 43-48. *Fall, H. C. A review of the North American species of Podabrus. [70] 8: 65-103. :|: Gebien, H. Zwei neue Gattungen von Tenebrioniden aus Argen- tinien. [2] 22: 82-86. *Hatch, M. H. Studies on the Silphinae. [6] 35: 331-370, ill. Hayes, W. P. The imma- ture stages and larval anatomy of Anomala kan.sana H. and McC (Scarabaeidae). [7] 20: 193-203, ill. Heller, K. M. Studien zur Systematik altweltlicher Balaninini II. [60] 88: 175-287. "Hinds, W. E. Notes on the biology and habits of the Peruvian cotton square Weevil (Anthon- omus vestitus Bohm). (S) [7] 20: 251-254. *Fisher, W. S. New cactus beetles. II. (S) [10] 30: 1-7. *Kleine, R. Ueber die Brenthidenfauna von Costa Rica. [60] 88: 288-296, ill. *Langston, J. M. A new species of Phyllophaga from Mississippi. [7] 20: 221-223, ill. Prell, H. Der Ernahrungsfrass cles grossen Larchenbor- kenkafers (Ips cembrae Heer) und seine praktische Becleutung. [2] 22: 62-76, ill. Reineck, G. Beitra^ zur Lebens-und Entwicklungweise von Coleopteren. [45] 23: 53-54. Scholz, R. Zur Lebensgeschichte der Phytodecta flavicornis. [2[ 22: 87-89. Schwerdtfeger, F. Aeussere Geschlechtsmerkmale bei Pitvogenes chalcographus. [2] 22: 89-91. *Van Dyke, E. C. The American species of Pteroloma (Silphidae) and a new Tananese species. [19] 23: 19-26, ill. Zweigelt, F. Der Maikafer Studien zur B'iologie und zum Vorkomrnen im sitdlichen Mitteleuropa. [Mon. Ang. Ent.] 9: 1-453, ill. HYMENOPTERA. Arnoldi, K. W. Studies itber die Systematik der Ameisen. [34] 75: 199-215. Bradley, J. C. Sobre las hembras de las especies americanas de Scolia. [An. Soc. Cient. Arg.] 103: 164-170. Buckell, E. R. An Annotated list of the Ants of British Columbia. fProc. Ent. Soc. Brit. Col.] 24: 30-34. Ferriere & Voukassovitch. Stir les parasites dcs Aphides et lours hyperparasites. XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 167 [25] 1928: 26-32. :;: Forel, A. Ouelques fourmis des en- virons de Quito. (Ecuador). [Hull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Xat.| 54: 131-1357 Prison, T. H. The development of the castes of bumblebees. (Bremidae). [/"'] 20: 156-178, ill. Hicks, C. H. Nesting habits and parasites of certain bees of Boulder Co., Colorado. [L T niv. Colo. Stud.] 15: 217-252. ::: Muesebeck, C. F. W. A new European species of Apan- teles parasitic on the gypsy moth. [10] 30: 8-9. Parker, J. B. Vespula rears successive broods in the same cells (Vespilae). [10] 30: 14. Plath, O. E. Notes on the hibernation of several North American bumblebees. [7] 20: 181-192. Richards, O. W. The specific characters of the British bumblebees. [36] 75: 233-268. ill. Smith & Compere. A preliminary report on the insect parasites of the black Saissetia oleae. [Univ. California Pub. Ent.] 4: 232-334, ill. Tillyard, R. J. The ancestry of the order Hymenoptera. [36] 75: 307-318, ill. Wheeler, W. M.- Mermis parasitism and intercastes among ants. [42] 50: p. 165-237, ill. OBITUARY. CHARLES WALTER HOWARD, long a member of the American Association of Economic Entomologists, died at Wheaton, Illinois, on March 1st, 1928, from injuries received when he was struck by an interurban train. Professor Howard was an entomologist of wide experience. Graduating from Cornell in 1904, he went to the Transvaal in 1905 as Assistant Entomologist and on the death of C. B. Simpson, in 1906, was appointed Entomologist. In 1908, he was made Chief of the Entomological Section of the Depart- ment of Agriculture of Mozambique, Portuguese East Africa. Returning to this country in 1911, he became a special As- sistant in the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research, engaged in the search for insect vectors of poliomyelitis. In 1912 he was appointed to the entomological staff of the Uni- versity of Minnesota, but in 1917 resigned his associate pro- fessorship to become Professor of Biology and soon Head of the Department in the Canton Christian College (Lingnan University). 168 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [May, '28 In China his attention was quickly attracted to the needs of the silk industry in the Canton region and with remarkable success he began to apply the Pasteur methods to the control of the diseases which were rapidly wiping out silk growing in that section. Entering upon the work with an utter unselfish- ness and self-effacement, he won the confidence of the Chinese themselves and in 1923 he became Director of the Government Bureau for the Improvement of Sericulture of the Kwongtung Province, a position which he held at the time of his death. In September, last, he returned to this country as Head of the Department of Zoology of Wheaton College, with the agreement that he was to return to Canton for the summer vacation and keep in close touch with the Bureau. He was a fellow of the Entomological Society of London, a member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Entomological Society of America, the South African Association for the Advancement of Science, the Royal Society of South Africa and other scientific societies. He was a member of the Pan-African Trypanosomiasis Commission and of the First International Congress of Entomology, held in Brussels in 1909. He was to have been chairman of the sericultural section of the Fifth Congress, meeting in August of this year in Ithaca. To Professor Howard science offered first of all a field for service. Wherever he worked his interest in the human ele- ment was paramount. The result was that as a teacher and administrator he had the love and loyalty of his students and his associates. But, withal, he had a very genuine ability for research of a high order and in spite of his manifold duties in public service he had published numerous papers dealing with ticks, tsetse flies, mosquitoes and other blood-sucking arthropods. His studies on the chiggers of Minnesota consti- tuted the first detailed work on these forms in this country. He leaves a widow and four children, who are making their home at Wheaton, Illinois. For the present Mrs. Howard, whose work on the light organs of Photinus (as Anne B. Townsend) is well known to entomologists, is continuing his class work in Wheaton College'. WM. A. RILEY. JUNE, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Vol. XXXIX No. 6 CHARLES KOBK.RT OSTBN SACKEN, 1828-1906 CONTENTS Frost Notes on Ortalidae (Dipt.) 169 Horn " Heteropod-Zoology " and '' Entomological Complexes". . . 172 Knight Remarks on Photographic Labels for Insects 178 Alexander Undescribed Species of Crane- Flies from Chile (Dipt.: Tipulidae) 180 Drake A Synopsisof the Species of Pachycysta (Hemip.: Tingitidae) 184 Carpenter Chironomus quadripunctatus Malloch (Diptera: Chirono- midae) 186 Weiss Some Entomology of Bartholomew's De Proprietatibus Rerum 190 Personals- Prof and Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell ; Dr. H. B. Hungerford 193 Barber Some Quantitative Results in Collecting Hemiptera. . . . 193 The Fight against Insect-Borne Diseases 194 Entomological Literature 195 PHILADELPHIA, PA. THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Logan Square Entered at the Philadelphia, Pa., Post Office as Second Class Matter. Acceptance for mailing at the special rate of postage prescribed for in Section i Act of Octobers, 1917, authorized lanuary 15, 1921. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS published monthly, excepting August and September, by The American Entomological Society. Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., Editor; E. T. Cresson, Jr., R. G. Sthmieder,Ph.D., Ernest Baylis, Associate Editors ; John C. Lutz, Business Manager. Advisory Committee: Philip Laurent, J, A. G Rehn, Chas. Liebeck, J. Chester Bradley, Ph.D., Frank Morton Jones, John C. Lutz, Max Kisliuk, Jr The subscription price per year of ten (10) numbers is as follows: United States and possessions . . $3.00 Canada, Central and South America . 3.15 Foreign ....... 3.25 Single copies 35 cents ADVERTISING RATES: Full width of page. Payments in advance. One issue, 1 in.. $ 1.20. 2 in., $ 2.40, half page, $ 4.00, full page, $ 8.00 Ten issues 11.00, 20.00, 35.00, 70.00 SUBSCRIPTIONS. 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Oct. -50 Callopiatomyia annul Ip e s Mac. -25 Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct -35 Paeudotephritis vau Say. May June July Aug. Sept. Oct ORTALIDAE-FROST. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS VOL. XXXIX JUNE, 1928 No. 6 Notes on Ortalidae (Dipt.). By S. W. FROST, Pennsylvania State College* Plate IV. Comparatively little has been published in American literature dealing with the habits of the Ortalidae. Williston ('08) remarks, "the flies are usually found about meadows or among luxuriantly growing grass." Hendel ('08-' 14) has dealt with their taxonomy in considerable detail and Cresson ('20-'24) has given additional notes on their habits, distribution and descriptions of new species. Numerous papers, chiefly of an economic character have discussed the species of the genera Ett.rcsta, Pseudotephiritis and Scioptcni. The habits of the other genera are little or not at all known. The accompanying records add further information on the abundance and seasonal occurence of several species. All of the material under discussion was taken from liquid, sugar or molasses baits used as traps for the oriental fruit moth during the summer of 1927 in the vicinity of Arendts- ville, Pa. These traps were in operation from March 12th until October 18th. The determinations of the species of Ortalidae were made by Mr. E. T. Cresson of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa. The subdivisions of this family raised to family rank by some authors have not been considered in this paper. Pyrgota no doubt according to Hendel ('08-T4, '22) and other authors belongs in a separate family Pyrgotidae. It is structurally and biologically different and comes closer to the Conopidae and Oestridae. It is well known that the Diptera are one of the first order - to make their appearance in considerable numbers in Spring. Johnson ('04) makes a statement to this effect but at that time records no Ortalids flying during April or May. His later * Published by permission of the Director of the Agricultural Experi- ment Station of The Pennsylvania State College as a part of project No. 697. Technical paper No. 446. 169 170 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '28 paper ('25) shows that several species have been taken during these months. The writer found that the Anisopidae were the first of the Uiptera to visit the baits. On March 10th, 110 specimens were taken from a single bait-pail in the vicinity of woods. A few days later Muscids and Drosophilids came in great abundance and an occasional Syrphid or Tipulid visited the pails. The most interesting of all the catches were the Ortalidae. A few of the species as En.rcsta notata (Wied), Pscudotc- pJiritis van Say, and Callopistornyia aiiinilipcs Macq., were taken almost continually from April or May until October. Callopistomyia annitlipes Macq., was the first to make its appearance. A single specimen was taken from a pail in the vicinity of woods on April 12th. Other species were taken only for short periods during the summer. The abundance of some of the species in the baits would indicate rather clearly that they visit the baits to feed. Certain types as Pyrtjota were no doubt accidental catches. RIVELLIA VIRIDULANS R-D. Although this species is con- sidered somewhat common, only five specimens were taken from June 3rd to July 19th. It was previously recorded from Eastern Pennsylvania by Cresson ('24). Judging from the writer's notes and earlier records, this species does not fly early or late in the season. CAMPTONEURA PICTA Fab. A single specimen was taken at Arendtsville June 10th, from a bait pail that was hung on a cherry tree. This species has not previously been recorded from Pennsylvania. IDANA MARGINATA Say. Five specimens of this striking species was taken from baits, from June 15th until July 5th. TEPHORONOTA RUFICEPS V. d. W. One specimen on July 12th, and another on August 2nd. CALLOPISTOMIA ANNULIPES Macq. 208 specimens of this common species, from April 12th until October 18th. The males frequented the baits slightly in excess of the females. PSEUDOTEPHRITIS coRTiCALis Loew, taken in small numbers from June 2nd until July 23rd. It is interesting to note that Johnson ('25) gives an early record, May 3rd, for this species in Connecticut. Greene ('17) also reared adults from April 16 to 18 in 1913 at Falls Church, Va. He gives excellent life history notes and figures. XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 171 PSEUDOTEPHRITIS VAU Say, frequented the baits from May 10th until October llth. Seventy-six specimens were taken and the males and females appeared in about equal numbers. EUXESTA NOTATA (Wied). The adults of this common species were often seen at rest on the foliage of peach trees in the orchard. Four hundred and seventeen specimens were taken in bait pails from May 10th until October llth. The males and females came in about equal numbers. Hutchinson ('16) who has some excellent notes on the life history of this species records it as early as April 30th. He remarks that the species was abundant during May, June and July but rare during August and September. SKIOPTERA VIBRANS Linn. Only four specimens were taken in baits from June 15th until June 28th. Johnson ('25) notes that the species was taken as late as August 8th in Connecticut. PYRGOTA UN DAT A Wied. A single specimen on June 15 from a bait pail hung on a willow tree. This was no doubt an accidental catch. The adults were, however, taken in rather large numbers during June and July at light traps. Other observers have noticed their affinity for lights although the writer believes no record has been made to this effect. Cuscianna ('22) has some notes on chemotropic tests with Diptera in Italy that are worth mentioning here. Numerous aromatic, ethereal, balsamic and nauseous odors were used. The attraction was almost exclusively confined to the Diptera, chiefly the Anthomyiids, Tachiniids and Ortalids. Among the Ortalids the genus Platysoma responded most readily. The species of this genus are not sensitive to balsamic and ethereal odors but are attracted by the aromatic and nauseous odors. Hundreds of the introduced North American species Euxcsta nitidiventris were taken with a vinegar solution. LITERATURE CITED. Cresson, E. T. 1920. Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sciences 71:191. 1924. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. 50:225-241. Greens, C. T. 1917. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. P. Hutchinson, R. H. 1916. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 18:171. Hendel, Friedrich. 1908-14. General Insectorum Fasc. 79, 96, 106, 113, 157. 1022. Konowia Band 1 Heft 6:252-2ut have long since become absolutely insufficient by reason of the increase of our knowledge. xxxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 177 fication, and there must never he the slightest suspicion of degradation in connection with the role. Detail and "en gros" are always of co-ordinate importance. Nevertheless we must not forget that in a measure the primary taxonomists must play the role of the leaders of an army, the secondary taxono- mists that of a battalion. Such a comparison shows exactly the intimate relation between the two ; the one can become, or replace the other. The whole question becomes a matter of organization : both of the workmen have to go hand in hand. 5.) The work of the future for by far the greater number of entomologists must be the detail of the secondary taxono- mist, for whom the smaller collections and libraries will suffice. The natural course of development would be that the taxonomists of the larger museums would have better oppor- tunities and fitness for the problems of primary taxonomy, those of the smaller or private collections for the problems of secondary taxonomy; but in no instance must the mere position of the systematist determine the matter without re- gard to his personal qualifications. 6.) For practical and theoretical purposes the term species will remain the same as heretofore. The rules of nomencla- ture will not be changed. As a name for the individual com- plex, I would propose a combining of the oldest name by a hyphen with the best known species of the complex. In this way a fair mnemo-technical name might result. A solution of the question of the taxonomy of hexapod-zoology by can- celling the existence of the species, seems to me to be, at least for our time, an impossibility. 7.) The interpolation of the complex is in no sense a war- rant for a less precise handling of the matter of species than heretofore. 8.) The citation of literature under each complex might give only the names of species, adding perhaps large races and doubtful species, and the leading literature, reserving all details for the work of the secondary systematist. 9.) If the time comes, as eventually it will, when the pri- 178 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '28 mary system is sufficiently advanced, it will be easy to combine the two branches, as one is in all essential points a continua- tion of the other. Therefore no work done will be fruitless ; the complexes will stand as very useful divisions. In many groups of insects this stage of development has already been long attained, or in others soon will be. 10.) My proposal destroys nothing of the Linnaean system, but adds just a little. In the future the settling of dubious species will appear of higher value to science than the de- scribing of innumerable new ones. Let us digest more thor- oughly what we have eaten, before we again overload our stomachs ! In conclusion, dear reader, please do not forget that not alone is Nature guilty of the destruction of our modern so- called system of Hexapod-Zoology by the creation of too many species, but that the systematists themselves have perhaps, to some extent, lost their own way. Remarks on Photographic Labels for Insects. By HARRY H. KNIGHT, Ames, Iowa. In the March number of ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS (1928), Mr. W. A. Hiestand has called attention to the convenience of using photographic labels for giving desired data on pinned insects. Since the writer has for some years been making labels by the photographic method he might be pardoned for offering two or three additional points which he believes worth while. Photographic labels as I have seen them coming in on specimens are usually very poor, frequently darkened and nearly illegible. Unless good labels are made I would suggest not vising them. One of the most important items in the whole process is to make use of the best photographic printing paper for the purpose. Regular Azo paper is too thin to set well on a pin, and at the same time tends to curl badly, especially in a dry climate, or in winter when zero air is warmed to room temperatures. Any non-curling paper is an improvement but not all brands are of the proper thickness. After consider- XX.xix, '2S| ENTOMOLOGICAL NKWS 179 able testing, the best photographic paper tried up to the present time is the Eastman Vitava Alba A4, which is a smooth white, semi-matte, single weight, non-curling paper of proper con- trast to give clear black and white, labels. This paper also takes ink very well which is a great advantage when one wishes to fill in dates. The locality labels shown by Mr. Hiestand are good but I would suggest deleting the line with "collector" and save space, since the name appearing on the third line is generally under- stood among entomologists as representing the name of the collector. Where small insects are labeled, it is a great con- venience for those doing the determination work, if the labels are kept small so that a view may be had of the ventral sur- face of the specimen without removing the label. For this practical reason I always try to get all the data on a three line label, and employ four lines only when adding host plant or similar information. Another important use to which the photographic method may be put is in making determination labels to go on the pin. I refer to those where the name is printed in full and can be quickly applied to the determined specimen. I would espe- cially recommend this practice for those who are doing mono- graphic work, naming large numbers of specimens to be returned to various institutions or collectors. Because of the time consumed it rarely occurs that the worker will take the trouble to write out by hand more than one or two labels for each species. Thus many specimens may be labored over under the microscope, never to receive an individual label after the determination is worked out. There is a distinct loss in the value of such specimens. To overcome this diffi- culty I would recommend the use of photographic name labels to go on the pin beneath the locality label. For the winning of those who may be inclined to try this method I will describe the type of name label used by Dr. C. E. Mickel, Dr. H. M. Harris and myself. It is a three line label which is only a little wider than the usual locality label. The genus name appears on the first line, species name and author on the second line, while the third line has the name of 180 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [Hllie, '28 the person who makes the determination, prefaced by "Det." The desired name labels may be run off on the typewriter in the usual manner, always single spacing to be rid of surplus width in labels. From a negative taken from three or four sheets of such labels, arranged to save space, 25 or more prints are made. These prints are cut up, the species sorted into envelopes, and, for filing, a sample label is pasted on the left hand corner of the envelope flap. Small envelopes are preferable and can be alphabetically arranged in a box. It takes only a few seconds to find the correct label and remove one or more with forceps for placing on the determined ma- terial. To prevent mistakes the label should be checked by reading as it is placed on the specimen. I believe that individual determination labels enhance the value of carefully determined specimens, and the photographic label offers a feasible solution of the time saving desired. For those who may wish to try making such labels, I will be glad to send samples on request. Undescribed Species of Crane-Flies from Chile (Dipt: Tipulidae). By CHARLES P. ALEXANDER, Amherst, Massachusetts. The species herein described as new were included in ex- tensive series of these flies taken in the vicinity of Concepcion and in the Valley of Marga-marga by Fathers Jaffuel and Pirion, who have added greatly to our knowledge of the fauna and flora of Chile. The types of the novelties are preserved in my collection through the generosity of the collectors. Their detailed study of the Valley of Marga-marga (Sec Jaffuel and Pirion, Plantas fanerogamas del Valle de Marga-marga, Revista Cliilcna de Historia Natural, 25:350-405; 1921) has shown that the South Chilean or Antarctic element of the fauna and flora extends much further to the north than has been generally appreciated, presumably occurring in favored localities or "islands," in a manner quite similar to that of the Canadian "islands" in New York and New England. Cryptolabis (Baeoura) advena sp. n. General coloration gray, the praescutum with four ill-defined brown stripes ; haltercs pale ; wings with Rs elongate ; cell XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 181 ist M ., closed ; male hypopygium with the dististyle subterminal in position. $ . Length about 4.2 mm. ; wing 4.5-4.6 mm. $ . Length about 4.4 mm. ; wing 5.3 mm. Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black throughout, of moderate length, if bent backward extending about to the wing-root ; flagellar segments elongate-oval, with long verticils. Head light gray. Pronotum brownish gray, with a yellow spot on either side behind. Anterior lateral pretergites conspicuous, pale yellow. Mesonotum gray, the praescutum with four ill-defined brown stripes, the lateral pair broader, tending to become obsolete ; posterior lateral angles of the scutal lobes yellow; scutellum dark brownish gray, more reddish brown posteriorly. Pleura dark gray, the dorso-pleural region obscure yellow, clearer posteriorly. Halteres pale. Legs with the fore coxae dark brown, the middle and hind coxae, and the trochanters, paler brown ; remainder of legs dark brown. Wings with a yellowish gray suffusion, brighter basally ; stigmal region inf uscated ; veins brown, those before the cord somewhat paler. Venation : Si\ ending just before the fork of Rs, Sc.^ slightly removed from its tip, Sc^ alone subequal to in-cit ; Rs very long, .approximately three times R alone ; R. 2 -\~x-\- 4 relatively short, a little longer than r-iu; R- 2 -\- 3 a little longer, gently arcuated ; R., a little shorter ; veins R 3 and R 4 somewhat divergent, cell R., being nearly parallel or even slightly narrowed at margin; cell ist M. 2 closed; in-cn at near midlength of the cell ; vein 2nd A nearly straight to very gently sinuous. Abdomen dark brown, the hypopygium a little brighter. Male hypopygium with the basistyle elongate, produced beyond the point of insertion of the dististyle. the apical lobe approxi- mately two-thirds the more enlarged main portion of the style; on mesal face a long, pale blade; in slide mounts directed mesad. Dististyle appearing as a flattened blade, more ex- panded at tip, the mesal face just beyond midlength bearing a slender, black rod, its tin obtuse; surface of style set with long conspicuous setae. Phallosome a broadly expanded plate, the apex more narrowed, produced into two blackened points on either side of the aedeagus. Holotypc: $ , Perales de Marga-marga. January 1927 (//. Pirion). Allotopolypc: 9 . February, 1927. Punitopntypcs; 2 <&?, with the holotype. 182 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '28 This is the first species of the subgenus Bacoura to be described from the New World. Molophilus monostylus sp. n. General coloration dark brown ; antennae relatively short, black throughout ; halteres pale yellow ; wings with a yellowish gray suffusion ; petiole of cell M 3 relatively short ; male hypo- pygium with a single dististyle, this subterminal in position, tridentate. . Length about 4.6 mm. ; wing 5.6 mm. Rostrum and palpi black. Antennae black throughout, relatively short, if bent backward scarcely attaining the wing- root ; rlagellar segments cylindrical, with a short dense white pubescence. Head dark gray. Pronotum dark brown, the scutellum buffy with brown setiferous punctures. Anterior lateral pretergites yellow. Mesonotum dark brown, very slightly pruinose, the humeral region of the praescutum obscure yellow; pseudosutural foveae elongate, pale brown ; scutellum brownish yellow posteriorly. Pleura dark brownish gray, the anterior portion of the dorso- pleural region obscure yellow. Halteres pale yellow. Legs with the coxae dark brown, the remaining coxae and tro- chanters more testaceous ; remainder of legs brown, the tips of the femora broadly dark brown, the tips of the tibiae more narrowly so ; terminal tarsal segments brownish black ; fore legs broken. Wings with a pale yellowish gray suffusion, the costal region brighter yellow, the axillary region more dusky ; veins darker than the ground-color; macrotrichiae dark brown. Venation: ^+H gently arcuated, about twice R t -\- r , ', petiole of cell M B relatively short, only about one-fourth longer than in-cii; vein 2nd A of moderate length, ending about opposite one-fourth the length of the petiole of cell M... Abdomen dark brown, the hypopygium a little brighter. Male hypopygium with the basistyle produced apically into a small, slender lobe. A single dististyle, subterminal in position, conspicuously trifid, the base broad ; outer arm a long black spine, middle arm longest, slender, ending obtusely; inner arm shortest, appearing as a short black spine. Aedeagus very long and slender. Holotypc: $, Concepcion, October 13, 1927 (Jaffucl and Pirion}. Molophilus monostylus is a very distinct species that must be considered as representing a separate group of the genus, XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEXVS 183 distinguished by the single subterminal dististyle, which gives to the hypopygium a strong superficial resemblance to Erioptcru. Molophilus gymnocladus sp. n. Belongs to the plagiatus group; general coloration brown; antennae dark brown throughout ; knobs of the halteres yellow ; male hypopygium with the basal dististyle deeply bifid, the stem a little longer than wide, the branches acutely pointed, smooth or approximately so. $ . Length about 3.5-3.7 mm. ; wing 4.3-4.8 mm. Rostrum and palpi dark brown. Antennae ( ) relatively long, dark brown throughout, if bent backward extending to shortly beyond the wing-root; flagellar segments oval with a conspicuous erect white pubescence. Head dark brown. Pronotum dark brown, the posterior notum obscure yellow. Anterior lateral pretergites light yellow. Mesonotum rather light brown, the scutellum more testaceous brown. Pleura a little darker brown than the notum. Halteres yellow, the stem a little more dusky, the knobs light yellow. Legs with the coxae brownish testaceous ; trochanters obscure yellow ; re- mainder of legs brown, the femoral bases more yellowish ; fore tibiae ( $ ) with a relatively long, slightly dilated, subbasal, blackened ring. Wings with a grayish suffusion, the base and costal region more yellowish, the axillary region a trifle darker ; veins brown ; macrotrichiae dark brown. Venation: /?.,+... only slightly arcuated, nearly twice R^-\ vein 2nd A ending about opposite one-third the length of the petiole of cell M.,. Abdomen dark brown, including the hypopygium. Male hypopygium with the basal dististyle deeply bifid but not so profoundly so as in flat' id us and allies, the stem being longer than wide ; outer branch longest, nearlv glabrous, on outer margin before apex with one or two small, appressed denticles ; inner arm about four-fifths the length of the outer and more slender, narrowed gradually to the long acute point, the surface smooth. Holotypc: $, Concepcion, October 13, 1927 (Jaffucl and Pit-ion). Paratopotypc, $. Molophilus gymnocladus is allied to M . flai'idus Alexander and allied species but differs in the much longer stem of the basal dististyle, which is here longer than wide instead of the reverse. 184 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '28 A Synopsis of the Species of Pachycysta (Hemip. : Tingitidae). By CARL J. DRAKE, Ames, Iowa. The genus Pachycysta was erected by Champion, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1898, p. 59, for a new species which he describes on the same page. Since that time only one other species has been described and a third is characterized herein. This genus is most closely allied to Meyalocysta Champion, but differs from it in having the third antennal segment prac- tically truncate at the apex and the pronotum strongly tri- carinate, the lateral carinae being strongly incurved. The nervures of hood, carinae, paranota and elytra are stout and thickly pilose. The bucculae are either open or closed in front. Nothing is known regarding the food plants or biology of the species. Key to the species of Pachycysta. 1. Paranota strongly narrowed towards outer margin (largely along the anterior margin), the outer margin very narrow and jointly rounded with both anterior and posterior margins 2 Paranota not strongly narrowed, the outer margin broad P. dlaphana Champ. 2. Elytra considerably constricted beyond the middle ; discoidal area uniformly elevated, very broad beyond the middle to apex and there broadly rounded P. chauipioni Drake Elytra not constricted ; discoidal area strongly elevated along the discoidal area, broadest beyond the middle, angulate at apex P. schildi, n. sp. PACHYCYSTA DIAPHANA Champion. Pachycysta diaphana Champion, Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1898, p. 59, PI. II, fig. 6. The type of this insect, a female from Brazil, has been beautifully figured by Champion. The paranota, discoidal area and shorter antennae distinguish it at first sight from its congeners. PACHYCYSTA CHAMPION: Drake. Pachycvsta chain pioiri Drake, Bui. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. XXVII, 1921, p. 344, fig. I. This species resembles P. schildi, n. sp., from which it may be distinguished bv the characters given in the kev, the longer XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 185 third segment of the antennae, shorter legs and darker color. Known only from the type locality, Chochabamba, Bolivia, South America. Pachycysta schildi, n. sp. Elongate, broad, very dark brown, the legs and antennae much darker, the areolae hyaline. Antennae long, stout, clothed with numerous short hairs; segment I a little stouter and twice as long as II, the latter smaller at its base ; III very long, slightly curved; IV with its terminal half broken off. Rostral channel widening posteriorly, open behind, the sides testaceous ; rostrum very long and stout, contiguous with the median line of head, enlarged toward the tip, the tip distinctly knobbed, antero- lateral spines much shorter, testaceous, enlarged distally, con- tiguous with head, extending as far forward as median spine. Pronotum strongly swollen thru disc, coarsely pitted, the triangular portion reticulate, tricarinate, the lateral carinae curved as in other species of the genus; lateral carinae very long, each composed of a single row of rather large areolae; median carina yellowish brown, more foliaceous, the areolae much larger. Hood large, the sides flattened, highest a little behind the middle, rounded above, slightly longer than high. Paranoia strongly reflexed, strongly dilated, widely reticulated, wide at the base but becoming much narrower towards lateral margin and there narrowly rounded, the anterior and posterior margins slightly recurved. Elytra broad, widely reticulated, narrow at the base ; costal area broad, mostly triseriate, quadriseriate at widest point, the areolae large and not very irregularly arranged; subcostal area biseriate, its surface almost in a vertical plane; discoidal area large, bounded by a prominent costate nervure, the outer por- tion jointly raised with subcostal area and more strongly raised along the middle and at apex, widest just beyond the middle, gradually narrowed towards base but abruptly narrowed at apex, not extending to middle of elytra. Nervures of hood, paranota, carinae and elytra thick and rather densely clothed with very fine pile. Wings a little longer than abdomen. Male claspers very large, strongly curved, hairy at base. Length, 4.43 mm.; width, 2.11 mm. Hulutypc, male, Costa Rica (Suize Tur'lba) [Turrialba |. collected by Mr. P. Schild, in author's collection. Aside' from the characters given in the key, the darker color, longer legs and antennae, and nonconstricted elytra set off this species from P. chainpioni Drake. 186 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '28 Chironomus quadripunctatus Malloch (Dipt.: Chironomidae). By F. F. CARPENTER, Roosevelt High School, Dayton, Ohio. Plates V and VI. While observing a large bed of yellow pond lilies, Nymphaea advcna Ait., in Eagle Lake, Kosciusko County, Indiana, I noticed that a number of leaves and stems had wrinkled, turned yellow and were apparently dead. Since the growing season was not over it occurred to me that there must be some specific reason for this condition. Stems in various stages of decay were examined and all of them were found to be in- fested by small "blood worms". These "blood worms" were also found to be inhabiting green stems. Repeated observations proved that these organisms bur- rowed into the stems from without, cutting a round hole through the epidermis, then pushing their way, usually up- ward, through the porous stem. After a period of time other holes were cut through the outer surface near which these larvae attached themselves to pupate. After the pupating period the adult emerged through one of these openings in the stem, rested on a nearby object and flew away. Emergence was found to occur late in the afternoon or at night. These larvae were blood red in color with stout bodies and well developed mouth parts, and measured from 15 to 17mm. in length. A microscopic examination of the digestive tract which revealed particles of stem fibers, suggested that the larva had been feeding on the lily stems. The following method was employed in order to determine the average number of larvae inhabiting a stem. A heavy wire, enclosing a quadrat one meter square, was lowered over the top of the lily stems and all stems in this area were cut and examined for larvae. Station No. lily stems No. infested No. Larvae 1 100 50 138 2 92 40 103 3 88 44 136 The total of stems examined was 280, of which 134 \\uv infested. The total number of larvae taken from these stems XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 187 was 377, an average of 2.8 larvae in each infested stem, or an average of 1.3 in all stems examined in representative stations. It is not contended that the larvae caused the death of all the yellow water lily stems, yet it is a fact/ that their burrow- ing and feeding affect these stems both directly and indirect! v. Directly, in that the tissue is destroyed by feeding, and indi- rectly, by breaking the epidermis, opening the path for decomposition. The technique used in associating this larva with the adult was simple. A cylinder made of wire screen about four inches in diameter and eighteen inches long was covered with mosquito netting which extended about six inches above and below the ends of the screen. This covered cylinder was placed over the stem and tied at each end to the stem, thus preventing the escape of the imago. A check was made by bringing infested parts of stems to the laboratory and placing them in covered counting pans where the larvae were observed to feed, pupate and emerge. Other larvae were placed in a small aquarium, fed with juice and shreds of the lily stems, and were also observed to pupate and emerge. Specimens of various stages in the life history were thus obtained. My own efforts at classification assured me that I had the midge, Chironomus qiiadripunctatiis, the male of which has been originally described by Malloch. But to verify my classi- fication I sent a male specimen to Dr. O. A. Johannsen, who kindly confirmed my conclusion. Later I compared my speci- men with the type specimen which is in the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Urbana, Illinois. The exact length of time the larva lives was not determined because artificial conditions of the laboratory seemed to affect their development in such a way as to hinder natural growth, causing them to immediately start pupating. The average length of time in the pupa stage, under conditions observed, was from five to seven days. The adult was never observed to feed but was kept alive as long as seven days. Specimens of all stages were collected in the following lakes of Northern Indiana during the summers of 1925, '26, '27: 188 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '28 Cellars, Cedar, Chapman, Huffman, Barbee, Palestine, Wawa- see and Webster. They were also observed in other lakes where yellow pond lilies were growing. After collecting the original descriptions of the American species of Chironomus, I find no mention of any midge found associated with lily stems as discussed in this paper. How- ever, Dr. Johannsen informs me that a species with similar habits is found in Europe. CHIRONOMUS QUADRIPUNCTATUS. Malloch. Chironomus quadripunctatus. Malloch. Bull. 111. Lab. 10:437. Larva. Blood-red, length 15 to 17 mm., general appearance as in pi. V, fig. 1. Head brown, slightly longer than broad, a few long hairs scattered over dorsal surface of head. Antenna short and stout with five joints, basal joint as long as the remaining four, third joint longer than second. Labium broad, teeth as in pi. V, fig. 5, distinctly darkened, six on each side. Mandibles stout, with five teeth counting apical one, fourth from apex longer and larger than second, third or fifth, all distinctly blackened. Anterior pseudopods with numerous hairs on apices. Posterior pairs of prolegs armed with apical claws. Abdominal segments with scattered setae, eleventh segment without ventral blood-gills, four anal blood-gills cov- ered with numerous soft hairs, dorsal tufts consisting of about twelve hairs, basal papillae short. Pupa. Reddish brown, frontal tubercles not prominent, thoracic respiratory organs present, white and greatly branched, the larger branches made up of bundles of whitish threads. On posterior margin of abdominal segment is a transverse row of rather conspicious, blackish spines. Dorsal abdominal segment covered with microscopic setae. Eighth abdominal segment with lateral fin as in pi. V, fig. 9. Caudal fin with white mat of hairs. Caudal hairs longer than those lateral. Length, about 13 mm. ?. Antennal hairs yellowish, basal joint of antenna amber color, head reddish brown, segments of palpus as in pi. V, fig. 6. Segment (a) distinctly thicker and about three times shorter than segment (d), segment (c) about twice as long as (a) and about the same length as (b). Mesonotum brownish, divided by a median line which is slightly raised making a space between lateral vittae and median line appear as a strip slightly lighter in color than vittae. Metanotum chocolate brown. Vittae slightly darker. Halteres yellow. ENT. NEWS, VOL. XXXIX. Plate V. f CHIRONOMUS QUADRIPUNCTATUS.-CARPENTER. ENT. NEWS, VOL. XXXIX. Plate VI. LILY STEMS PARTLY DESTROYED BY CHIRONOMUS QU ADR I PUNCTATUS. -CAR RENTER. XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 180 Abdomen stout, tapering very little posteriori v. I'.odv seg- ments dark brown, body hairs yellowish, posterior marginal segment bands pale yellow and narrow. Abdominal segments 2-6 near posterior margin bearing four glassy spot-like dots, usually arranged in a quadrilateral figure as in pi. V, fig. 8. Legs light brown, coxae and sternoplurae brownish. Fore tarsi with hairs and slightly longer than fore tibiae. Tibia joint in midpair slightly darkened. Mid and hind tibiae with hairs longer than diameter of leg. Wings iridescent in strong light. Cubitus fork near the middle, crossvein slightly before. Wings rather widely spread at tips when at rest. Length, 8-9 mm. Eggs. Never were found. iMalc. The male was originally described by Mr. J. R. Mai- loch. Type locality was given as Lake Delavan, Wisconsin, collected by Mr. C. A. Hart, September 7, 1892. I have seen the specimen originally described by Malloch and found it to be in a very poor condition, however, I am convinced that the species compared are the same and that Malloch's description is adequate. I have greatly appreciated advice and criticism of Dr. W. Scott and Dr. A. C. Kinscy, both of the Department of Zool- ogy, Indiana University. PLATE V. Structural Details of Chironomus quadriptmctatus. Fig. 1. General outline of larva. Fig. 2. Mandible of larva. Fig. 3. Antenna of larva. Fig. 4. Antenna of female. Fig. 5. Labium. Fig. 6. Palpus of female. Fig. 7. Hypopygium. Fig. 8. Body segments, dorsal view, showing four oval glassy spots found on segments 2-6. Fig. 9. Apical lateral process found on segment 8 of pupa. PLATE VI. Photographs Showing Yellow Lily Stems Party Destroyed by Chironomus quadripunctatus. Fig. 1. Cross section of stems cut about four inches from root stalk. Figs. 2 and 3. Longitudinal sections showing stage's of attack by larva. 190 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '28 Some Entomology of Bartholomew's De Proprietatibus Rerum. By HARRY B. WEISS, New Brunswick, N. J. During medieval times entomology as we now understand that term was practically non-existant. However, those who laid claim to any erudition at all had a slight general knowl- edge of some insects, gained, probably for the most part, from Bartholomew's DC proprietatibus rerum, or On the Properties of Things. This is an encyclopedic, elementary work of nine- teen "books" which circulated in manuscript form in the latter part of the thirteenth and early fourteenth century and later in printed form up to the sixteenth century, having been translated into English, Spanish, French and Dutch. It was written, according to the author, to explain the references to natural objects in the Scriptures, but Bartholomew did more than simply compile his material, and frequently incorporated information on contemporary affairs. The nineteen books deal with various apparently unconnected subjects such as God, angels, demons, the soul, family life, medicine, the heavens, time, "form and matter," the air and its animals, weather, water and fish, the earth, geography, minerals, the properties of animals, color, odor, etc., and numerous author- ities are cited. Part of its value at present consists of the conception it gives one of the medieval state of mind and of the status of science, natural history, geography, etc., in the Middle Ages. Insects such as bees, flies, crickets, locusts, come in for some attention, and as an example of Bartholomew's treatment there is quoted below, some passages on bees from Trevisa's translation (1397) of Bartholomew's work. These have been extracted from Robert Steele's "Mediaeval Lore from Bar- tholomew Anglicus" (London 1924) in which obsolete gram- matical forms have been replaced by modern ones and the spelling modernized. "The properties of bees are wonderful, noble and worthy. For bees have one common kind as children, and dwell in XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 191 one habitation, and are closed within one gate ; one travail is common to them all, one meat is common to them all, one common working, one common use, one fruit and flight is common to them all, and one generation is common to them all. Also maidenhood of body without wem is common to them all, and so is birth also. For they are not medlied with service of Venus, nother resolved with lechery, nother bruised with sorrow of birth of children. And yet they bring forth most swarms of children. "Bees make among them a king, and ordain among them common people. And though they be put and set under a king, yet they are free and love their king that they make, by kind love, and defend him with full great- defence, and hold filj honour and worship to perish and be spilt for their king, and do their king so great worship that none of them dare go out of their house, nor to get meat, but if the king pass out and take the principality of flight. And bees chose to their king him that is most worthy and noble in highness and fair- ness, and most clear in mildness, for that is chief virtue in a king. For though their king have a sting yet he useth it not in wreck. And also bees that are unobedient to the king, they deem themselves by their own doom for to die by the wound of their own sting. And of a swarm of bees is none idle. Some fight, as it were in battle, in the field against other bees, some are busy about meat, and some watch the coming of showers. And some behold concourse and meting of diu-s and some make wax of flowers, and some make cells now round, now square with wonder binding and joining, and evenness. And yet nevertheless, among so diverse works none of them doth espy nor wait to take out of other's travail, neither taketh wrongfully, neither stealeth meat, but each seeketh and gathereth by his own flight and travail among herbs and llowers that are good and convenable. "Pxvs sit not on fruit but on llowers, not withered but fresh and new, and gather matter of the which they make both honey and wax. And when the flowers that are nigh unto them be spent, then they send spies for to espy meat in fui-ther places. And if the night falleth upon them in their journey, then they lie upright to defend their wings from rain, and from dew, that they may in the morrow tide fly the more swifter to their work with their wings dry and able to Ily. And they ordain watches after the manner of castles, and rest all night until it be day, till one bee wake them all with twice buz/ing or thrice, or with some manner trumping; then 192 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '28 they fly all, if the day be fair on the morrow. And the bees that bring and bear what is needful, dread blasts of wind, and fly therefore low by the ground when they be charged, lest they be letted with some manner of blasts, and charge them- selves sometimes with gravel or with small stones, that they may be the more stedfast against blasts of wind by heaviness of the stones. "The obedience of bees is wonderful about the king, for when he passeth forth, all the swarm in one cluster passeth with him. And he is beclipped about with the swarm, as it were with an host of knights. And is then unneth seen that time for the multitude that followeth and serveth him, and when the people of bees are in travail, he is within, and as it were governor, and goeth about to comfort others for to work. And only he is not bound to travail. And all about him are certain bees with stings, as it were champions, and continual wardens of the king's body. And he passeth selde out, but when all the swarm shall go out. His outgoing is known certain days tofore by voice of the host, as it were arraying itself to pass out with the king." For most of his natural history, Bartholomew depended upon Aristotle and this is quite apparent when comparisons are made. For instance, in Historia Animalium (Book V), Aristotle says : "Of the king bees there are, as has been stated, two kinds. In every hive there are more kings than one ; and a hive goes to ruin if there be too few kings, not because of anarchy thereby ensuing, but, as we are told, because these creatures contribute in some way to the generation of the common bees. A hive will go also to ruin if there be too large a num- ber of kings in it ; for the members of the hives are thereby subdivided into too many separate factions." Again in Book IX, he writes: "At early dawn they make no noise until some one particular bee makes a buzzing noise two or three times and thereby awakes the rest ; hereupon they all fly in a body to work. By and by they return and at first are noisy; then the noise gradually decreases, until at last some one bee flics around, making a buzzing noise, and appar- ently calling on the others to go to sleep; then all of a sudden there is a dead silence." Little is known of Bartholomew's life. In 1230 the General XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 193 (if the Franciscan Order wrote to the provincial of France asking him to send Brother Bartholomaeus Anglicus and an- other friar to Magdeburg in Saxony to assist him. In 1231, according to a manuscript chronicle, this was done and Bar- tholomew was made a teacher of theology. One gathers also, from Salimbene (Histoire Litteraire de la France, 1284) that Bartholomew lectured on the Bible at the University of Paris. The exact date of the first appearance of the DC proprietatibus rental is uncertain. Some authorities place it at about 1230, and others about 1248. REFERENCES. TIIORNDIKE, LYNN. A History of Magic and Experimental Science. New York, 1923. STEELE, ROBERT. Mediaeval Lore from Bartholomew Angli- cus. London, 1924. THOMPSON, D'ARCY WENTWORTII. Historia Animalium, (Works of Aristotle trans, into English). Oxford, 1910. Personals According to Science for April 20, 1928, Prof, and Mrs. T. D. A. Cockerell have left Siam for Australia, after con- ference with Dr. Kcrr on the Siamese flora and with Dr. Hugh M. Smith on Siamese fishes. Dr. IT. B. llungerford, of the University of Kansas, left on April 27 for eight months of research work in the mu- seums of Europe. He will take with him specimens from the collections of the University of Kansas and the Smith- sonian Institution, Washington, with which he is collaborat- ing on the trip. Dr. Hungerford will spend most of the month of May in British Museums, going later to Paris, Brussels, Amsterdam, Berlin, Halle, Copenhagen, Uppsala, Prague, Vienna and Budapest. Science, May 4, 1928. Some Quantitative Results in Collecting Hemiptera. While stopping at Wilson's Camp on Indian Lake in the Adirondacks in August, 1921. and again last August, I col- lected many interesting ITemiptera. Most of my time was spent collecting on a neighboring hillside facing the lake. Just back of this cleared area was dense timber. The vegetation was rather low and scanty consisting of clumps of grass, inter- 194 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '28 spersed with moss and various low growing weeds common to such a semi-xerophytic environment. Dead leaves swept in from above filled in the interspaces. As my method of col- lecting was rather unusual, it deserves a hit of explanation. My operation was very like a busy hen, scratching and search- ing for her juicy morsels amgng the dead leaves. Spreading my sifting cloth and lying down flat beside it with my nose close to the ground, I would begin the operation of pulling grass and weeds, scratching and searching, occasionally throw- ing the debris on the cloth for further search. Thus I grad- ually worked down the hill leaving the area behind me prac- tically denuded and my bottles well filled. Why this particular hillside has such a rich hemipterous fauna I am unable to explain. One day while collecting it occurred to me that I might secure some quantitative results which would be worth recording. Measuring off an area 12 x 3 ft., and collecting there in this intensive manner for three hours resulted in 108 specimens of Hemiptera representing 21 species. Other forms of life such as many spiders, ants, a few beetles and myriapods were neglected. The complete list of Hemip- tera is as follows : Nysius thymi Wollf 2 Zeridoneus costalis Van Duz 4 Ligyrocoris diffusus Uhl.. 2 Sphaerobius insignis Uhl. 1 Ptochiomera ferruginea Stal 12 Stygnocoris rusticus Fall. 8 S. pedestris Fall 13 Plinthisus contractus Uhl. 1 Kolonctrus plenus Dist... 2 Trapezonotus arenarius Linn. 9 Drymus unus Say 1 Scolopostethus thomsoni Reut 23 Pagasa fusca Stein 1 Xylocoris cursitans Fall. . X. sp.? Lygus vanduzeei Knight . Philaenus spumarius Linn. Acucephalus n e r v o s u s Schr A. flavostrigatus Donov.. Euscelis sp. ? Agallia 4 punctata Prov. 3 15 1 1 3 4 1 1 H. G. BARRER, Roselle, New Jersey. The Fight Against Insect-Borne Diseases. During 1927 the Rockefeller Foundation, in disbursing fnuu income and capital $11,223,124, inter alia, helped Brazil to maintain precautionary measures against yellow fever ; con- tinued studies of that disease in West Africa on the Gold Cons! and in Nigeria; and had a part in malaria control demonstra- tions or surveys in eight states of the Southern United States and in eleven foreign countries. List of the Titles of Periodicals and Serials Referred to by Numbers in Entomological Literature in Entomological News. 1. Transactions of The American Entomological Society. Philadelphia. 2. Entomologische Blatter, red. v. H. Eckstein etc. Berlin. 3. Annals of the Carnegie Museum. Pittsburgh, Pa. 4. Canadian Entomologist. London, Canada. 5. Pysche, A Journal of Entomology. Boston, Mass. 6. Journal of the New York Entomological Society. New York. 7. Annals of the Entomological Society of America. Columbus, Ohio. 8. Entomologists' Monthly Magazine. London. 9. The Entomologist. London. 10. Proceedings of the Ent. Soc. of Washington. Washington, D. C. 11. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift. Berlin. 12. Journal of Economic Entomology. Concord, N. H. 13. Journal of Entomology and Zoology. Claremont, Cal. 14. Entomologische Zeitschrift. Frankfurt a. M., Germany. 15. Natural History, American Museum of Natural History. New York. 16. American Journal of Science. New Haven, Conn. 17. Entomologische Rundschau. Stuttgart, Germany. 18. Internationale entomologische Zeitschrift. Guben, Germany. 19. Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society. Brooklyn, N. Y. 20. Societas entomologica. Stuttgart, Germany. 21. The Entomologists' Record and Journal of Variation. London. 22. Bulletin of Entomological Research. London. 23. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia generale e agraria della R. Scuola superiore d'Agricultura in Portici. Italy. 24. Annales cle la societe entomologique de France. Paris. 25. Bulletin de la societe entomologique de France. Paris. 26. Entomologischcr Anzeiger, hersg. Adolf Hoffmann. Wien, Austria. 27. Bolletino della Societa Entomologica. Genova, Italy. 28. Ent. Tidskrift utgifen af Ent. Foreningen i Stockholm. Sweden. 29. Annual Report of the Ent. Society of Ontario. Toronto, Canada. 30. The Maine Naturalist. Thornaston, Maine. 31. Nature. London. 32. Boletim do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janiero. Brazil. 33. Bull, et Annales de la Societe entomologique de Belgique. Bruxelles. 34. Zoologischcr Anzeiger, hrsg. v. E. Korschelt. Leipzig. 35. The Annals of Applied Biology. Cambridge, England. 36. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London. England. 37. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society. Honolulu. 38. Bull, of the Southern California Academy of Sciences. Los Angeles. 39. The Florida Entomologist. Gainesville, Fla. 40. American Museum Novitates. New York. 41. Mitteilungen der schweiz. ent. Gesellschaft. Schaffhausen, Switzerland. 42. The Journal of Experimental Zoology. Philadelphia. 43. Ohio Journal of Sciences. Columbus, Ohio. 44. Revista chilena de historia natural. Valparaiso, Chile. 45. Zeitschrift fur wissenschaftliche Tnsektenbiologie. Berlin. 46. Zeitschrift fiir Morphologic und Okologie der Tierc. Berlin. 47. Journal o'f Agricultural Research. Washington, D. C. 48. Wiener entomologische Zeitung. Wien, Austria. 49. Entomologische Mitteilungen. Berlin. 50. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum. Washington, D. C. 51. Notulae entomologicae, cd. Soc. ent. helsingfors. Helsingfors, Finland. 52. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, hrsg. v. E. Strand. Berlin. 53. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. London. 54. Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee. Paris. 55. Pan-Pacific Entomologist. San Francisco, Cal. 56. "Konowia". Zeit. fiir systematische Insektenkunde. Wien, Austria. 57. La Feuille des Naturalistes. Paris. 58. Entomologische Berichten. Nederlandsche ent. Ver. Amsterdam. 59. Encyclopedic entomologique, ed. P. Lechevalier. Paris. 60. Stettiner entomologische Zeitung. Stettin, Germany. 61. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. San Francisco. 62. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. New York. 63. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift "Iris". Berlin. 64. Zeitschrift des b'sterr. entomologen-Vereines. Wien. 65. Zeitschrift fiir angewandte Entomologie, hrsg. K. Escherich. Berlin. 66. Report of the Proceedings of the Entomological Meeting. Pusa, India. 67. University of California Publications, Entomology. Berkeley, Cal. 68. Science. New York. 69. Comptes rendus hebdoma. des seances de 1'Academie des sciences. Paris. 70. Entomologica Americana, Brooklyn Entomological Society. Brooklyn. 71. Novitatcs Zoologicae. Tring, England. 72. Revue russe d'Entomologie. Leningrad, USSR. 73. Quarterly Review of Biology. Baltimore, Maryland. 74. Sbornik entomolog. narodniho musea v Praze. Prague, Czechoslavokia. 75. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. London. 76. The Scientific Monthly. New York. 77. Comptes rendus heb. des seances et memo, de la soc. de biologic. Paris. 78. Bulletin Biologique de la France et de la Belgique. Paris. 79. Koleopterologische Rundschau. Wien. 80. Lepidopterologische Rundschau, hrsg. Adolf Hoffmann. Wien. 81. Folia myrmecol. et termitol. hrsg. Anton Krausse. Bernau bei Berlin. 82. Bulletin, Division of the Natural History Survey. Urbana, Illinois. 83. Arkiv for zoologie, K. Svenska Vetenskapsakademien i. Stockholm. 84. Ecology. Brooklyn. 85. Genetics. Princeton, New Jersey. 86. Zoologica, New York Zoological Society. New York. 87. Archiv fur Entwicklungs mechanik der Organ., hrsg. v. Roux. Leipzig. 88. Die Naturwissenschaf ten, hrsg. A. Berliner. Berlin. 89. Zoologische Jahrbiicher, hrsg. v. Spengel. Jena, Germany. 90. The American Naturalist. Garrison-on-Hudson, New York. 91. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences. Washington, D. C. 92. Biological Bulletin. Wood's Hole, Massachusetts. 93. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London. England. 94. Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie. Leipzig. 95. Proceedings of the Biological Soc. of Washington, Washington, D. C. 96. La Cellule. Lierre, Belgium. 97. Biologisches Zentralblatt. Leipzig. 98. Le Naturaliste Canadien. Cap Rouge, Chicoutimi, Quebec. 99. Melanges exotico-entomologiques, Par Maurice Pic. Moulins, France. XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 195 Entomological Literature COMPILED, WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF "BIOLOGICAL, AB- STRACTS," UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF E. T. CRESSON, JR. Under the above head it is intended to note papers received at the Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, pertaining to the En- tomology of the Americas (North and South), including Arachnida and Myriopoda. Articles irrelevant to American entomology will not be noted; but contributions to anatomy, physiology and embryology of insects, however, whether relating to American or exotic species will be recorded. The numbers within brackets I ] refer to the journals, as numbered in the list of Periodicals and Serials published in the January and June numbers (or which may be secured from the publisher of Entomological News for lOc), in which the paper appeared. The number of, or annual volume, and in some cases the part, heft, &c. the latter within ( ) follows; then the pagination follows the colon : All continued papers, with few exceptions, are recorded only at their first installments. *Papers containing new forms or names have an * preceding the author's name. (S) Papers pertaining exclusively to neotropical species, and not so indicated in the title, have the symbol (S) at the end of the title of the paper. For records of Economic Literature, see the Experiment Station Rec- ord, Office of Experiment Stations, Washington. Also Review of Applied Entomology, Series A, London. For records of papers on Medical Ento- mology, see Review of Applied Entomology, Series B. O^'Notc the change in the method of citing the bibliographical refer- ences, as explained above. Papers published in the Entomological News are not listed. GENERAL Crampton, G. C. The s-roupin^ ,,f the insect orders and their lines of descent. [9] Ol : 82-85, ill. Cutright & Huber. Growth condition of the host as a fac- tor in insect abundance. [7] 21 : 147-153. Durrant, J. H.- Obituary. [10] 30: 40. [9] 61: 73-75, port. [21] 40: 47-48, port. Edwards, F. W. Insect collecting in the Southern Andes. [15] 1: 111-125, ill. Eisinger, F. Die Insekten in der alten Heilkunde. [14] 41: 440-447, emit. Forbes, W. T. M. What is a name? [08 1 67: 373. Fried- rich, H.- Alaskicrte Tiere. [Kosmos] 25: 110-120, ill. Frost, S. W. Insect scatology. [7] 21:36-46. Hendrick- son, G. O. Some notes on the insect fauna of an Iowa prairie. |7| 21: 132-138. Kuhlgatz, T.- Nomenclator ani- malium s^enerum et sub^enera. 2 : 797-950. Corneo-1 >eros. McAtee, W. L. "I'.ioln^ical species" from the standpoint of the insect taxonomist. | K)| 30: 38-39. Michelmore, A. P. G.---A ily milkin- an aphid. [9| Ol : 90-91. Watson, J. R. Citrus insects of Honduras. [39] 11 : 53-54. ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY, ETC. Cleveland, L. R. Further observations and experiments on the symbiosis be- tween termites and their intestinal proto/.oa. | I'.iul. I'.ull.j 54: 231-237. Crampton, G. C. The culabinm, mentum. submentum and ^ular region of insects. |13| 20: 1-18, ill. Demoll, R. LJritersuchungen iiber die . \tinun- der Insek- ten. [Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Allg. Zool. und Phys. der Tiere ] 196 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '28 (Hesse Festschrift) 45: 515-534, ill. Dusham, E. H The larval wax glands of the dogwood sawfly (Macremphytus variamis Norton). [7] 21 : 92-96, ill. Ewing, H. E." The legs and leg-bearing segments of some primitive Arthropod groups, with notes on leg-segmentation in the Arachnida. [Smiths. Misc. Coll.] 80: No. 11, 1-41, ill. Glaser, R. W.- Evidence in support of the olfactory function of the anten- nae of insects. [5] 34: 209-215. Jobling, B. The struc- ture of the head and mouth parts in Culicoides pulicaris (Nematocera). [22] 18: 211-236, ill. Lozinski, P. Ueber die Spinndrusen der Wespenlarven. II : Histologie und Zytologie. [Bull. Intern. Acad. Polonaise Sci. & Lett.] 3: 161-209, ill. Muller, H. J. --Erzeugung neuer tierformen durch Rontgenstrahlen. [Die Umschau] 32: 314-316, ill. Monne, L. Untersuchungen zur Genetik der Raupenzeich- nung des Schwammspinners (Lymantria dispar). (Bull. Intern. Acad. Polonaise Sci. & Lett.] 3: 403-415, ill. Truszkowski, R. Les diastases purinolytiques des Inverte- bres. [77] 98: 1048. ARACHNIDA AND MYRIOPODA. *Cook & Loom- is. Millipeds of the order Colobognatha, with descriptions of six new genera and type species, from Arizona and Cali- fornia. [50] 72: 1-26, i'll. Hassan, A. S. The biology of the Eriophyidae with special reference to Eriophyes tris- triatus. [67] 4: 342-383, ill. Wiehle, H. Vom radnetz der Spinnen. [Der Nat. forsch., Berlin.] 4: 1-6. THE SMALLER ORDERS OF INSECTA. Britton, W. E. European hen flea in Connecticut. [12] 21: 437. Broughton, E. Some new Odonata nymphs. [4] 60: 32- 34, ill. Calvert, P. P. Report on Odonata [collected by the Barbados- Antigua Expedition], including notes on some internal organs of the larvae. [Iowa Studies Nat. Hist.J 12: 3-44, ill. Carpenter, F. M. A scorpion-lly from the Green River eocene. [3] 18: 241-248, ill. *Esben-Peterson, P. Neue und wenig bekannte Neuropteren des Hamburger museums. (S) [11] 1928: 73-77, ill. *Hood, J. D. New Neotropical Thysanoptera collected by C. B. \Yilliams. [5] 34: 230-246. *Pic, M. Neue Malacodermen. (S) [34] 76: 95-98. Pomeyrol, R. La parthenogenese des Thysanop- teres. [78] 62: 2-19. :!: Richter, W. Beitrag zur kenntnis der Aeolothripiden (Thysanoptera. [11:] 1928; 29-37, ill. [n. gen. for neotrop. sp.] :i: Ris, F. Die ausbcute drr deutschen Chaco-Expedition 1925-26. (S) |5(] 7: 40-49, ill. Ryvez, M. Les mouches a truites Perles Nenioun-:-, Sialis. [La Nat.] 1928: 369-370, ill. Wilson, F. H. Notes on the collection of Mallophaga. [4] 60: 27-28. XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 197 ORTHOPTERA. Champlain, A. B. Denizens of the cracks and dark corners. [Nature Mag.] 11: 304-306, ill. HEMIPTERA. *Ball, E. D. The genus Draecula- cephala and its allies in North America. (Rhynchota). [39:] 1 1 : 33-40. Drake & Harris. Tetraphleps canadensis, a true Tetraphleps. [4] 60: 50. Esaki, T. Contribution to the knowledge of the genus Nepa (Xepidae). [75] 1: 434-441, ill. Essig, E. O. Rice bugs. [55] 4: 128. Frothingham, L. Notes on the periodical Cicada on Cape Cod, Mass., 1906-1923. [Mull. J'.oston Soc. Nat. Hist.] 1928: 7-10. :|: Gillette & Palmer. Notes on Colorado Aphididae. [7] 21 : 1-20, ill. Hungerford, H. B. Concerning Kirkaldy's Noton- ecta mexicana varieties Hades and Ceres. (Notonectidae) [55] 4: 119-120. Hungerford, H. B. Melanchroism in Notonecta borealis. |4| (>0: 7<>. *Hungerford, H. B. Some recent studies in aquatic Hemiptera. [7] 21 : 139-144, ill. ^Hungerford, H. B. Two new Notonecta from South America. (Notonectidae) [7] 21 : 119-120. Johnson, C. W.- The periodical Cicada in New England. [ Hull. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist] 1928: 3-6, ill. Merrill, A. W. Sonora cotton square dauber (Creontiades debilis). [12] 21 : 437. Readio, P. A. Studies on the biology of Reduviidae of America north of Mexico. [Univ. Sci. Bull.] 17: 6-291, ill. Simm ; K. Die Rosenzwergzikade (Typhlocvba rosae). Ein Beit- rag zur Kenntnis der Jassiden. [Bull. Intern. Acad. Polon- aise Sci. & Lett.] 3 : 67-85, ill. Titschack, E. Der Fiih- lernerv der Bettwanze, Cimex lectularius und sein zentrales Endgebiet. [Zool. Jahrb. Abt. Allg. Zool. und Phvs. der Tiere] (Hesse Festschrift) 45: 437-462. Thompson, W. L. The seasonal and ecological distribution of the common aphid predators of central Florida. [39] 11: 49-52. LEPIDOPTERA. Anon. Celerio gallii intermedia, [on St. Paul Island, Alaska] [55 1 4: 136. :i: Bang-Haas, O. Horae Macrolepidopterologicae. 1 : 128, ill. Barnes & Ben- jamin. On the identity of four species of Geometridae. [55] 4: 133-136. Barnes & Benjamin.-- On the distribution of Perizoma osculata (Geometridae). [55] 4: 120. *Cas- sino, S. E. Some new Lasiocampidae. [The Lepidoptcr- ist] 4: 89-96. Chandler, S. C. Codling moth hibernation studies. [12] 21: 315-318. *Clark, B. P. Sundry notes on Sphingidae and descriptions of ten new forms. [Pro. \ew England Zool. Club] 10: 33-4(>. Forbes, W. T. M.- A ke) to the forms of the genus Chlosyne. (Nymph.) |7| 21: 198 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '28 98-100. Frohawk, F. W. Variation of Pieris napi. [9] 61 : 76-77, ill. Gadeau, H. Resultat de 1'accouplement de femelles decapitees avec des males normaux et ponte d'abdo- mens isoles chez le Bombyx du murier. (Sericaria mori L). [25] 1928: 70-71. Conner, P. Dcr Traucrmantel (Vanessa antiopa Linne) und sein Formenkreis. [14] 41: 435-442, cont. *Gunder, J. D. A Review of genus Zerene in the United States. [55] 4: 97-102. *Keiffer, H. H. California Microlepidoptera III. [55] 4: 129-132. *Kruger, R. Eino neue Erycinide ; Symmachia margaretha. Castnia cacica forma discomaculata. (S [14] 41 : 442-443. Petersen, W. -Die Blattminierergattungen Lithocolletis u. Nepticula. [60] 88 : 113-174, ill. Riley, N. D. The Obcrthiir collection of butterflies and moths. [15] 1: 83-90. Turner, H. J.- Lyeaena. [Note on the name]. [21] 40: 33-34. DIPTERA. :i: Alexander, C. P. Studies on the crane- Hies of Mexico. (Tipnloidea). [7] 21 : 101-1 19. Aldrich, J. M. The flics of the western mountains. [Smiths. Inst.] 1928: 67-72, ill. * Alexander, C. P. Records of crane-flies (Tipulidac) from Ontario. [4] 60: 54-60. *Bau, A. Cuterebra ornata, spec. nov. (Cuterebrinae). (S) [56] 7: 50-51. Broadbent, B. M. Developmental history of the narcissus bulb fly at Washington, D. C. [12] 21 :' 353-357. :|: Curran, C. H. Two new species of Wagneria (Tachim- dae). [4] 60: 48-49. *Czerny, L. Erganzungen zu meiner monographic der Helomyziden. [56] 7: 52-55. Ferris, G. F. -The genus Brachypteromyia (Hippoboscidae). [55] 4: 140-142, ill. Johnson, C. W. The Tricyphonu inconstans on Nantucket Island, Mass. [5] 34: 216 : 217, ill. *Krober, O. Neue und wenig bekannte Dipteren aus den familicn Omphralidae, Conopidae und Therevidae. (S) [56] 7: 1-23, ill. *Lindner, E. Die ausbeute der deutschen Chaco- Expedition. (S) [56] 7: 24-36, ill. *Malloch. J. R.- Exotic Muscaridae. (S) [75] 1:465-494, ill. Martini, E.- Ueber die scgmentale Gliederung nematocerer dipteren. [34] 76: 83-95, ill. Martini & Kalandadze. Ueber .lie seg- mentale Gliederung nematocerer dipteren. |34] 76; 67-83, ill. *Smith, L. M. Distinction between three species of Eumerus (Syrphidae), with description of a new species. [55] 4: 137-139, ill. Townsend, M. T. Seasonal abun- dance and vertical migrations of Eucilia caesar and other insects in an artificial grove. |7| 21: 121-129, ill. :!: Van Duzee, M. C. Three new Dolichopodids from Western Canada. [4] 60: 40-42. XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 199 COLEOPTERA. Arrow, G. J. Mimicry in beetles. [15] 1 : 166-172, ill. *Barber, H. S. Two new cave-beetles related to Anophthalmus pusio. [91] 18: 194-196. *Bern- hauer, M. Ein neues Anthobium a us Nordamerika. (Staph.) [11] 1928: 40. Bigger, J. H. Hibernation studies of Colaspis brunnea. [12] 21 : 268-273. *Blatchley, W. S. Notes on some Florida Coleoptera with descriptions of new species. [4] 60: 60-73. Blatchley, W. S. The Scarabaeidae of Florida. [39] 11 : 44-46, cont. *Breuning, S. Monographic der gattung Calosoma. (Carab.). [48] 44: 81-141. Brisley, H. R.--A short review of the tribes Orsodacnini and Crioccrini of the coleopterous family Chrysomelidae with special reference to species of Western United States. [55] 4: 114-119. *Brown, W. J. Three new species of Glaresis. [4] 60: 73-76, ill. Chittenden, F. H, Note on Phyllotreta. [4] 60: 53. *Desbordes, H.- Tableau des especies americaines du genre Lioderma (ITis- teridae), description d'une espece nouvelle et note synony- miquc. (S) [25] 1928: 53-60. *Fall, H. C. The North American species of Rybaxis. [5] 34: 218-226. Fall, H. C. -A review of the genus Polyphylla (Scarabaeidae). [10] 30:30-35. Gui, H. L. The Coccinellidae of Kansas. [Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc.] 1 : 2-13. Hayes & McColloch. Ecolog- ical studies of Kansas Scarabaeid larvae. [12] 21 : 249-260, ill. Heller, K. M. Studien znr systematik altweltlicher I'.alanimini IT. [60] 88: 175-287, ill Jones, W. W. Phy- tonomus quadricollis a leaf miner. [55] 4: 142. *Kleine, R. Ueber die Brenthidenfauna von Costa Rica. [60] 88: 288-296, ill. Knaus, W. The northward extension of Agrypnus sallei. [Jour. Kansas Ent. Soc.] 1 : 20. Kolbe, H. Zur morphologic der arten von Cerapterus, einer gat- tung der coleopterenfamilie der Paussiden. [11] 1928: 1-20. *Luginbill, P. The beetles of the genus Phyllophaga in- habiting South Carolina. [7] 21 : 47-91, ill. Marshall, W. S. The development of the compound eye- of the confuse.] flour beetle, Tribolium confusum. [Trans. \\'isc. Acad. Sri. Arts & Letters] 23: 611-630, ill. McColloch, J. W.- Dis pcrsal of Scarabacids by flood \vaters. [ (our. Kansas Ent. Soc.] 1: 19-20. Milne, L. J. Notes on Silphidae in llali- burton Co., Ont. [Canadian Field Nat.] 42: 43. *Schaef- fer, C. Notes on the species of Eina and allied genera (Chrysom.). [4] 60: 42-47. Van Dyke, E. C. Melano- phila consputa. |55] 4: 11.x :|: Van Dyke, E. C. 200 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [June, '28 and descriptions of new species of Lucanidae and Ceranv bycidae from Western North America. [55] 4: 105-113. :; Wendeler, H. Paederognathus nom. nov. (Staphylin.). [11] 1928: 37. *Wolcott, G. N. The may beetles of Haiti (Scarabaeidae). [10] 30: 21-29, ill. Wymore, F. H. On Dinapate wrighti. [55] 4: 143. *Zimmermann, A. Neuer lleitrag zur kenntnis der schwimmkafer. [48] 44: 165-187. HYMENOPTERA. Alfken, J. D. Beitrag zur kenntnis ciniger Chalicodoma-arten. (Apid.) [11] 1928: 41-44. Box, H. E. Algunos parasitos de los huevos de Diatraea saccharalis en Tucuman. [Rev. Ind. Agric. Tucuman] 18: 5-8, ill. Box, H. E. Los parasitos conocidos de las cspecies americanas de Diatraea. (Pyralidae) [Rev. Ind. Agric. Tucuman] 18: 53-nl. *Brethes, J. Parasitos e hiperparasito de Diatraea saccharalis en la cana de azucar, en Tucuman. [Rev. Ind. Agric. Tucuman.] 17: Io3-166. Criddle, N. The introduction and establishment of the larch savvllv parasite, Mesoleius tcnthredinis, into Southern Manitoba. "[4] 60: 51-53. Custer, C. P. Nesting habits of a solitary bee of the genus Spinoliclla. [5| 34: 199-202, ill. Custer, C. P. On the nesting habits of Melissodes. [41 60: 28-31, ill. *Dozier, H. L. Two undescribed Aphelinid scale parasites from Delaware (Aphelinidae). [10:] 30: 35- 38, ill. *Fox, C. L. A new Stictiella from Texas (Bembeci- dae). [55] 4: 103-104. *Graenicher, S. Bees of the genus Halictus from Miami, Florida. [5] 34: 203-208. Hayward, K. J. Miscellaneous notes from Argentina. Ants in flooded areas. [21] 40:54-55. Hicks, C. H. Parasites and habits of Dianthidium pudicum. [5] 34: 193-198. Holldobler, K. Zur Biologic der diebischen Zwergameise (Solcnopsis fugax) und ihrer Gaste. [97] 48: 129-142. Kleine, R.- Bestimmungstabelle der Brcnthidae. [14] 41 : 444-445, cont. Martin, C. H. Biological studies of two hymenopterous parasites of aquatic insect eggs. [70] 8: 105-156, ill. Rau, P. The nesting habits of the wasp, Chalybion caerulcum. [7] 21 : 25-35.' *Rohwer, S. A. Preoccupied name in Hymenoptera. [10] 30: 38. Salman, K. A. Notes on Phlebatrophia mathesoni in Maine. [12] 21:432. Scullen, H. A. Bees belonging to the family Bremidae taken in Western Oregon, with notes. [55] 4: 121-128. Smith, R. C. Lasius interjectus (Formicidae), a household pest in Kansas. [Jour. Kansas Ent. Sue.] 1 : 14-18. Wilder, M. C. -Observations on the Ichneumon-fly Fpiurus pterophori. |5| 34:227-229, ill. JULY, 1928 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS Vol. XXXIX No. 7 s ^ V CHARLES ROBERT OSTEN SACKEN, 1828-1906 CONTENTS Gunder Unnaraable Butterflies (Lepid.: Rhopalocera) 201 Abbott Some Observations on the Behavior of Cerceris architis Mickel (Hym.: Philanthidae) 205 To Authors of Entomological Papers 206 Wolcott Descriptions of New Species of North American Hydnocer- inae (Col.: Cleridae) . 207 Ferris and Chamberlin On the Use of the word " Chitinized " Walton A New Endomychid from Florida (Coleop.). ... ... 216 Park Bifurcation of Antenna in Balaninus (Coleop. : Curculionidae) . 219 Fourth International Congress of Entomology 220 Haimbach New Synonymy (Lep. : Saturnidae) 223 Personals Dr. C. E. Porter, Prof. J. S. Hine, Dr. A. F. Braun ... 223 Entomological Literature 224 Byers Comments on the Odonata Recorded in " A List of the Insects of New York" 229 Review of Needham, Frost and Tothill's Leaf-Mining Insects 230 PHILADELPHIA, PA. THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, Logan Square Entered at the Philadelphia, Pa., Post Office as Second Class Matter. Acceptance for mailing at the special rate of postage prescribed for in Section I Act of Octobers, 1917, authorized January 15, ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS published monthly, excepting August and September, by The American Entomological Society. Philip P divert, Ph.D., Editor; E. T. Cresson, Jr., R. G. Sthmieder.Ph.D., Ernest Baylis, Associate Editors ; John C. Lutz, Business Manager. Advisory Committee: Philip Laurent, J. A. G Rehn, Chas. Liebeck, J. Chester Bradley, Ph.D., Frank Morton Jones, John C. Lutz, Max Kisliuk, Jr. The subscription price per year of ten (10) numbers is as follows: United States and possessions . . $3.00 Canada, Central and South America . 3.15 Foreign 3.25 Single copies 35 cents ADVERTISING RATES: Full width of page. Payments in advance. 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All contributions will be considered and passed upon at our earliest conv .nience and, as far as may be, will be published according to date of reception. The receipt of all papers will be acknowl- edged. Owing tr> the limited size of each number of the NEWS, articles longer than s printed pages will be published in two or more installments, unless the at- >r be willing to pay for the cost of a sufficient number of additional p? in any one issue to enable such an article to appear without division. Proof will be sent to authors. Twenty-five "extras" of an author's contribu- tion, without change in form and without covers, will be given free when they are wanted; if more than twenty-five copies are desired this should be stated on the MS. Owing to increased cost of labor and materials, no illustrations will be published in the NEWS for the present, except where authors furnish the necessary blocks, or pay in advance the cost of making blocks and pay for the cost of printing plates. Information as to the cost will be furnished in each case o.i application to the Editor. Blocks furnished or-, paid for by authors will, of course, be returned to authors, after publication, if desired. Stated Meetings of The Amer'can Entomological Society will be held at 7.30 o'clock P. M., on the fourth Thursday of each month, excepting June, July, August, November and December, and on the third Thursday of November and December. Communications on observations made in the course of your studies are solicited ; also exhibits of any specimens you consider of interest. The printer of the "News" will furnish reprints of articles over and above the twenty- nve given free at the following rates: One or two pages, twenty-five copies, 35 cents; three or four pages, twenty-five copies, 70 cents: five to eight pages, twenty-five copies, S1.40; nine to twelve pages, twenty-five copies, $2.00; each half-tone plate, twenty-five copies, 30 cents; each plate of line cuts, twenty-five copies, 25 cents; greater numbers of copies will be the corresponding multiples of these rates. ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS VOL. XXXIX JULY, 1928 No* 7 Unnamable Butterflies (Lepid.: Rhopalocera). By J. D. GUXDER, Pasadena, California. (Plates VII-X). Unnamable butterflies are those sorts of Lepidoptcra which are popularly termed hermaphrodites, freaks, sports, deforms, malforms, aberrations ('), monstrosities, etc. Such specimens have no right to specific names and if named, they fall into synonymy. I believe a consensus of opinion in this regard hears me out. As a class, these "freaks of nature" are interesting to ob- serve and it is the object of this article to illustrate several kinds. I cannot here go into a complete diagnosis of their unfortunate physical condition. In most cases the c; ,es of their ailments are unknown. Our latest check lists still record some of these named "freaks" as got id, but I believe all will b" eventually culled out. For convenience of illustration and division of text matter, I have separated such specimens into ten groups as lot! ?s: 1. I IKRMAPHRODITES (Individuals in which the c! acters of both sexes are combined) AND MOSAICS. Hate VII, ' ;. l.\ is not really a hermaphrodite like fig. II!, for example, but is a hi- formed Pupilio ylancus L. ? , having the dark form female on the left and the light form female on the right ; specimen in the Academy coll. at Philadelphia; a similar specimen i> figured in color by W. II. Edwards on I'apilio plate 5 in "llut- terllies of North America". Kig. II!; 9 , same species; mal-- Ini, female right; in Strecker coll.. Field Museum, Chicago, Illi- nois. Fig. 1C; $ , same species; right secondary only male; also (')The word aberration or ah. means "A ;\.-an
  • ]', I', illustrate the "cramped" margins and corresponding marginal design alteration of a Anthacaris sum rcakirtn Fdw., which is figured by Comstock in his "Butterflies of California", plate 11, fig. 18 It is, fortunately, unnamed, though termed an aberra- tion. Figs. f;C I) F F G Fi I and J show examples of Jninniia cocnia I Ibn. These readily picture the effects of wing malfor- mation. 7. PIC.MEN r.\i. MI.;I EACEMEXTS. Two types of this rare phcnoT.cnon a"e known. Plate IX, fig. 7A shows a female liury- n:us f>':ilodicc (Godt.) in which the colors are much "run out (f bounds" or "spilled open" through the wing scales. The colors of this example resemble a paint pot and 1 wish it could be illustrated in natural c.ilor to show its motley rainbow com- bination of re 1, lilac, yellow and brown shades. The specimen is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge. Mas- sachusetts. Fig. 7B shows the type of Iiitrviniis / i ///7 remained in the veins or permeated their structures. 1 do not believe such specimens have a classificatory value or the right to a specific name. The type is in my collection. 8. M JNSTKOSITIKS. Under this heading comes a number of real "freaks", such as extra wing specimens, those matured without scales and those having unusual or superfluous parts of organs. As a novelty, I illust; '.! a female . I sent inoiiuslc (L.) with its larval head attached ( Plate X, fig. 8). The .-peri- men is in the Academy collection at Philadelphia and was taken in flight in Florida. <>. Frxors-AKFECTED SPECIMENS. I am told that fungus growths are not uncommon in papered specimens which have been subjected to dampness. Tin's is the only example I have noticed, however. The illustration (Plate X, \'\^. '*) shows such a 204 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [J u b r '28 growth at the hase of the eyes on the head of a Papilio philcnor L. The growth is yellow in color. Can some one supply me with more information upon the subject of fungus on insects or direct me to articles on the subject? 10. WING PUNCTURES. Plate X, fig. 10A shows two holes through the wing of a Euphydryas phaeton (Dru.). Under a microscope these show evidence of healing. Can this be pos- sible? Note the bending of the vein between the two punctures. This specimen was kindly sent to me by Mr. E. L. Bell of Flushing, New York. Plate X, fig. 10B (upper side) and fig. 10BB (under side) show greatly magnified photographs of a puncture near the outer margin on the wing of a Papilio nthilits Luc. The hole has been accidently torn open and enlarged to the outer margin by the butterfly itself prior to capture. The wings being folded during the chrysalis stage, it is evident that the incision did not penetrate through to the under folds, but left its mark as seen by the two black spots inward from the puncture. [Without pretending to furnish a bibliography for Mr. Guilder's article, we may direct those interested to Morgan and Bridges' paper on "The Origin of Gynandromorphs" in Publication No. 278, Carnegie Institute of Washington, 191'), 122pp., 4 pis., 70 text-figs.; P. Cappe de Baillon's recent "Recherches sur la Tetratologie des Insectes", Paris, 1927; and H. A. Hagen's "On Some Insect Deformities" (Memoirs, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll., ii, no. 9, 23pp., 1 pi.. IS/6). In this last Dr. Hagen brings together from the literature and his own observations a number of cases of "Perfect Insects with the Larval Head" in 12 species of Lepidoptera, 3 of Colc- optera and 1 of Diptera. I have examined the abnormal speci- men of Ascia (or Picris} nwnustc at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia figured here by Mr. Guilder. A small, narrow strip of each imaginal compound eye shows behind each side of the larval head-covering. The latter is slightly split along the two sutures which bound the ad frontal plates laterally. The specimen, a dark female, was one of a lot of this color form received in paper envelopes by Mr. R. C. Williams, Jr., from the collector, and had not attracted attention from any- one until after it was pinned and spread. EDITOR.] XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 205 Some Observations on the Behavior of Cerceris architis Mickel (Hym.: Philanthidae). P>v C. E. AnnoTT. In the summer of 1 ( J26, having nothing better to do than build u]> deficient red blood cells, I was in the habit of frequent- ing a field east of Elgin (Illinois) to bask in the sun. I discovered several burrows in the clay bank at the top of an abandoned sand pit. Part of the time these burrows were inhabited by busy little black-and-yellow wasps about half an inch in length. For many hours each day the wasps labored irregularly at their excavations. The opening of each nest was nearly circular and about one centimeter in diameter. Into this the owner plunged, only to reappear a little later, abdomen foremost, behind a heap of loose earth. This kind of digging continued until the opening of the nest was quite hidden. Then the insect appeared, head foremost, from below ; the debris was scattered around the opening in the form of a low crater. Of course the nest that opened on a vertical surface did not have this accumulation, which in some cases amounted to a teaspoonful of loose soil. Occasionally a wasp enlarged the door of her burrow by dislodging bits of earth with her jaws. ( )ften the wasps remained in the nests for hours with their faces in the doorways. This was especially the case fin dull days, at which time the only reaction the insects gave was brought about by my sudden appearance or the intrusion of other insects. In the first case each wasp dropped out of sight into its nest, only to cautiously reappear when nothing more occurred to cause alarm. Toward too curious insects they behaved differently; rushing out, they violently drove these away. Aided by grass stems and plaster of Paris, I was able to trace the extent of some of these burrows. In consequence of roots and stones, thev were somewhat tortuous; all tended to incline to one side, so that the whole was curved like' a scimiter. There was a surprising uniformity of width through- out the length of each burrow. Excepting the closed end. 206 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS u '28 where for two or three centimeters its width was fifteen millimeters, the average tunnel had a diameter of one centi- meter. In the terminal chamber, mixed with much loose earth, there were from three to seven weevils. In some nests the beetles were reduced to a few dry fragments. More often there were still slight evidences of life; twitching of the tarsi and move- ments of the head which ceased after twenty-four hours. The beetles stored by the wasps proved to be Curculio Hastens Say. They were about half an inch in length and of a light brown or buff color. They were remarkable for a proboscis nearly as long as the remaining parts of the body. Each wasp, returned at irregular intervals with a weevil clasped beneath its body. At the door of its nest the wasp dropped the beetle, entered the burrow, and seizing the weevil, dragged it in. I had the rare good fortune to see one of these wasps attack its prey. A living Ccrccris and the beetle it had captured were put into a vial. Seizing the weevil by the left prothoracic leg, the wasp tried to drag it through the stoppered end of the bottle. Failing in this, she grasped her prey dorsally, taking its proboscis in her jaws ; she then curved her abdomen beneath it and inserted her sting at the ventral juncture of the thorax and abdomen. The departing wasps circled about their nests before taking off. When the position of objects in the vicinity of a nest were changed the returning wasp was unable to find her burrow. In conclusion, I wish to thank Dr. S. A. Rohwer and his colleagues for the identification of the specimens. To Authors of Entomological Papers. EDITOR, ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS: I herewith kindly ask you to inform your readers that I request those interested in hav- ing their entomological works noticed in the Russian entomo- logical literature to forward their papers to me for the afore- said purpose. V. YAKHONTOV, Manager of Entomological Department of Agricultural Experiment Station, ( >ld I'.ouk- hara, Shiraboudin, S. S. S. R. (Russia). XXxix, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 207 Descriptions of New Species of North American Hydnocerinae (Col.: Cleridae). By A. B. \VOLCOTT, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois. Hydnocera mira sp. nov. Black, feebly shining; elytra piceous, basal third (suture excepted) red; antennae, mouth (mandibles piceous), palpi, front legs (outer edge of femora with an elongate piceous maculation), base and apex of middle femora, base of posterior femora, apex of middle and posterior tibiae, and tarsi pale testaceous; the tarsi somewhat infuscate. Head, including the prominent eyes, slightly wider than the pronotum, rather coarsely and closely punctate; front with a large- rounded impression on each side; pubescence sparse, long, erect, pale. Antennae short, stout, only slightly longer than the head. Pronotum slightly wider than long; apical con- striction very feeble; sides abruptly strongly dilated; behind the dilation parallel to base ; subapical transverse impressed line deep at flanks, feeble on disk; basal transverse line entire, dis- tinct ; lateral f oveae large, not deeply impressed ; punctuation same as that of head, with a few transverse regulae on disk and at sides; pubescence sparse, long, erect, pale. Scutellum densely clothed with white pubescence. Klytra distinctly wider than the head, depressed, length slightly more than twice the width at base; sides parallel; apices obtusely rounded, not serrate, merely irregular in out- line, narrowly dehiscent at suture; surface rather coarsely, closely punctate throughout; pubescence rather sparse, short, semi-recumbent, grayish white; color piceous, rufo-piceous at apex; basal third (suture broadly piceous) red, the posterior margin of the red area irregularly oblique from the lateral margin of the elytra to the piceous suture. Body beneath and abdomen shining, sparsely pubescent. Abdomen distinctly longer than the elytra. Legs rather densely clothed with long, erect, pale hairs. Length 5.7 mm. One specimen: Sand Hills, Nebraska. July. Tv/v (female) No. 942, in my collection. This species is most closely allied to wickhami \Volc., from which it may be easily distinguished by the total absence of the post-median elytral fascia which is formed of silvery white hairs and which is so conspicuous in that species. Other differ- ences that mav be mentioned (aside from color) arc- the shorter 208 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July '28 antennae, less strongly constricted prothorax, the lateral dila- tions of which are more prominent, with the sides posteriorly straight to base, and the absence of a nearly smooth discal area. Hydnocera puritana sp. nov. Robust, depressed, moderately pubescent, feebly shining, aeneous; antennae, mouth and palpi dull testaceous; anterior and middle tibiae and all tarsi piceo-testaceous. 1 1 rad, including the not very prominent eyes, scarcely wider than the greatest width of pronotum ; front rather feebly bi- impressed, moderately coarsely, occiput more closely, very feebly, finely rugulose. Antennae stout, slightly longer than the head. Pronotum nearly one- fourth wider than long (L:W: :48 :60) ; sides rather strongly constricted near apex, moderately dilated at middle, parallel at base ; lateral foveae small, deeply impressed: subapical and basal transverse im- pressed lines straight, deep; surface moderately coarsely, densely punctate, rugulose at apex and Hanks. Elytra distinctly wider than the head, twice as long as wide at base, feebly convex, slightly shorter than the abdomen; sides straight, very nearly parallel ; apices separately obtusely rounded, very feebly serrate; humeri prominent; surface moderately coarsely, not closely punctate, in apical two-fifths densely scabrous; pubescence short, sparse, semi-erect, gray, more conspicuous in apical two-fifths, intermixed with sparse, erect, long, black hairs. Metasternum sparsely, finely rugu- lose. Abdomen rather coarsely, moderately sparsely, irreg- ularly rugoso-punctate, the terminal segments more sparsely punctate ; clothed with dense, long, white and sparse, black hairs. Legs sparsely clothed with long, erect, dark hairs. Length 6.2 mm. One specimen: Boston, Massachusetts. June (Liebeck). Tv/v (female) No. 654, in my collection. Also allied to wickhami VVolc., and like niira distinguished by lacking the post-median fascia of silvery white hairs. In fmrllana the antennae are shorter, the humeri more prominent, the bodv above feebly shining, the prothorax is of a different form, with its transverse impressed lines entire, and the scu- tellum is nude, in all of these characters it differs from wickhami. Hydnocera cuneiformis sp. nov. Moderately elongate, rather depressed, shining, moderately sparsely pubescent, black; head and thorax faintly cupreo- XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 209 aeneous; antennae, mouth parts and elytra pale yellow, the last with piceous markings; legs pale yellowish red. Head very finely and very sparsely punctate, rather densely clothed with depressed white pubescence, with a few longcr eivct white hairs intermixed; front with a crescentiform im- pression between the eyes. Pronotum nearly one-fourth wider than long (L:W: :29:37), nearly one-fourth narrower than the head across the eyes ; surface finely rugulose ; lateral dila- tion not very prominent; lateral foveae large and deep; sub- apical and basal transverse impressed lines deep and distinct ; pubescence very sparse but with the long, erect, white hairs more conspicuous than on head. Scutellum triangular, black, the apex acute. Elytra across the humeri very broad, equal in width to tin- head ; sides straight, strongly convergent from humeri to apices, the latter very obtusely, separately rounded and dis- tantly but not very strongly serrate; suture narrowly dehiscent in apical third; each elytron with a large, somewhat rounded impression at apical sixth, behind which the apices are verv feebly tumid; Hanks, apical and sutural margin in apical third strongly carinate ; surface rather finely, very sparsely punctate, almost seriate, posterior to the subapical impressions more coarsely and closely punctate; pubescence very sparse, semi- erect, white; color pale yellow; at apical two-fifths a common, irregular, piceous maculation, which is formed by the apices and suture being broadly piceous, with a transverse extension of the same color just before the subapical impression, the maculation anterior to this confined to the suture and strongly attenuate anteriorly, reaching posterior margin of middle fifth ol elytra; the dorsal surface of lateral carina piceous through- out its length. Legs rather sparsely clothed with moderately lung, white hairs. Length 3.5 mm. One specimen: Phoenix, Arizona. (Liebcck). TvyV (female) No. 1170, in my collection.- Milterent in form from any species yet described in our taun.'i, but bearing, in this respect, a good deal of resemblance to tin- CYntral American //. ijualcnuilac ( iorh., but there the similarity ceases, as the two species differ in nearlv every de- l:iil ol structure. The new species is best placed in proximity to oiii<>-(i Horn, from which it may readily be distinguished by its much longer elytra, the sides of which are absolutely straight, the lateral margins not at all serrate, and the entire absence of a fascia of pubescence at apical third: the head is more sparsely punctate; the dilations of the pronotum are 210 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July '28 stronger; the elytra are much less coarsely and less deeply punctate, and the apices are more broadly obtusely rounded and much less strongly serrate. In the specimen at hand the abdomen is a trifle shorter than the elytra, but it is quite evidently shrunken and contracted and consequently the elytra are, in all probability, normally a little shorter than the abdomen. Hydnocera blanchardi sp. nov. Dark blue, shining, thorax with slight aeneous luster ; front and middle tibiae, hind tibiae at apex and base, all tarsi, an- tennae (club excepted), palpi, mandibles and labrum pale testaceous; antennal club pale fuscous. Head, including the moderately prominent eyes, slightlv wider than the pronotum, moderately finely but very densely punctate; front with a feeble crescentric impression; pubes- cence very short, sparse and recumbent, silvery white, with no intermixture of long dark or light hairs. Antennae short, stout, slightly longer than the head. Pronotum slightly wider than long, apical constriction moderately strong; sides broadlv. rather strongly dilated, behind dilation parallel to base; sub- apical transverse impressed line deep and broad ; basal im- pressed line deep ; basal margin reflexed ; lateral f oveae feeble ; sides with same punctuation as that of head, a small discal area devoid of punctures; pubescence short and recumbent whitish, intermixed with longer sparse, erect light brown hairs. Elytra slightly wider than the head, depressed, about twice as long as the width across the humeri ; sides very feebly nar- rowing toward apices, the latter separately rounded and rather strongly serrate ; broadly dehiscent at suture ; surface moder- ately coarsely, densely punctate, the apical two-fifths scabrous; pubescence same as that of pronotum but becoming a little more dense toward the apices, and with a feebly indicated post-median fascia composed of whitish pubescence. Body be- neath and legs rather sparsely pubescent. Abdomen very slightly longer than the elytra. Length 3.2 mm. One specimen: New Mexico, (Leng). Type in the collec- tion of the late Frederick Blanchard to whose memory this fine species is dedicated. Greatly resembles //. fnclisi Schrfr.. but in blanchardi the elytra are more densely punctate in more than basal half, while the apical two-fifths are scabrous (basal half densely-cribrate in fnclisi), the transverse fascia is post-median (median in fnclisi), the sides are less truly parallel, the apices are more strongly serrate and leave a portion of the abdomen exposed. The head in blanchardi is clothed with short, sparse, recumbent pubescence, with no intermixture of long dark hairs, these XXXIX, '28] ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS 211 long, erect, dark hairs being very conspicuous in fnclisi. The coloration also is somewhat different. Isohydnocera mima sp. nov. Form of /. tabida Lee., hut with sides of thorax much more strongly dilated. Aeneous-black, feebly shining; mouth, palpi, antennae (five apical segments, piceous) and anterior and middle legs pale yellowish; posterior legs black, with ba>al half of femora, knees and tarsi pale yellow; pubescence mod- erately long, erect and recumbent, rather dense, that of elytra conspicuously dense, white. Head large and broad; eyes prominent; front feebly bi- impressed, finely and sparsely punctate, becoming very finely rugulose posteriorly. Pronotum about one-fourth longer than wide across dilations (L:W: :43:34); sides behind the dila- tions straight and feebly convergent to base; surface finely rugose, with large, feebly impressed punctures at the sides and in a little more than basal half; lateral foveae small, feebly impressed. Elytra at base subequal in width to the head ; sides feebly convergent to apex; apices obtusely, separately rounded, strongly serrate, tumid, slightly dehiscent at suture ; surface coarsely, deeply and densely punctate, the tumid apices shining and very sparsely punctate. Underside shining, sparsely pubescent and finely punctate; abdomen one-half longer than the elytra, finely and sparsely rugulose. Length 5- 5.5 mm. Two specimens: Arizona. Type (female) No. 1228, in my collection; cotypc (female) in the collection of Mr. Chas. Liebeck, to whom I am indebted for the type specimen. The new species appears to be very near /. nigrina Schffr., but differs from that, as described, by having the elytral apices strongly serrate and the legs much paler, the legs in nigrina being in great part black. The pubescence is also more dense than is implied in the description of nigrina, for it seems cer- tain that Mr. Schaeffer would have mentioned the conspicuous and dense pubescence of the elytra, if it were present in his species. Isohydnocera liebecki sp. nov. Form similar to /. curtipennis Xe\vm., but with much more elongate elytra and differently forme<>. 3 Imms, A. f). A (ieiuTal Tf\t-r>k of Entomology, i>i>. o-7. 214 ENTOMOLOGICAL NEWS [July '28 posed of chitin." He speaks further of "strongly chitinized" areas and of "soft, membranous chitin." It is evident that his point of view is in accord with that of Packard. Now it is a common experience with anyone who works with insects by the methods now used by most of the students of the small forms such as the Coccidae, that even a rather short period of boiling in concentrated alkalis will profoundly alter these "chitinized" portions of the body wall, removing from them their color and reducing them to a flexible and membranous condition. In fact attention is called to this very circumstance by most of the authors from whom we have quoted. We have then a very curious circumstance. This chitin which permeates some other substance that forms the cuticula and which gives to it hardn