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HELICID^E.

PLATE 1

4-

SECOND SERIES: PULMONATA.

MAN UAL

OF

OGY;

STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC.

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES.

BY GEORGE W, TRYQN, JR.

CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SECTION OF THE ACADEMY ov
NATURAL SCIENCES OP PHILADELPHIA.

Vol. IV.

HELICID/E: Vol. II.

PHILADELPHIA:
Published by the Author,

ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES. COR. I9TH & RACE STS.

1888.

9

HORACE BINDER, PRINTER, 607 CHESTNUT STREET, PHILADELPHIA.

MANUAL OF CONG HO LOGY.

FAMILY HELICIDsE, Vol. II.

Genus HELIX, Linn.

Group VII, HELICELLA.

Section II, XEROPHILA.
(Continued from Vol. Ill, p. 169.)

Subsection V. CANDIDULA, Kobelt. 1871.

Conoidally depressed, periphery rounded. H. CANDIDULA, Stu-
der. European, Asiatic.

It is Helicoijsis, Fitz. in part.

Subsection VI. LEMNISCIA, Lowe. 1854.

Subimperforate, trochoidal or globosely conoidal, periphery cari-
nate ; whorls 6-7, planate ; peristome acute, reflected and thick-
ened towards the axis. H. MICHAUDI, Desh. Madeira, H. MONI-
LIFERA, Webb and Berth. Canary Is.

Monilearia, Mousson, 1872, is a synonym.

Subsection VII. XEROLEUCA, Kobelt. 1877.

Sublenticular, granosely striate, periphery laciniately carinated,
umbilicus wide, funnel-shaped, bordered by a cariua, H. TURCICA,
Chemn. Northern Africa.

Subsection VIII. TURRICULA, Beck. 1837.

Conical, umbilicated or perforate, costulate-striate, cretaceous
white, often fasciate, periphery angulated or carinated ; peristonie
labiate within. H. PYRAMIDATA, Drap. Mediterranean Region.

Obelus, Hartrnann, Irus, Ads., Troclmla, Morch, and Crenea,
Albers (in part), are synonyms.

Subsection IX. COCHLICELLA, Risso. 1826.

Bulimiform, narrowly perforate, whitish, fasciate, periphery sub-
angulate ; peristome simple, acute, margins converging. H. ACUTA,
Miiller. Mediterranean Region.

Ellsma, Leach, is a synonym.

4 HELIX.

Section III. OCHTHEPHILA, Beck. 1837.

Small, perforate or narrowly umbilicated, depressed, rounded or
disk-like, periphery with extremities approaching or continuous.

Madeira, Azores*

Subsection I. OCHTHEPHILA (sensu stricto).

Usually scaly, granular or ribbed, last whorl keeled, periphery
keeled or continuous. H. ECHINULATA, Lowe.

Hystricella, Lowe. 1854, is a synonym.

Subsection II. GEOMITEA, Swainson. 1840.

Shell mamilliform. H. THIARELLA, Webb, et Berth.
Coronaria, Lowe. 1854, is a synonym.

Subsection III. HETEROSTOMA, Hartmanu. 1844.
Shell planorbiform. H. OBTECTA, Lowe.
Spirorbula, Lowe. 1854, is a synonym.

Subsection IV. IRUS, Lowe. 1854.
Shell trochiform. H. ABJECTA, Lowe.
Placentida, Pfr. 1855, is a synonym.

Subsection V. PLACENTULA, Lowe. 1854.

Shell depressed orbicular. H. MADERENSIS, Wood.

Section IV. ACTINELLA, Lowe. 1854.

Narrowly umbilicated to scarcely perforate.

Depressed globose, last whorl keeled, not descending in front t
aperture oblique, often with a fold-like swelling. H. COMPACTA,
Lowe. . Madeira.

Rimula and Caseolus (in part), Lowe and Lyrula, Wollaston, are
synonyms.

Section V. TECTULA, Lowe. 1854.

Umbilicated or perforate, depressed pyramidal, solid, roughly
sculptured, last whorl keeled, with a swollen inner lip.

H. LYELLIANA, Lowe. Crenea, DePaiva (in part), is a synonyn.

Section VI. CRASPEDARIA, Lowe. 1854.

Widely umbilicated, pitted, the last whorl plicate at the suture,
spirally sculptured on the periphery and around the umbilicus,
descending in front to a nearly horizontal aperture, with continuous,
expanded periphery. H. DELPHINULA, Lowe.

HELIX. 5

Section VII. DISCULA, Lowe. 1854.

Pyramidal, umbilicated, rather solid, roughly granularly sculp-
tured, somewhat babylonic, periphery obtusely keeled. H. CHEIR-

ANTHICOLA, Lowe.

Olelus, Hartmann, Turritella, Woll., and Crenea, Lowe (in part),
are synonyms.

Section VIII. CALLINA, Lowe. 1854.

Covered perforate, striate, and granular, periphery sharply keeled,
keel vanishing behind the aperture. H. ROTULA, Lowe.

Section IX. ACUSTA, Albers. 1860.

Shell globose, thin, umbilicated, last whorl large, swollen, rounded,

peristome simple, sh^rp. H. SIEBOLDIANA, Pfr.

Japan.

The group is Chinese and Japanese in distribution. It is Ar-
maitdia, Ancey, in part; other species of that group being H. Da-
vid!, H. Moupiniana and H. plicatilis, which I have described
under Macrochlamys, Vol. II, 103.

Subsection V. CANDIDULA, Kobelt. 1871.

H. PROTEA, Ziegler. PL 1, figs. 1, 2.

Narrowly umbilicated, whitish, often niaculately banded ; whorls
5-6, convex, the last large ; peristome acute, slightly labiate within.

Diam. 11 mill.

Ins. Corfu.

It is H. obvia, Jan, H. campestris, Ziegler and H. pustulata,
Muhlf.

H. APICINA, Lam. PL 1, figs. 3-5.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, somewhat flattened above, more
convex beneath, striated, whitish, the apex variegated with corneous,
suture deep ; whorls 4-4;}, convex, the last dilated in front ; peris-
tome subsiniple, acute. Diam. 7 mill.

Southern Europe, Azores, Tangiers.

H. cenisia, Charp., H. lauta, Reeve, and H. hispidula, Risso, are
synonyms.

H. Cupani, Calcara, is probably a juvenile.

t> HELIX.

Var. RAMBURI, Mabille.

Somewhat larger, whitish, obsoletely fasciate with brown, irregu-
larly costate-striate ; whorls 5-5*, more slowly increasing, apex
more elevated ; umbilicus narrower. Diam. 9-10 mill.

France, Crimea.
H. SUBAPICINA, Mousson. PI. 1, figs. 6, 7.

Narrowly perforate, thinly, sharply striate, greyish white, with
light corneous strise, bands or maculations, suture slightly impressed ;
whorls 4 J, convex, the last not descending in front, rounded below ;
peristome acute, not labiate. Diam. 5 mill.

Mogador, Morocco.
H. OBRUTA, Morelet. PL 1, figs. 8, 9.

Narrowly perforate, angulated, obsoletely striate, chalky, cor-
neous strigate and marbled with white, with reddish spiral lines,
suture impressed ; whorls 5J, a little convex, the last angulated
above, rounded below ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 8 mill.

Ins. Sta. Maria, Azores ; subfossil.

H. KEBOUDIANA, Bourg. PI. 1, figs. 10-14.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, opaque, chalky, greyish white, flamed
with fulvous, with irregular whitish costulations ; whorls 6, slightly
convex, rapidly increasing, with impressed suture, last whorl di-
lated, rounded, convex below, descending in front ; peristome acute,
slightly labiate within, margins approximating. Diam. 10 mill.

Algiers.
Replaces in N. Africa the H. candidula of Europe.

H. LALLEMANTIANA, Bourg. PI. 1, figs. 15-17.

Perforate, thin, a little translucent, whitish, with brownish cor-
neous interrupted zones above, forming irregular maculations, and
5-7 continuous narrow bands below, lightly costulate, suture linear ;
whorls 6, scarcely convex above, rapidly increasing, the last sud-
denly, slightly deflected in front, periphery obtusely angulated ;
peristome acute, rosy-lipped within. Diam. 10 mill.

Algiers.
H. GERYVILLENSIS, Bourg. PL 1, figs. 18-20.

Perforate, fragile, whitish, often with three or four corneous zones,
obliquely costulate ; whorls 6, slightly convex, suture impressed,
last whorl large, the periphery obsoletely angulated, not deflected
in front ; peristome acute, slightly labiate within, margins approxi-
mating. Diam. 9 mill.

A Igiers.

HELIX.

H. BARGESIANA, Bourg. PL 1, figs. 21-23.

Moderately umbilicated, striate, irregularly interruptedly banded,
or with a white baud; whorls 6-i 7, slowly increasing, the last
rounded, not deflected in front ; peristome white, acute, or slightly

internally thickened. Diain. 14 mill.

Syria.
H. STRIATA, Miiller. PL 1, figs. 24, 25.

Moderately umbilicated, closely, rather sharply costulate, a little
shining, white, sometimes fasciate and radiate with brown, ba.-r
white-banded, apex corneous ; whorls 4-2-5, slightly convex, rather
rapidly increasing, the last wider, rounded, scarcely descending in
front ; peristome acute, very thinly labiate within. Diarn. 9'5 mill.

Middle Europe.

H. costulata, Ziegler, and H. Narbonensis, Requien, are synonyms.

Var. NILSSONIANA, Beck.

Apex depressed, whorls more convex, bands obsolete, sometimes
wanting. Diam. 8'5 mill.

Sweden.
H. BARDOENSIS, Bourg. PL 1, figs. 26-28.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, chalky, rugosely striate, whitish,
sometimes bilineate with black, or with seven interrupted, faint
black bands, lineated towards the aperture ; whorls 6, slightly con-
vex, slowly increasing, the last rounded, scarcely descending at the
aperture ; peristome simple, acute, deeply labiate within.

Diam. 10 mill.

Tunis.
H. PROFUGA, Schmidt. PL 1, figs. 29, 30, 34, 35.

Moderately umbilicated, closely, regularly costulate-striate, whitish,
often with interrupted chestnut bands, apex corneous ; whorls 551,
convex, the last obsoletely augulated, not descending in front ;
peristome acute, brown lipped within. Diam. 12 mill.

Mediterranean Countries.

It is JET. striata, Drap., H. caperata, Pfr., H. fasciolata, Moq.
Tand., H. fimbriata and H. Apennina, Chiereg.

Var. ATTICA, Bottger.

With a broad continuous band. Diam. 8-10 mill.

Greece.
Var. VARIEGATA, Mouss.

More conical, the whorls less convex, stria3 less distinct, white,
with spots and rays.

Epirus.

8

HELIX.

H. PARABLETA, Bottger. PL 1, figs. 31-33.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, smooth, white, with a
superior chestnut band, and an interrupted one within it, base with
a broad band, and several narrow ones within it ; whorls 5, very
slowly increasing, with deep suture, closely irregularly striated, last
whorl with more or less distinctly angulated periphery, base con-
vex ; peristome simple, labiate within, margins approaching.

Diam. 6 mill.

Nachitschewan, alluvion of the Araxes.

H. BOLLENENSIS, Locard. PI. 1, figs. 36-38.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, thick, smooth, opaque, strongly,
irregularly, somewhat undulately striate, greyish white, usually uui-
colored, sometimes with interrupted pale brown bands, often scarcely
visible ; whorls 6, very convex, the last well rounded, a little dilated
towards the aperture; peristome simple, white-lipped within.

Diam. 13-15 mill.

Southern France.

Locard has indicated varieties dejwessa, minor and fasciolata.

H. LAURACINA, Fagot. PI. 2, figs. 55-57.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, solid, chalky, thick, subopaque,.
with strong undulating striae, close, irregular, sometimes not con-
tinuous, stronger above, yellowish or yellowish white, usually with-
out bands, sometimes with faint, subcontinuous chestnut bands,,
varying in number ; whorls 43-5, slightly convex, slowly increas-
ing, suture deep, last whorl a little flattened above at the aperture ;
peristome acute, with a yellowish or chestnut interior callus.

Diam. 11-14 mill.

Southern France.

H. PERROUDIANA, Locard. PI. 2, figs. 58-60.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, thick, chalky, subopaque, with
rather close, undulated striae, weaker below, yellowish white or
greyish, usually without bands, sometimes with faint chestnut
bauds on the middle and below, varying in number, nearly obsolete
towards the umbilicus; whorls 4-^-5, convex, with deep suture, last
whorl a little inflated at the aperture, somewhat depressed above
and below ; peristome acute, with a thick interior callus.

Diam. 10-12 mill.

Southern France.

HELIX. 9

H. TRICASTINORUM, Florence. PI. 2, figs. 61-63.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, solid, thick, cretaceous, subopaque,
with close, undulating striae, equally strong below, yellowish white
to reddish yellow, Avithout or with chestnut bands varying in num-
ber, thin, not continuous, faint, especially towards the umbilicus;
whorls -U-5, with moderate suture, increase at first slow, but rapid
in the last whorl; peristome acute, with a slight whitish or rosy in-
terior thickening. Diam. 12 mill.

Southern France.
H. FEDTSCHENKOI, Mart. PI. 2, figs. 64-66.

Widely umbilicated, slightly striate, whitish, spire scarcely ele-
vated; whorls 4, convex, with rather deep suture, last whorl
rounded, slightly descending in front ; peristome acute.

Diam. 15 mill.

Kulikalan, Turkestan; alt. 9500 ft.

H. MERIDIONALIS, Parr. PI. 1, figs. 39, 40.

Differs from H. profuya, Schm., in its flatter form, stronger striae
and wide umbilicus.

Dalmatia, Corfu.

Is H. striata, var. of Rossmassler.

H. SUBSTRIATA, Clessin. PL 1, figs. 41-43.

Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, striulate, shining, milk-
white, nnicolored or banded with chestnut ; whorls 5, slowly, regu-
larly increasing, convex, with deep suture, last whorl rounded, not
descending in front; peristome acute. Diam. 11 mill.

Crimea.
H. SUBCOSTULATA, Bourg. PI. 2, figs. 67-69.

Perforate, chalky, whitish, the earlier Avhorls obscurely maculated
with corneous, irregularly strongly costulate, suture impressed;
whorls 6, convex, the last bluntly augulated, slightly descending at
the aperture ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 5-6 mill.

Algiers.
H. AGRIOICA, Bourg. PI. 2, figs. 70-72.

Narrowly umbilicated, chalky, whitish, with a few translucent
corneous maculations above and below, distantly costulate above,
sculpture weaker on the base, suture impressed.; whorls 6, the last
bluntly angulated, suddenly deflected at the aperture; peristome
acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 7 mill.

Algiers.
/

r

10 HELIX.

H. ACUTISTRIA, Bottger. PI. 2, figs. 73-75.

Moderately umbilicated, white, unicolored, or with a single
chestnut l)and above and five interrupted narrow bands below ;
whorls 5, rapidly increasing, with deep suture, .convex, closely
covered Avith thread-like striae, last whorl scarcely descending, ob-
tusely angulated, angle vanishing towards the aperture ; peristome
simple, acute, remotely white-lipped within. Diam. 9-10 mill.

Tiflis, Transcaucasia.

This species has been recently referred to H. crenimargo (Vol.
Ill, p. 252), as a var. obtusior.

H. CANDIDULA, Studer. PL 1, figs. 44-48.

Narrowly umbilicated, minutely striate, whitish, uuicolored or
variously banded with brown ; whorls 4J-5, slightly convex, the
last scarcely deflected in front ; peristome acute, internally thick-
ened. Diam. 9 mill.

Middle Europe.

The synonyms are H. unifasciata, Poir., H. bidentata, Drap., H.
striata, Var. Drap., H. graphica, H. rugellosa, and H. striatula,
Hartm., H. azona, H. unizona and H. radiolata, Audrz., If. elegans,
Fleming.

Var. ALPICOLA, Stabile.

Small, cretaceous, globosely depressed, rather thin, with narrow,
pale, interrupted bands, evanescent, aperture more rounded.

Diam. b''5 mill.

Var. THYMORUM, Alt.

Turbinately depressed, obtuse, more or less striate, porcellanous
or yellowish, with a chestnut baud above, and sometimes with in-
ferior lines ; last whorl flattened above, obtusely angulated, con-
vex below ; peristome white-lipped within.

Var. GRATIOSA, Ziegler.
Shell much larger.

O

H. strigatula, Hartm., and H. adnumerata, Parr., are synonyms.

Var. SPIRILLA, Westerl.

Narrowly umbilicated, depressed, costu late - striate, yellowish,
usually with a superior chestnut band ; whorls 4i-5, the last di-
lated, planate above, obtusely angulated, base convex; aperture
angulated above and below, widely 2-3 labiate within, columella
short, forming an angle with the basal lip. Diam. 4'6 mill.

Southern France, Sicily.

HELIX. 11

Var. VORTEX, Westerl.

Globosely convex, densely costulate ; whorls 5, slowly increasing,
convex, the last scarcely larger; aperture rounded lunar.

Diaiu. 5-5*5 mill.

Southern France.

Var. ALBOCINCTELLA, Colb.

Shell brownish, the fasciations confluent, with a median white
line.

Belgium.

Var. NAMUECENSIS, Colb.

Shell whitish with a band of chestnut dots on the periphery, ap-
pearing again above the suture, and two additional spiral series,
very faint, on the base.

Belgium.
Var. LUNULATA, Kryii.

Striolate, angulated above, white, sometimes with chestnut bands
and lines, spire a little more elevated, umbilicus narrower ; whorls
6, rounded ; peristome patulous, lipped within.

Odessa.
Var. MELL^E, Pini.

Small, somewhat depressed, more rugose, with wide bands above
or below.

H. EUGOSIUSCULA, Mich. PL 2, figs. 76, 77.

Moderately umbilicated, closely, elegantly costulate-striate, grey-
ish, apex corneous ; whorls 5, a little flattened above, the last
scarcely angulated, convex below ; peristome acute, strongly lipped
within. Diam. 6 mill.

Tarayon, Central Pyrenees.

H. PALADILHI, Bourg. PL 2, figs. 78-80.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, somewhat closely unequally costu-
late, whitish, with a single interrupted brown band above the peri-
phery, apex light corneous ; whorls 5, slightly convex, slowly in-
creasing, the last scarcely descending in front, barely angulated,
convex below ; peristome acute, scarcely labiate within.

Diam. 8 mill.

Montpellier, France.
H. CYPARISSIAS, Parr. PI. 1, fig. 49.

Moderately umbilicated, closely costulate-striate, white, punctate
or irregularly maculated and subfasciate with chestnut, apex cor-

12 HELIX.

neons; whorls 5, convex, the last narrow, not descending in front;
peristome acnte, thinly labiate with chestnut. Diam. 6 mill.

Ins. Cyprus.
H. ARROUXI, Bonrg. PL 2, figs. 81, 82.

Umbilicated, depressed, fragile, snbpellncid, thinly striulate, ful-
vous chestnut maculated with white, with a shining, blackish apex ;
whorls .5?, a little convex, suture well impressed, last whorl ob-
scurely subangulated, base convex. Diam. 6 mill.

Berytm, Syri.

Following Pfeiffer, I included this species in Patula (Vol. Ill,
21), but it is evidently more closely related to the present group.

H. IMPROBATA, Mousson. PL 1, figs. 50-52.

Widely umbilicated, unequally, strongly striate, white, greyish or
with punctate corneous lines ; whorls 5, flattened above, rounded
below, the earlier and middle ones distinctly filosely carinated, the
last with the angle evanescent, irregularly deflected ; peristome
acute, labiate within. Diam. 13 mill.

Around Jerusalem.
H. CONSPURCATA, Drap. PL 1, figs. 53, 54.

Narrowly umbilicated, costulate, hairy, horny ash color, minutely
variegated ; whorls 4-5, depressed ; peristome acute. Diam. 6 mill.

Southern Europe, Algiers, Teneriffe.

It is H. radiolata, Jan, and H. Sardiniensis, Porro. H. Aetncea,
Benoit is a juvenile of this species.

Var. ILLUVIOSA, Nevill.

" An apparently constant form, differing conspicuously in the
character of the epidermis, and slightly in those of the shell itself."
No other description given.

Mentone, France.

Var. PSARA, Bourg. PL 3, figs. 89-91.

Rather widely umbilicated, subopaque, dull, strongly irregularly
striate, earlier whorls brownish, with white maculations, last whorl
uniform brownish corneous ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, the last
rounded, scarcely, slowly descending in front; peristome simple,
acute. Diam. 3 mill.

Algiers.
H. LETOURNEUXIANA, Bourg. PL 3, figs. 92-94.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, subopaque, ash color with
chestnut maculations disposed in an interrupted spiral zone, costu-

HELIX. 13

late striate ; whorls 6, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last
with angulated periphery, not descending in front, convex below ;
peristome simple, acute. Diam. 8 mill.

Algiers.
H. EUSTRICTA, Bourg. PL 2, figs. 84, 85.

Moderately umbilicated, whitish, with corneous maculations above,
disposed as in a serpent's skin, below all white, or with three usually
interrupted narrow corneous bands, closely striate above, more
strongly so below; whorls 5, the last subcarinate, scarcely, slowly
descending in front, base convex, somewhat inflated round the um-
bilicus ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 5 mill.

A Igiers.
H. LOCIIEANA, Bourg. PL 3, h>. il.V-97.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, thin, slightly pellucid, striulate,
and when living clothed with very short, rigid hairs, greyish white,
with ashy brown flames at the suture or on the base, or more usually
several bands, flamed with whitish ; whorls 5, convex, the earlier
ones carinate in young individuals, the last large, rounded, usually
with a whitish peripheral band, not descending at the aperture;
peristome simple, acute, slightly labiate within. Diam. 5 mill.

A Igiers.
H. MORICOLA, Paladilhe. PL 2, fig. 83.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, thin, fragile, with short, somewhat
recurved hairs, and slightly flexuous regular stria?, brownish, spotted
with greyish white ; whorls 5, slightly convex, with well-impressed
suture, last whorl obtusely angulated on the periphery, base convex,
with white spots formed of concentric lines ; peristome acute.

Diam. 4 mill.

Dep. Herault, France.

Smaller, with narrower umbilicus, deeper suture and rounder
aperture than H. compurcata.

H. INTERSECTA, Mich. PL 2, figs. 86-88.

Narrowly umbilicated, closely costulate-striate, opaque, whitish
gray or dark brown, rarely unicolored, usually interruptedly banded,
maculated, or punctate with fulvous or chestnut color; whorls 5-6,
slowly increasing, the last obsoletely augulated, shortly descending
in front; peristome simple, chestnut- or white-lipped within.

Diam. 8 mill.

So. France, N. Spain.

H. ignota, Mabille is a synonym.

14 HELIX.

H. JAYLEI, Paladilhe.

Widely umbilicated, depressed, subdiscoidal, regularly rugosely
costulate, somewhat chalky, whitish straw-color, apex somewhat
rosy; whorls 5?, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last large,
a little descending in front; aperture suboblique, rounded-lunar,
peristome simple, acute, labiate within, margins approaching.

Diam. 12 mill.

Tangiers.
Var. EUSTICULA, Palad.

Umbilicus narrower, spire more elevated, apex smaller, black-
ish, costulations stronger, more irregular, whorls more convex
above, more rapidly increasing. Diam. 14 mill.

Tangiers.

Paladilhe, after pointing out the differences between this form,
which he describes as a species, and H. Jaylei, thinks it not improba-
ble that they will prove identical. Kobelt reduces rusticula to the
rank of a variety. I am unable to figure the species because my
copy of the work containing the description is incomplete, in want-
ing the plate referred to in the text.

H. SUBMEBIDIONALIS, Bourg. PL 3, figs. 98-100.

Narrowly umbilicated, whitish, with five interrupted chestnut
zones, strongly striate; whorls 6, scarcely convex above, rapidly
increasing, the last rounded, slightly descending in front; peristome
acute, brown-lipped within. Diam. 10 mill.

Algiers.

This specific name was originated for an assemblage of species
now recognized as distinct, and is better limited to the Algerian
form figured by its author, as typical; perhaps should be suppressed
altogether.

H. CAPERATA, Mtg. PL 3, figs. 1, 3-5, 12, 13.

Moderately umbilicated, closely striate, whitish or yellowish
with brownish or corneous bands, maculations or interrupted striga-
tions; whorls 6, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last not
deflected, base more convex, peristome white-lipped, acute.

Diam. 8-11 mill.

Weatern Europe.

It is H. striata, Drap. (in part), H. crenulata, Dillw., H. fasciolata,
Drouet, H. intersecta of numerous authors.

Var. BARCINENSIS, Bourg. Figs. 3-5.

Narrowly umbilicated, irregularly plicate-striate, ashy white or
light brownish, fasciated and maculated with chestnut, smoother

HELIX. 15

below; whorls 5*, convex, the last slightly deflected in front,
periphery subaugulated ; peristome acute, white-lipped within, mar-
gins approximating. Diam. 10*5 mill.

Miranda, Spain.
The synonyms are H. Miranda and H. Iberica, Rambur.

Var. DINIENSIS, Rambur. Figs. 12, 13.

Moderately urubilicated, very thinly, regularly striate-costulate,
whitish or ash colored, with brown lines and bands; whorls 5?,
slowly increasing, the last subdefiected in front, base more convex ;
peristome thin, white-lipped within, margins approximating.

Diam. 12 mill.

Southern France.

H. LANOLOISIANA, Bourg. PI. 3, figs. 6-8.

Umbilicated, somewhat solid, crispately rugulose above, striate
below, white, unicolored or with subconfluent bauds and strigations
above, apex light corneous; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last
wider, scarcely descending in front, periphery subangulated ; peris-
tome acute, widely white-lipped within, margins approaching.

Diam. 10'5 mill.

Syria.

It is H. caperata, Var. Kobelt's Catalogue.

H. ARMILLATA, Lowe. PI. 3, figs. 9-11.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, costulate, obsoletely spirally striate,
brownish corneous, marbled and subfasciate with whitish, suture
impressed; whorls 5, subplanate, the last not deflected in front,
carinated above, base convex, subcompressed round the umbilicus;
peristome simple, acute, margins distinct. Diam. 7-8 mill.

Madeira, Azores.

The synonyms are H. striata, Lowe, H. conspurcata, Mouss., H.
Loivei, Pot. et Mich.

H. MOLINA, Hidalgo. PL 3, figs. 14-16.

Perviously umbilicated, rather thin, somewhat shining, striulate,
brownish above, with white scattered spots, banded below, some-
times all brown, with small white spots, or corneous, with translucent
brown bands and irregular maculations ; whorls 5-5 J, a little convex,
slowly increasing, the last scarcely deflected in front, periphery
obsoletely augulated ; peristome acute, white, labiate within, margins
approaching. Diam. 10 mill.

Columbret Is. between Spain and the Balearic Is.

16

HELIX.

H. MADRITENSIS, Bambur. PI. 3, figs. 17, 18.

Perforate whitish or ash colored, with two maculated brown
bands above, often obsolete, thinly and regularly closely costulate;
whorls 5, the last subinflated, a little deflected in front, Jbase sub-
turgid, suture conspicuous, periphery cariuated ; peristome simple,
acute, widely labiate within, margins joined by a thin white callus.

Diam. 9 mill.

Madrid, Spain.

H. PENCHINATI, Bourg. PL 3, figs. 19-21.

Perviously umbilicated, striate, corneous chestnut color flamed
with white above, whitish, dark banded below, suture impressed;
whorls 5 ;>-, a little convex, slowly increasing, the last carinated, the
carina vanishing towards the aperture, suddenly descending, base
convex; peristome simple, acute, slightly thickened within, margins
approximating, joined by a thin callus. Diam. 6'5 mill.

Barcelona, Spain.
H. CODIA, Bourg. PI. 3, figs. 22-24.

Narrowly umbilicated, subpellucid, elegantly costate, yellowish
corneous with interrupted chestnut liueolations, apex corneous;
whorls 6, slightly convex, regularly increasing, suture scarcely
impressed, last whorl rounded, abruptly descending at the aperture; .
peristome acute, white margined within. Diam. 12 mill.

Portugal.

H. intersecta, Morelet is a synonym.

Aucey has indicated a var. EUFA.

H. SEMIPICTA, Hidalgo. PL 3, fig. 2.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, subopaque, a little shining, mi-
nutely striated above, smooth below, light yellowish white, with
pellucid maculatious above, profusely variegated and banded at the
periphery with brownish corneous, suture rather deep ; whorls 5-5,
a little convex, regularly increasing, the last convex, slightly des-
cending in front, base subdepressed ; peristome acute, sublabiate
within. Diam, 9'5 mill.

Alcare%, Spain.
H. GIGAXII, Charp. PL 3, figs. 25-27.

Arcuately rimate, solid, closely striated, opaque, whitish or flesh
color, unicolored or marbled and interruptedly banded with chestnut,
apex corneous; whorls 5, somewhat flattened, the last wider, not

HELIX. 17

descending in front, base convex; peristome simple, acute, remotely
labiate within, margins approaching. Diam. 9'5-12'5 mill.

France, Belgium, England.

H. MEDA, Porro. PI. 3, fig. 44.

Scarcely riniate, globose above, somewhat flattened below, costu-
late-striate, whitish or brownish, with narrow interrupted chestnut
bands, sometimes unicolored; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last
angulated on the periphery, not descending in front, base subplane,
striate; peristome acute, with flesh colored callus within.

Diam. 10-12 mill.

Sicily, Sardinia, Malta.

H. subclausa, Kossm., and H. Calypso and Turatii, Parr, are
synonyms.

Unfigured Species of Subsection Candidula.

H. HYPJEANA, H. DEFERIANA, and H. DANIELI, Bourg.

France.

H. CARCUSIANA, H. HERIPENSIS, H. THUILLIERI and H. LOROG-
LOSSICOLA, H. ARGA, H. iLicETORUivr, H. BELLOQUADRICA, Mabille.

France.

H. HICETORUM, Locard. = H. ILICITORUM, Mabille.
H. FLORENTINE, Pousonby. Tangiers.

H. ANTONIANA, Rochebrune. St. Antoine, Cape Verd Is.

H. DUMEVAGA, Morelet. Morocco.

H. ClTHARISTENSIS, H. REQIUENI, H. MARSIANA, H. VlCIANICA,

Bourg. France.

H. rsAROPsis, H. IDANICA, H. GAROCELIANA, H. ELIMBERRISIAXA,

H. ARELATENSIS, Locard. France.

H. YCAUNICA, H. PHILOMIPHILA, H. LUGDUNIACA, LE MESLEI,

Mabille. Fmnce.

H. DlENSIS, H. PSILORITANA, H. SUBVARIEGATA, H. FREYTAGI,

Maltzan. Isle of Crete.

H. COMMEATA, and H. MESOPOTAMIA, Mousson, and Var. GHAE-

SIANA, of the latter species. Mesopotamia.

H. ORDUNENSIS, Kobelt. Orduna, Biscay, Spain.

H. DEANA, and H. PLEURESTHA, Tassy. France.

H. NILSSONIANA, Beck, (H. ericelorum, Nilss.). Sweden.

H. FUREDENSIS, H. BAKONYCA, H. PLATTENICA, Servain.

Hungary.
H. ARNUSIACA, Fagot, (H. profiiga, Var. Etrusca, Issel). N. Italy.

18 HELIX.

H. APRUTIANA, Fagot. Abruzzi, Italy.

H. VISANICA, H. CARPENSORACTENSIS, H. FOLIORUM, Fagot.

France.

H. PRINOHILA, H. SOLACIACA, Mabille. France.

H. ROBINIANA H. PAULI, H. PHILORA, H. RUIDA. Bourg.

France.

H. BRINOPHILA, Locard. = H. PRINOHILA, Mabille.
H. RHYTEPHORA, Carp. Egypt.

H. KOTSCHYI, Pfr. Persia.

H. AURIGERANA, H. ALA VAN A, H. UssATENSis, Fagot. France.
H. LUNULATA, Krynicki. Odessa.

H. FLORENTINE, Fagot. Florence, Italy.

H. TRINGA, Fagot. (H. profuga, Var. tringa, West.)

Ins. Lido, Venice.

H. GRADISCANENSIS, Fagot. Istria.

H. POUZONENSIS, H. RENEI, H. CROUZILIANA, H. MARGIERIANA,

H. SlTICULOSA, H. SCRUPELLINA, Fagot.

France.

H. MONISTROLENSIS, H. JoussEAUMEi, Fagot. France.

H. IRIANA, Pol. Piedmont.

H. HONORATI, H. SUBINTERSECTA, H. PlCTONUM, H. LlROUXIANA,

Bourg. France.

H. IDIOPHYA, Florence. France.

H. CALLISTHA, Berenguier. France.

H. VESTITA, Rambur. So. France, Spain, Corsica.

H. STRUCKI Maltzan. Portugal.

H. ROMANA, H. COLOSSEANA, Fagot. Rome.

H. FIESOLENSIS, Fagot. Fiesole, near Florence.

H. EUM^EUS, Lowe. Mogador, Morocco.

H. BRUNDUSIANA, Fagot. Brindisi, It/t/i/.

H. LESINIACA, Fagot. Ins. Lesina, Dalmatia.

H. SAMNITUM, and Var. PUGNAX, Westerl. Samnium, Italy.

H. ANDALUSICA, Kobelt. Spain, Portugal.

H. HERBARUM, H. XENELiCA, Servain. France.
H. GESOCRIBATENSIS, H. SCRUPJEA, H. LIEURANENSIS, H. GRO-

BONI, H. COUTAGNEI, H. NOMEPHILA, H. TOLOSANA, H. VERANYI,

H. VALCOURTIANA, H. MAURINIANA, H. ACENTROMPHALA, H.
JEANBERNATI, H. ACOSMIA, H. FRAYSSIANA, H. MOQUERONI,

H. EREMA, H. MICROPHANA, H. TARASCONENSIS, H. RUIDA, Bourg.

France.

HELIX. 19

H. LAURAGUAISIANA, Locard. France.

H. EUCALLA, H. I&JEA, H. IRANA, H.A( i EXMTLLER. Tunis.

H. AMICULA, H. AMPHIBOLA, H. ANASIA, H. GONIOGYRA, H.

SAHARICA, H. ISCHUROSTOMA, H. TERRICOLA, H. GALEOMMA,

H. BRYAR^EA, H. AGGARICA, H. MALASPINJE, H.DlJVEYRIERIANA,
H. AGRIOICA, H. SPECIALIS, H. MAURITANICA, H. TARIA, H.

KRIZENSIS, Bourg. . Tunis.

H. TREMATA, H. INCOLUMIS, H. LECOUFFEI, H. ISTERA, H. MEHE-
DIANA, H. CRISIA, H. BRADYBJENA, H. ^EGLIA, H. ARGODERMA,
H. EUCOR^EA, H. AMBLOXA, H. CONCHOLEUCA, LetOUril. et Bourg.

Tunis.

H. MESSAPIA, Blanc. Tunis.

H. HERBATICA, Fagot. Tunis.

H. MENDRANOI, H. CANOVASIANA. H. SOLANOI, H. ALLUVIONUM,

Servain. Tunis.

Besides the above, which are mostly species as understood by the
"new school" conchologists that is merely local variations, an
additional large number of names are quoted in Letourneux and
Bourguignats "Prodr. Mai. Tunisie" as European relations of Tunisian
forms. These are mostly undescribed, and therefore need not be
reproduced here.

Subsection VI, LEMNISCIA, Lowe. 1854.

H. TUMULORUM, Webb and Berthelot. PI. 3, figs. 28, 29.

Subcovered perforate, closely, distinctly striate, white with inter-
rupted brown bands; whorls 6-7, scarcely convex, the last not de-
scending, periphery sharply angulated, base flatly convex; peristome
simple, acute. Diam. 12 mill.

Canary Is.
H. PHALERATA, Webb and Berthelot. PL 3, figs. 31-33.

Perforate, distinctly costulate-striate, whitish or yellowish white,
with an interrupted baud and a series of maculations of chestnut
above ; whorls 6, a little convex, the last obsoletely subangulated,
not descending in front ; peristome acute, sublabiate within.

Diam. S'5 mill.

Canary Is.

It is H. Roseti, Webb and Berth, not Mich., and H. Nivariensis,
Shuttl.
H. PEBSIMILIS, Shuttl. PL 33, fig. 70.

Subcovered perforate, thin, plicately striate, corneous, with two
interrupted chestnut bands, maculated with white, one above, the

20 HELIX.

other below the periphery ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last not
descending in front, periphery obtusely angulated ; peristome sim-
ple, acute. Diam. 7 mill.

Lis. Teneriffe and Palma.

H. prceposita, Mousson is a synonym.

Var. DEVIA, Mousson.

Somewhat larger, depressed conical, subcarinate, marbled with
grey and corneous above, with two bands of brown and white spots.

H. OLEACEA, Shuttl. PL 4, figs. 34-36.

Subcovered perforate, thin, fragile, a little shining, striate, yel-
lowish brown, with a series of chestnut maculations near the suture
and another on the middle of the base ; whorls 5-5 5, scarcely con-
vex above, the last not descending, with a peripheral carina vanish-
ing in front ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 8 mill.

Ins. Palma, Canaries.

H. deusta, Lowe is a synonym.

H. AVoowAKDii, Tarnier. PL 4, figs. 37-39.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, fragile, dull, lightly plicately striate,
uniform whitish- or yellowish-corneous, without bands, the plicae a
little paler ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last scarcely descending
in front, periphery angulated, the keel visible some distance up the
spire, base a little more convex ; peristome acute, scarcely expanded,
not labiate. Diam. 7 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe.
H. OEMENTITIA, Shuttl. PL 4, figs. 40-42.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, dull, plicately costulate, ash colored,
marbled with corneous, with a single peripheral interrupted band
of chestnut and white spots ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, scarcely
convex, the last shortly deflected in front, periphery carinated,
-carina vanishing towards the aperture; aperture banded with chest-
nut, peristome acute, thickened within, the margins joined by a
white callus. Diam. 11 '5 mill.

Canary Is.

H. MONILIFEKA, Webb and Berthelot. PL 4, figs. 43, 44.

Subcovered perforate, somewhat solid, strongly striate, whitish
with one superior and two inferior bands of chestnut maculations ;
whorls 5-5 J, slightly convex, the last scarcely descending, periphery

HELIX. 21

rtnmded ; peristome acute, strongly labiate within, margins distant,
with a slight connecting callus. Diam. 6'7 mill.

Canary Is.
It is H. Lancerottensis of Orb. Moll. Canaries, text but not figures.

H. MICHAUDI, Desh. PI. 4, figs. 45, 46.

Subcovered perforate, rugosely striate, shining, brownish white,
with three continuous chestnut bands; whorls 7, slightly convex,
the last not descending, periphery rounded, base scarcely more con-
vex than above; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 10-12 mill.

Porto Sancto, Madeiran Is.

H. bicolor, Lowe is synonym.

H. LEMNISCATA, Webb and Berthelot. PL 4, figs. 47-49.

Covered perforate, obliquely distinctly striate, brownish white or
yellowish, banded with chestnut or chocolate, bands sometimes
interrupted; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last not descending in
front, periphery obtusely angulated, base flattened convex, peristome
acute, slightly chestnut-lipped within. Diam. 9 mill.

Grand Canary IsL
H. ATOMATA, Menke. PL 4, figs. 50-52.

Evidently a young shell, possibly of H. tumulorum, Webb and
Berth.

Hab. unknown.

Unfigured Species.

H. UMBICULA, Shuttl. Canary Is.

H. Rosetti, and H. phalerata of Pfr. (not Webb and Berth.), are
synonyms.
H. WATSONIANA, Wollaston. Grand Canary, and Teneriffe Is.

Subsection VII, XEROLEUCA, Kobelt. 1877.
H. TUNETANA, Pfr. PL 4, figs. 53, 54.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, opaque, roughly granular, yellow-
ish brown , whorls 4, plane above, exserted and compressly carinated,
the last not descending, base somewhat convex, angulated round the
umbilicus; peristome subsimple, the base thickened and reflected.

Diam. 18 mill.

Tunis.
H. TETRAGONA, Morelet. PL 4, figs. 55-57.

Widely umbilicated, rather thin, striated, greyish ; whorls 4,
flattened above, suture margined, periphery acutely carinated, base

22 HELIX.

compressly inflated, with a thread-like carina round the perspective

umbilicus; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 15 mill.

Algeria.
H. TURCICA, Chemn. PI. 4, figs. 58-60.

Widely umbilicated, rugosely, vermicularly striated, crenulately
carinated, greyish white; whorls 5J, rapidly increasing, with sub-
crenulated suture, umbilicus perspective, bounded by a crenulated

carina. Diam. 24 mill.

Morocco.
It is H. cratera, Schum.

H. MOGADORENSIS, Bourg. PL 4, figs. 61-63.

Widely umbilicated, solid, cretaceous, opaque, yellowish white,
vermicularly striate; whorls five, all slightly carinate, peripheral
carina compressed, crenulated, last whorl a little descending in
front, umbilicus bordered by a threaxl-like cariua.

Diam. 17 mill.

Mogador, Morocco.

H. MOGRABINA, Morelet. PL 4, fig. 64.

Moderately umbilicated, vermicularly striate, cretaceous, solid,
grayish white ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, crenulately carinated at
the suture, peripheral cariua compressed, tubercularly crenulated,
base turgid, the umbilical region defined by an angle.

Diam. 17 mill.

Morocco, Algeria.

H. DEGENERANS, Mousson. PL 4, figs. 65, 66.

Widely umbilicated, cretaceous, vermicularly striated; whorls
5%, slightly convex above, crenulately carinated, umbilicus with
a thread-like carina; peristome acute.

Diam. 16 mill.

Morocco.

H. CONOPSIS, Morelet. PL 4, figs. 67, 68; PL 5, figs. 11-13.

Moderately umbilicated, granularly rugose, particularly below,
grayish white, cretaceous; whorls 6, scarcely convex, periphery
with a thread-like carina, base convex, umbilical region angulated.

Diam 12 mill.

Morocco.

Unfigured Species of Xeroleuca.

H. DAROLI, Letourn. Algeria.

H. DJARICA, Bourg. Algeria.

HELIX. 23

H. LIBYCA, Ponsonby. Libya, N. Africa.

H. BERENICE, Kobelt, Libya, N. Africa.

Subsection VIII, TURRICULA, Beck. 1837.

H. DEROGATA, Eossm. PL 4, figs. 73-76.

Moderately umbilicatecl, somewhat solid, minutely striate, shining,
whitish, with narrow chestnut bands above aud below the periphery,
and narrow ones on the base; whorls nearly 5J, scarcely convex,
the last depressed, rounded, not descending in front, base more
convex ; peristonie acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 9 mill.

Murcia, Spain.

H. subrogata, var. /?. is a synonym.

Var. ANGULATA, Rossm. Fig. 76.

Usually maculosely variegated above, costulations stronger, periph-
ery angulated.

H. Murcica, Guirao is a synonym.

H. HIPPONENSIS, Morelet. PI. 4, fig. 77.

Narrowly perforate, thin, costulate-striate, whitish, with continu-
ous or interrupted chestnut bands ; whorls 62, convex, the last an-
gulated at the periphery, not descending in front ; peristome acute,
slightly margined within. Diam. 10 mill.

Algeria.
H. WARNIERIANA, Bourg. PL 4, figs. 78-80.

Perforate, moderately solid, chalky, somewhat pellucid, malleated
by obscure stride, yellowish Avhite, irregularly variegated with sub-
translucid corneous maculations ; whorls 6 J, scarcely convex, the
last slightly descending in front, periphery obtusely angulated, angle
evanescent towards the aperture; peristome acute, remotely white-
lipped within. Diam. 10 mill.

Tunis.

H. PYRAMIDATA, Drap. PL 5, fig. 83-86, 99, 100, 3; PL 4, figs. 81, 82.

Narrowly umbilicated, stimulate, white, unicolored or banded and

variegated with chestnut, spire obtuse ; whorls 6, convex, the last

not descending in front, a little flattened on the base; peristome

acute, labiate within. Diam. 11 mill.

Mediterranean Region.

H. agnata, H. arenaria, H. littoralis, If. sabulosa, and H. specta-
bilis, Zglr., are synonyms.

24 HELIX.

Var. NOVA, Paulucci. Figs. 86-88.

Shell much more depressed, periphery sometimes obsoletely angu-

lated, unicolored or variegated.

Calabria.
Var. GRATIOSA, Paulucci. Undescribed.

Var. DEPRESSA, Bourg. Fig. 3.

More depressed than the type, but not so flat as the Var. nova,,
scarcely obsoletely angulated, umbilicus somewhat larger.

Calabria, Algiers.

Var. NUMIDICA, Moquin-Tandon. PI. 4, figs. 81, 82.

Depressed conical, last whorl with angulated periphery, convex
on the base, umbilicus wider than the type.

Algiers.
Var. TARENTINA, Pfr. Figs. 99, 100.

Very narrowly umbilicated, closely costulate, light brownish,
sometimes variegated and subfasciate with whitish and brownish ;
whorls 6, the last subangulated, not descending, base subplanate ;
peristome remotely labiate. Diam. 10 mill.

Naples.
H. THIESSE^E, Mousson. PL 5, figs. 89-92.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, striate, whitish, often vari-
ously banded and maculated with chestnut; whorls 5, slightly
convex, slowly increasing, with impressed suture, last whorl a little
descending in front, the periphery sabangulated ; peristome simple,
scarcely expanded, strongly, remotely labiate within.

Diam. 10 mill.

Eubcea, Greece.
H. CHALCIDICA, Blanc. PI. 5, figs. 93-95.

Narrowly umbilicated, striate, whitish, unicolored, or with a
superior and a basal band of chestnut maculations ; whorls 5z,
moderately convex, with well impressed suture, last whorl descend-
ing in front, base convex ; peristome acute, strongly labiate within.

Diam. 13 mill.

Greece.
H. DAVIDIANA, Bourg. PI. 5, figs. 4-6.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, chalky, not shining, whitish, sub-
maculated above, subzonate below, strongly, irregularly costate;
whorls 5j, convex, regularly increasing, subcarinated, the periphery
obtusely angulated, the last whorl descending in front ; peristome
simple, slightly thickened within. Diam. 9 mill.

Jerusalem.

HELIX. 25

H. SERRULATA, Beck. PI. 5, figs. 1, 2.

Very narrowly perforate, corrugately tuberculate-striate, whitish
more or less banded with chestnut, especially on the base ; whorls
6, slightly convex, subcarinate, the last with angulated, tuberculated
peripheral angle ; peristome acute, internally labiate.

Diarn. 12 mill.

Egypt.

H. crenulata, Olivier, is a synonym.

H. PTYCHODIA, Bourg. PL 5, figs. 7, 8.

Narrowly unibilicated, rather thin, subtuberculate above and
crispately ribbed, yellowish white ; whorls 6, scarcely convex,
slightly cariuate at the suture, the last whorl with angulated peri-
phery, the angle evanescent near the aperture, base convex, less
strongly striate; peristome acute, slightly thickened within.

Diam. 15 mill.

Egypt.

Is possibly a synonym or a variety of the preceding species.

H. PHILAMMIA, Bourg. PL 5, figs. 9, 10.

Narrowly perforate, opaque, chalky, rugosely, subtubercularly
costate above, less roughly so below, w r hitish, faintly banded ou the
base; whorls 6-}, tubercularly carinated at the suture and on the
periphery, last whorl suddenly deflected in front, base convex;
peristome acute, thickened within. Diam. 13 mill.

Egypt, Syria.

One of a series of species whose differences may be only varietal.

H. TUBERCULOSA, Conrad. PL 5, figs. 16, 17.

Narrowly perforate, opaque, cretaceous, corrugately striated, and
tubercularly bicarmated, irregularly rugose below, yellowish white ;
whorls 6, flattened, periphery strongly tubercularly carinated, base
a little convex ; peristome acute, slightly labiate within.

Diam. 12-13 mill.

Palestine.

H. Despreauxii, Bourg., is a synonym.

H. DESPREAUXII, d'Orb. PL 5, figs. 18, 19.

Perforate, rugosely tuberculate, calcareous, whitish, carinate ;
whorls 5, somewhat exserted, tubercularly bicariuated, the lower
carina more prominent ; aperture brownish, peristome simple, acute,
margins approaching, connected by a callus. Diam. 8 mill.

Canary Is.

26 HELIX.

H. Preauxii, Hartru., is a synonym.
Var. IMMODICA, Moussou.

Thicker, more elevated, nodules less numerous but stronger ;
peristome obtuse, thickened, continuous, subsolute.

Grand Canary Isl. (subfossil).

H. MODERATA, Mousson. PI. 5, figs. 20, 21.

Minutely, varying to rather narrowly umbilicated, nodulously
rugose and bicarinated, greyish white, suture serrately margined
above; whorls 5, subexserted, the last strongly carinated on the
periphery, descending at the aperture, base slightly convex, radi-
ately nodulous; peristome acute, sublabiate, margins converging
but not continuous. Diam. 10 mill.

Is. Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, Canaries.

Described as a variety of H. Despreauxii, which it very probably
is, although both Pfeiffer and Wollaston consider it distinct.

H. MIRANDA, Lowe. PI. 5, figs. 22-25.

Narrowly umbilicated, rugose, with distant oblique corrugated
ribs, smoother on the base, more regularly plicate, Avhitish, with an
interrupted basal chestnut baud ; whorls 5, obsoletely bicarinated,
periphery of last whorl crenulately carinated, the suture crenulated;
peristome simple, acute. Diam. 7 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries.

H. nodoso-striata, Mousson (figs. 24, 25), is apparently a not fully
grown specimen of this species.

H. HESPERIDUM, Morelet. PL 5, figs. 14, 15 ; PI. 6, figs. 53, 54.

Very narrowly perforate, slightly shining, greyish, the rugosities
lighter colored, base unifasciate, obliquely rugose, somewhat tuber-
culate ; Avhorls 6, carinate, peripheral carina tuberculate; aperture
brownish, peristome thin, simple. Diam. 8'5 mill.

Near Mogador, Morocco.
H. INOPS, Mousson. PL 5, figs. 26, 27.

Minutely perforate, arcuately subcostulate-striate, slightly shin-
ing, white, suture impressed, simple; whorls 5J, a little convex, the
last not descending, periphery obtusely carinated ; peristome acute,
margins not approaching. Diam. 8 mill.

Grand Canarg Isl.
H. CYCLODON, Webb and Berthelot. PL 6, figs. 34, 35.

Scarcely perforate, rugosely striated, brownish white, suture den-
tate ; whorls 7, flattened, dentately carinated, with a series of tu-

HELIX. 27

bercles above the peripheral carina, base slightly convex ; peristome

simple, acute. Diam. 7'5 mill.

Canary Is.

Has been referred, as a synonym, to the next species, but its dif-
ferential characters are obvious.

H. PUMILIO, Chemn. PI. 6, figs. 49, 50.

Narrowly umbiHcated, whitish, muricately rugose ; whorls 7, all
acutely cariuated, last whorl bicarinated, the peripheral cariua ser-
rated, base rugosely striate. Diam. 10 mill.

Near Mogador, Morocco.

H. TROCHOIDES, Poiret. PL 5, figs. 28-31 ; PI. (5, figs. 36-39.

Perforate, substriate, whitish, unicolored or chestnut banded ;
whorls 5-6, slightly convex, with thread-like carina, base a little
convex ; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 6'67 mill.

Mediterranean ( 'ountries.

It is H. conica, Drap., H. Algira, Chier., H. solarium, Risso.

Var. SULCULATA, Jan. Figs. 30, 31.

Carina obsolete, costulate-striate, usually maculated with chestnut,

whorls scarcely convex.

Sicily, Malta, Italy, etc.

H. rugosiuscula, Mich., and H. rugosa, Arad., are synonyms.

Var. PUMILIO, Pfr.

Umbilicus wider, costulate-striate, carina crenulated.

Var. PYRAMIDELLA, Jan.

Trochiform, umbilicated, striate, obtusely carinated, white, with

diaphanous corneous maculations.

Northern Italy.
Var. TURRITELLA, Parr. Figs. 36, 37.

Perforate, striate, with a brown band above the carina and usually
another on the base, suture distinctly thread-margined ; whorls 62,

convex, the last with subacute thread-like carina,

Dalmatia.
Var. REMISSA, Parr.

Shell smaller, whorls 6, with oblong maculations and brown striae

above. Diam. 4 mill.

Ins. Lesina.
'Var. VERTICILLATA, Parr. Figs. 38, 39.

Perforate, conical, closely plicate, white, suture margined ; whorls
6, slightly convex, peripheral carina defined by a sulcus.

Diam. 5 mill.

Ins. Ehodes; Italy.

28 HELIX.

Var. VIDUA, Westerl.

Whorls 7, all rounded, without carina, suture very deep.
Diam. 8 mill.

Spezzia.
A single specimen, perhaps a monstrosity.

H. SYRENSIS, Pfr. PI. 5, figs. 32, 33.

Narrowly umbilicated, closely costulate, whitish marbled with
brown ; whorls 5, exserted, carinated, flattened, base slightly convex;
peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 8 mill.

Ins. Syra.
H. SCHOMBRII, Scacchi. PI. 6, figs. 40-42.

Deeply umbilicated,' obliquely costulate-striate, whitish, some-
times chestnut banded ; whorls 6, slightly convex, with thread-like,
crenulated carina, suture somewhat margined, base convex ; peris-
tome acute, remotely labiate within. Diam. 8 mill.

Malta.

H. calcarata, Benoit, is a synonym.

H. CUCULLUS, Mart. PI. 6, figs. 43-45.

Moderately umbilicated, plicately striate, greyish white, with sub-
sutural maculations and obsoletely banded with chestnut, suture
moderately impressed ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last rounded,
scarcely descending in front, base flatly convex ; peristome acute,
white-lipped within. Diam. 10 mill.

Malta.

H. IDALI.E, Bourg. PI. 6, figs. 46, 47.

Narrowly perforate, somewhat solid, whitish or light greyish, ir-
regularly serrulately costulate ; whorls 6, very convex, obsoletely
subangulated, with deep sutq.re, last whorl scarcely descending in
front ; peristome simple, acute, labiate within at the base.

Alt. 7, diam. 5 mill.

Ins. Cyprus.

H. LIEBETRUTI, Albers. PI. 6, fig. 48.

Perforate, somewhat solid, subarcuately costate, opaque, creta-
ceous, whitish, suture deep ; whorls 5i, very convex, scalariformly
exserted, the last not descending, crenately carmated below the
middle, with a slight sulcus above the carina, base flatly convex;
peristome acute, brown-lipped within. Diam. 5'3 mill. ; alt. 6 mill.

Ins. Cyprus.

HELIX. 29

H. NEWKA, Dohrn. PL 6, figs. 51, 52.

Perforate, very closely costulate, yellowish grey, maculated and
zoned with chestnut, suture distinct ; whorls 6:1-7, bicarinated, ca-
rinrc obtuse, divided by a sulcus, base convex ; peristome acute
above, slightly reflected below. Alt. 11, diam. 9'5 mill.

Balearic Is.

H. APICULUS, Rossm. PI. 6, figs. 55, 56.

Narrowly perforate, closely costulate-striate, white, marbled and
flamed with brown ; whorls 6, carinated, flattened, earina minutely
serrulate, base subplane, striate ; peristome acute, labiate within.

Diam. 9 mill.

Ins. Lampedusa, Calabria.

H. Cumice, Calcara, is a synonym.

H. TERRESTRIS, Pennant. PL 6, figs. 57-62.

Very narrowly umbilicated, solid, opaque, white or corneous
brown, sometimes unifasciate or maculated, strongly obliquely costu-
late ; whorls 6-7, flattened, all creuulately carinated, base flatly
convex; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 9-13 mill.

Mediterranean Region.

It is H. elegans, Gmel., H. crenulata, Mull?, H. trochulus, Hartm.

Var. SCITULA, Jan. Figs. 60-62.

More depressed, greyish brown, without bauds.

H. trochilus, Poir., H. depressa, Beck, and var. perdepressa, West,
are synonyms.

There are also varieties canaliculnttt, Rigacci, ferruyin.ea, Rigacci,
and cornea, Dnpuy.

H. ELATA, Faure-Biguet. PL 6, figs. 63-66.

Narrowly perforate, obliquely closely costulate, whitish ; whorls
9, flattened, exserted, creuulately carinated, base flattened convex ;
peristome acute, sublabiate within. Diam. 7, alt. 9 mill.

Sicily, Capri.

Var. DILATATA, Benoit. Figs. 65, 66.

More depressed, concavely conical, base dilated.
Diam. 9-10'5 mill., alt. 7-9 mill.

H. CAKONI, Desh. PL 6, figs. 67, 68.

Narrowly perforate, obliquely closely plicate, yellowish, macu-
lated with chestnut; whorls 10-11, flat, exserted, serrately cari-

30 HELIX.

nated, the last not descending in front, base flattened ; peristome
acute, remotely labiate within. Diam. 8, alt. 11 mill.

Sicily.

It is H. tnrrita, Rossm., H. pyramis, Phil., and H. elata, Can-
traine.

H. SEQUENTINA, Benoit. PI. 6, figs. 69, 70.

Narrowly perforate, costulate, whitish ; whorls 9-10, cariuated,
not exserted, flat, the last not descending in front ; peristome acute,
remotely labiate within, basal margin slightly reflected.

Diam. 7, alt. 8'5 mill.

Sicily.

H. TROCHLEA, Pfr. PI. 6, figs. 71, 72.

. Perforate, obliquely costulate-striate, whitish, sometimes macu-
lated with chestnut, or banded on the base; whorls 8, exserted,
acutely crenulately cari nated, flattened, base a little convex, more
closely and finely striated ; peristome acute, slightly labiate within.
Diam. 7'67, alt. 8 mill.

Algeria.

Unfigured Species of Turricula.

H. EUGONIOSTOMA, H. CHTHAMALOLENA, H. SYROSINA, BoiU'g.

Ins. Syra.

H. SIMIARUM, Kobelt. Gibraltar.

H. LICODIENSIS, Cafici. Sicily.

H. SULLIOTTII, Pollonera. Piedmont.

H. BERTINI, Bourg. France.

H. ARCENTOPHILA, Mabille. France.

H. MELOLONTHA, Shuttlew. Canary Is.

H. KELIBIANA, H. NEWKOPSIS, H. EUPYRAMIS, H. ZITOUMICA, H.

MADANA, H. GALACTINA, H. VENERIANA, H. SPAELLA, H.

SPAELLINA, Letourn. and Bourg. Tunis.

H. TISEMSINICA, H. OAPUANA, H. DYRRACHIENSIS, H. ANOMBRA,

H. MACTANICA, Bourg. Tunis.

The two following Chinese species appear to be at least equally
related to Bulimus, as suggested by Ancey (Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. 113,

1885).

HELIX. 31

H. BULIMINOIDES, Heude. Vol. Ill, PL 52, figs. 18, 19.

Covered perforate, obsoletely striulate, shining, brownish white ;
whorls 7-9, slightly convex, slowly and regularly enlarging, suture
superficial, last whorl obtusely carinated, not descending in front,
convex below ; peristome a little thickened and reflected.

Length, 10-13 mill.

Nanking, China.

H. PSEUDOBULIMINUS, Heude. Vol. Ill, PI. 52, figs. 16, 17.

Perforate, strongly spirally striate, greyish white, shining ; whorls
9, convex, suture margined, last whorl angulated and channeled
below the angle, base convex ; peristome acute, slightly expanded.

Length, 12 mill.

China.

Subsection IX. COCHLICELLA, Risso. 1826.

H. CONTERMINA, Shuttl. PI. 6, figs. 73, 74.

Perforate, rather thin, closely costulate-striate, light grey, fasci-
ate or punctate with chestnut ; whorls 7, slightly convex, the last
rounded ; peristome acute, labiate within.

Diam. 8, alt. 9 mill.

Corsica.

H. psammoica, Morelet, is a synonym.

H. DUPLICATA, Mousson. PI. 6, figs. 75, 76.

Perforate, somewhat solid, calcareous, strongly obliquely striate,
slightly shining, white ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last rounded,
the base convex, with a central filiform spiral ridge, on the two sides
of which the strise are differently directed ; peristome acute, not
labiate within, subincised below. Diam. 8'2 mill.

Mogador, Morocco.
H. VATONIANA, Bourg. PI. 6, figs. 81, 82.

Narrowly perforate, rather thin, chalky, whitish, with subopaque,
variously disposed flames, strongly, closely costulate-striate ; whorls
5 i, convex, slowly increasing, scarcely descending in front; peris-
tome acute, labiate within. Diam. 8 mill.

Algeria.

H. COXOIDEA, Drap. PI. 6, figs. 77, 78.

Perforate, striulate, a little shining, white, variously banded with
chestnut ; whorls 6, somewhat convex, the upper ones carinated ;
peristome acute, simple, margins converging.

Diam. 6'5, alt. 9'5 mill.

Mediterranean Region.

32 HELIX.

It is H. fibula, Wood, H. tnrbida, Kiister, and H. solitaria, Pfr.,
but uot of Poiret the latter being a scalariform monstrosity of H.
candidula, according to Moquin-Tandon.

H. PRINGI, Pfr. PL 6, figs. 79, 80.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, irregularly striate and punctate,
whitish, cretaceous, usually with a basal chestnut band, sometimes
marbled with corneous ; whorls 7, somewhat convex, periphery ob-
soletely angulated ; peristome simple, margins approaching.

Alt. 8, diam. 5 mill.

Portugal.
H. VENTRICOSA, Drap. PI. 6, figs. 83-85.

Very narrowly perforate, plicately striate, variously strigate and
banded with corneous or chestnut ; whorls 7, somewhat flattened ;
peristome acute. Alt. 9, diam. 5'5 mill.

Mediterranean Region, Canaries, Azores, Bermuda (introd.).

It is H. ventrosa, Fer., H. acuta, Webb, H. bulimoides, Moquin-
Tandon, H. cm-til u/<(, Gmel ?, H. cretacea, Chemn., H. agnata,
Ziegler, H. barbara, Linn., teste Bourg.

H. ACUTA, Miiller. PI. 6, figs. 86-88.

Very minutely perforate, irregularly striate, whitish, variously
banded and strigate with chestnut ; whorls 9-10, at first cariuated,
subsequent ones rounded ; peristome acute, simple.

Alt. 15, diani. 5'5 mill.

Mediterranean Region, Great Britain, etc.

The synonyms are H. barbara, Linn., teste Westerl., H. fasciata,
Pennant, If. bifasciata, Pultuey, H. meridionalis, Risso, H. ventri-
cosa, Turton, H. litoralis, Brum., H. articn/ata, Lam., H. acuhtla,
Ziegl., var. maritima, Desm., H. turritella, Andrz., H. variabilis,
Hartm., H. Maroccana, Beck.

H. BELLUCCIANA, Bourg. Unfigured. Tunis.

H. BULIMINUS, Heude. Vol. Ill, PI. 52, fig. 20.

Eimately perforate, irregularly striated, chestnut color ; whorls 8,
slightly convex, with impressed suture, slowly increasing, the last
rounded; peristome simple, callous within. Length, 16 mill.

Setchouan, China.

This and the following would be at least equally well placed in
Bulimus.

HELIX.

H. TAIVANICA, Moll. Vol. Ill, PL 52, fig. 21.

Subperforate, thin, minutely, obliquely, rugulosely striate, a little
shining, fulvous ; whorls 10, slightly convex, the last rounded ;
peristome simple. Length, 10 mill.

China.

Bui. incertus, Pfr., is a synonym.

Section III. OCHTHEPHILA, Beck. 1837.
Subsection I. OCHTHEPHILA (sensu stricto).

H. ECHINULATA, Lo\V6. PI. 7, fig. 89.

Perforate, granular scaly, brownish, with two chestnut bands on
the base ; whorls 6, flatly convex, the last acutely carinate, descend-
ing in front, base somewhat flattened, concve next the carina;
peristome acute, continuous, slightly expanded. Diam. 5'6 mill.

Porto Sancto, Madeira.

It is H. hifurinata, var. of Paiva.

H. BICARINATA, Sowb. PL 7, fig. 90.

Perforate, roughly granulated, brownish ; whorls 5, bicarinate,
the last suddenly deflected in front, base scarcely convex ; peris-
tome acute, slightly expanded, circular, continuous.

Diam. 5*3 mill.

Porto Sancto, Madeira.

H. duplicata, Lowe, is a synonym.

H. TURRICULA, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 91.

Scarcely perforate, minutely, closely granulated, brownish, uiii-
colored or obsoletely banded below ; whorls 8-85, bicariuate, the
carinae subequal, divided by a sulcus, suture distinct, last whorl
scarcely deflected in front, base a little convex ; peristome continu-
ous, scarcely solute, thin, acute, shortly reflected at the base.

Alt. 9, diain. 7 mill.

Ilheo de Cima, near Porto Sancto, Madeira.

H. OXYTROPIS, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 92.

Narrowly perforate, roughly granular, chestnut color, with yel-
lowish base, suture linear ; whorls 6, flattened, the last acutely an-
gulated, deflected in front, base scarcely convex, sulcate next the
periphery ; peristome continuous, solute, simple, subexpanded.

Diam. 9 mill.

Porto Sancto, Madeira.

34 HELIX.

H. ECHINODERMA and H. LEACOCKIANA, Wollaston. Unfigured.

Pto. Sancto.
H. ALBERTISII, Brazier. Unfigured. New Guinea.

Subsection II. GEOMITEA, Swains. 1840.

H. COEOXATA, Desh. PI. 7, fig. 93.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, fulvous white, suture deep, mar-
gined ; whorls 5, augulated above, obliquely ribbed above, last
whorl carinated, suddenly deflected and narrowed in front, base
convex, undulately costulate; aperture subhorizontal, nearly tri-
angular, peristome solute, continuous, a little expanded, right mar-
gin with an acute internal tooth. Diam. 6'5 mill.

Ins. Madeira.

H. juliformis, Lowe, is a synonym.

H. BELPHINULOIDES, Lowe. PI. 7, figs. 94-96..

Widely umbilicated, solid, minutely foveately rugose, opaque,
greyish, suture deep, margined ; whorls 6, subangular, strongly
plicately subclathrate towards the suture, with several distant spiral
line above, the last whorl deeply deflected in front, subsolute ; aper-
ture nearly horizontal, rounded, with simple, expanded peristome.

Diam. 17'5 mill.

Madeira.

H. COBONULA, Lowe. PL 7, figs. 97-99.

Moderately umbilicated, dirty white or brownish, spire coronate,
suture impressed; whorls 5-5-}, carinate, radiately tuberculate and
foveolate above, the last sub-bicarinate on the periphery, deflected
in front, base regularly decussated ; aperture rounded, constricted,
crenulated, peristome continuous, subsinuately expanded.

Diam. 7 mill.

Ins. Deserta major, near Made int.

H. MONIZIANA, Paiva. PL 7, figs. 100-2.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, obsoletely radiately
tuberculately .plicate, greyish white, suture margined; whorls 5,
scarcely angular, with two spiral threads, limiting the radiating
plica 1 , periphery acutely carinated, last whorl shortly deflected,
constricted and solute at the aperture, base granularly lirate ; aper-
ture diagonal, scarcely creuulated within, peristome continuous,
simple, scarcely expanded, white. Diam. 7 mill.

.Ifadeira.

It is H. coronula, Lowe, in part (recent).

HELIX. 35

H. TIARELLA, Webb and Berthelot. PL 7, fig. 3.

Very narrowly umbilieated, variegated with white and chestnut,
bicarinate, tuhercularly plicate at the suture, apex corneous;
whorls (>:', the last anteriorly dcllcdcd, base closely, concentrically
granularly sulcate ; aperture subhorizontal, circular, peristome ex-
panded, continuous, solute. Diam. 7 mill.

M/nleira.

H. GRABHAMI, Wollaston. Unfigured. lux. Deserta Grande.

Subsection III. HETEROSTOMA, Hartmann. 1844.

H. LATENS, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 4.

Narrowly umbilicated, very thin, rugulose and velvety, olivaceous
corneous under a blackish integument, suture impressed ; whorls 3,
flattened, rapidly increasing, the last not deflected in front, peri-
phery ciliately carinated, base convex ; peristome simple, margins

approximating. Diam. 7 mill.

Madeira.

Wollaston asserts that this species is never pilose ; yet Pfeiffer so
describes it.

H. OBTECTA, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 10.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, eroded scrobiculate,
subgranular. dirty white ; whorls 5, convex, the first immersed, the
others turgid, the last angulated above, deflected in front ; aperture
subcircular, peristome continuous, scarcely expanded, subthickened
within. Diam. 10 mill.

Is. Porto Sancto, and Ilheo de Baxo, Mndrira.

H. PAUPERCULA, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 5.

Widely umbilicated, very minutely granulated, greyish, with
brown dots, flattened above, convex below; whorls 3-1-4, the last
angulated above, angularly constricted at the aperture ; peristome
sub-duplicate, brownish, usually toothed within the right margin.

Diam. 5 mill.

' Madeira, Porto Sancto.

H. semiteda, Ilartm., and H. trachelodes, Menke, are synonyms.

Subsection IV. IRUS, Lowe. 1854.

H. SQUALIDA, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 10.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, rugulosely substriate, opaque, dirty
white, suture moderate ; whorls 5, flatly convex, the last shortly

36 HELIX.

descending in front, base convex, periphery obtusely angular ; peris-
tome a little expanded, subreflected at the base, thickened within,
margins approaching. Diam. 7 mill.

Madeira.

H. DEPAUPERATA, Lowe. PI. 7, fig. 6.

Narrowly urnbilicated, rather solid, rugose, very minutely granu-
lar, yellowish white ; whorls 5, convex, the last rounded, deflected
in front, turgid around the umbilicus ; peristome continuous, not
solute, labiate within. Diam. 7'75-9'25 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.
H. LATINEA, Paiva. PL 7, figs. 7-9.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat thick, dirty white, closely ru-
gosely striate, obsoletely granular, suture impressed ; whorls 5?,
convex, the last rounded-inflated, deflected in front ; peristome con-
tinuous, not solute, callous within. Diam. 10 mill.

Porto Sancto (subfossil).

H. LACINIOSA, Lowe. PL 7, figs. 11-13.

Narrowly umbilicated, rudely striated, membrauously, triangu-
larly scaly, chestnut color, variegated with whitish ; whorls 5,
turgid, the last deflected in front, base somewhat convex, whitish,
fasciated with chestnut ; aperture diagonal, peristome subsimple,
continuous, basal margin reflected. Diam. 10 mill.

Is. Deserta Borealis, and Deserta Grande, Madeiran Archipelago.

H. EUTROPIS, Shuttlew. PL 7, figs. 16-18.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, solid, obliquely costulate, greyish
green, suture crenulate, widely cariuately margined; whorls 5i,
scarcely convex above, periphery with an acute thread-like cariua,
base inflated , peristome a little expanded, scarcely callous, margins
approximating. Diam. 14 mill.

Ins. Fuerteventura, Canaries.

H. MULTIGRANOSA, Mousson. PL 7, figs. 14, 15.

Narrowly umbilicated, granularly striate, whitish corneous, uni-
colored ; whorls 5, slightly convex, subcarinate, the last obtusely
angulated, a little descending in front ; aperture white, peristome
somewhat obtuse, subexpanded, thin-lipped within, the extremities
joined by a thick callus. Diam. 14 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries (subfossil ?).

H. IRTTS, Lowe. (Unfigured). Mogador, Morocco.

HELIX. 37

Subsection V. PLACENTULA, Lowe. 1854.

H. COM PAR, Lowe. PL 7, fig. 20.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, solid, strongly, arcuately costate
with white, with an obsolete band above, and a more distinct band
on the base, suture deep; whorls (>-0'., convexly flattened, the last
deflected and shortly solute in front, periphery carinatecl, base more
convex ; peristome white, continuous, a little expanded.

Diain. 8 mill.

^[lldeira, and Deserta Australis.

H. T.ENIATA, Webb and Berthelot. PI. 7, figs. 21-23.

Widely umbilicated, striate, ashy, with a superior chestnut band ;
whorls 7, margined above the suture, periphery carinated ; peris-
tome free, a little thickened. Diani. 8 mill.

Madeira.

Not Canariau, as given by Webb and Berthelot, PfeifFer, etc.

H. MADERENSIS, Wood. PI. 8, fig. 24.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, whitish corneous, base
with a chestnut band, costulate-striate above, base striulate, smooth-
ish ; whorls 6, somewhat convex, the periphery carinated, subgranu-
lar and suddenly deflected in front ; peristome simple, subcontinu-
ous. Diam. 6 mill.

Madeira.

It is H. cydostoma, Menke.

H. LEPTOSTICTA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 25.

Rimately perforate, rather thin, rugulosely striate and slightly
granular, diaphanous, corneous, obsoletely banded, suture im-
pressed ; whorls 5J, slightly convex, the last obsoletely angulated,
descending in front, base hardly more convex ; peristome simple,
nearly continuous. Diam. 6'6 mill.

Madeira.

H. MICROMPHALA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 26.

Rimately subperforate, somewhat solid, striulate and minutely
granular, not shining, brownish, obsoletely darker banded ; whorls
6, scarcely convex, the last dilated and shortly deflected in front,
periphery subaugulated, base more convex and smoother ; peristome
simple, margins approximating. Diam. 8 mill.

Deserta Islands, near Madeira.

38 HELIX.

H. DEALBATA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 27.

Rirnately perforate, solid, rugulosely striate and very minutely
granular above, greyish white, apex corneous; whorls 51-62,
scarcely convex, the last more or less distinctly carinate, with a
corneous line below it, deflected in front, base a little convex, shin-
ing ; aperture fulvous blue, peristome continuous, fulvous.

Diam. 8-5-1O5 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.

Var. B. Shell smooth, shining. Ins. Hheo de Baxo.

H. FICTILIS, Lowe. PL 8, fig. 28.

Arcuately rimate, subperforate, somewhat solid, obliquely striate
above, cinnamon color, sometimes with a single chestnut band ;
whorls 5, slightly convex, the last dilated and deflected in front,
periphery obsoletely angulated, base more convex ; peristome simple,

continuous, shortly adnate. Diarn. 7*5 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.

Section IV, ACTINELLA, Lowe. 1854.

H. LENTIGINOSA, Lowe. PL 8, fig. 29.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, rugulosely striate, with
very short scales or hairs, not shining, chestnut color, maculated
with lighter shade, suture impressed ; whorls 4-4'', slightly convex,
the last obtusely carinated, subdescendiug in front, base convex;
peristome simple, margins approximating. Diam. 5'6 mill.

I/ix. Madeira.
H. ARCTA, Lowe. PL 8, fig. 30.

Punctiformly perforate, closely, distinctly costulate, light corneous,
marbled with white, maculated and obsoletely banded with chestnut;
whorls 5 i, rather flattened, periphery carinated, base more convex,
suddenly, shortly deflected in front: aperture with a white entering
tooth, peristome white, expanded, callous within, almost continuous.

Diam. 5 mill.

Ins. Madeira.
H. sTELLAFas, Lowe. PL 8, fig. 31.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, striate, shortly scaly hirsute,
corneous brown, suture impressed; whorls 4, scarcely convex, the
last shortly deflected in front, periphery carinated, base convex;
peristome sublabiate within, margins approximating, slightly ex-
panding.

Diam. 4'5 mill.

Ins. Madeira.
Is H. lentiginosa, /?. of Albers.

X. 39

[Caseolus, Lowe.]

H. SPH^RULA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. .">2.

Very minutely perforate or im perforate, rather solid, substriate,
sparely granulate, a little shining, smooth towards the a;><-\, suture
impressed; whorls .">-7, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the hist
suddenly deflected in front and a little contracted, periphery obso-
letely angulated, base flattened ; peristome subsimple, scarcely ex-
panded, callous within at the base. Diain. 4 - 5-7 mill.

Porto Sancto ; fossil in Madeira.

H. snbcallifera, Lowe is a synomym.

H. CONSORS, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 3.">.

Subperforate, costulately granular above, smooth, striulate and
shining below, variegated with white and chestnut, base paler;
win iris 6, flatly convex, the last suddenly deflected in front, periph-
ery obsoletely angulated; aperture white, peristome simple, with
distant margins, Diam. 9 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.

H. CALCULUS, Lowe. PL 8, fig. 34.

Sul > perforate, solid, striulate, finely, closely granular throughout,
yellowish ash color or chalky white, obsoletely double banded with
chestnut, suture impressed ; whorls o?>-6, somewhat convex, the last
deflected in front, periphery bluntly angulated; peristome acute,
subcontinuous, slightly expanded. Diam. 7-8 mill.

In*. Porto Sancto.

It is H. comjjacta, ,1, of Albers.

H. COMPACTA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 35.

Perforate, somewhat solid, costate-striate and granular above,
striulate, smooth and shining below, variegated with white and
corneous, with an obsolete brown band below; whorls 6, slightly
convex, the last obsoletely augulated, scarcely descending in front;
peristome simple, margins approximating. Diam. 6 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.

H. iniioinhiata, Gray is a synonym.

H. ABJECTA, Lowe. PI, 8, fig. 36.

Perforate, solid, minutely granular, rugosely striate above, grey-
ish, below with an obsolete chestnut band, spire elate; whorls 6^-7,
the last subcariuated, suddenly deflected in front, base a little con-

40 HELIX.

vex; aperture brownish, peristome simple, continuous, white, shortly
expanded. Diam. 6'6 mill.

Ins. Porto Sando.
H. candisata, Menke is a synonym.

[Simula, Lowe.]

H. AERIDENS, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 46.

Perforate, thin light corneous, rugosely striate, hispid ; whorls 5,
planulate, the last shortly deflected in front, periphery carinated,
base convex ; peristome acute, margins distant. Diam. 6 mill.

Madeira.
H. FAUSTA, Lowe. PI. 8, fig. 47.

Covered perforate, thin, rugosely striate, very shortly pilose,
chestnut color, marbled with yellow, suture impressed; whorls 5,
scarcely convex, the last carinate, deflected in front, base tumid;
aperture with a deep parietal dentiform callus, base tumid ; peristome
acute, sinuously callous within the base. Diam. 6 mill.

Madeira.
Wollaston has indicated a var. /5, robusta.

H. OBSERATA, Lowe. PI. 8, figs. 37-39.

Imperforate, rather thin, obliquely striulate, a little shining,
sparsely hispid, brownish, variegated with lighter color, suture
scarcely impressed ; whorls 5, flattened, slowly increasing, the last
acutely carinated, shortly descending and crispate in front, base
convex, paler, with a brown band; lip simple, margins remote,
thickened and subsiuuate within at the base, dilated over the umbil-
ical region. Diam. 7 mill.

Madeira.
Wollaston gives a var. BIPARTITA.

H. ACTINOPHORA, Lowe. PI, 8, figs. 42, 43.

Perforate, thin, rugosely striate, epidermis radiately laciuiated,
brownish; whorls 5, flattened, the last carinated, shortly descending
in front, base convex; peristome simple, sublabiate within, margins
remote. Diam. 9 mill.

Madeira ; 3500 ft. alt.

Wollaston has indicated a var. DESCENDENS.

\_Lyrula, Wallaston.]

H. USURPANS, Furtado. PI. 8, fig. 48.

, Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, very closely, obliquely,

undulately striated, with rare spiral strue above, regularly decussated

HU.IX. 41

below, not shining-, maculated and tessellated with white and chest -
nut, suture well impressed; whorls 5, convex, regularly iucivMHii-,
the last with carinated periphery, shortly deflected in front, ba>-
convex; peristome simple, acute, shortly reflected below, margin-
approaching. Diam. 5 ]-(:>; mill.

Ins. Lanzarote.

Described by Lowe as H. torrefada, a name preoccupied by C. B.
Adams ; therefore changed by Wollaston to H. Loiveana, preoccu-
pied by Ferussac; finally by Furtaclo, as above.

H. CALVA, Lowe. PL 8, figs, 40, 41.

Covered perforate, rather thin, diaphanous, costulate-striate above,
smooth below, horny white, narrowly, obsoletely, doubly banded
with chestnut; whorls 7, slightly convex, the last scarcely descend-
ing in front, periphery obsoletely angulated ; peristome thin, sub-
expanded, white lipped within. Diam. 8'5 mill.

Madeira.

H. GALEATA, Paiva. PL 8, fig. 49.

Covered perforate, somewhat solid, obliquely costulate-striate
and brownish corneous above, corneous white, smooth and shining
below, with two obsolete brown bands, suture impressed; whorls 8,
slightly convex, the last angulated, descending anteriorly, paler
towards the aperture; peristome simple, white-lipped within, basally

somewhat reflected, margins remote. Diam. 9 mill.

Madeira.
It is H. calva, var. galeata, Lowe.

H. VESPERTINA, Morelet. PL 9, figs. 65-67.

Perforate, thin, smooth, brownish corneous, with an obscure light
band below the carina, closely, lightly striate; whorls 5-5*, moder-
ately convex, slowly increasing, the last not deflected; peristome
simple, margins remote, connected by a callus. Diam. 8 mill.

Ins. Terceira, Azores.

Unfigured Species.

H. CAPSELLA, Lowe. Madeira.

H. SPIRORBIS, Lowe. Madeira and Deserta Australia.

H. COMMIXTA, Lowe. Porto Sando.

Section V. TECTULA, Lowe. 1854.
H. LYELLIANA, Lowe.' PL 9, fig. 83.

Rimately perforate, solid, striulate, opaque, brownish above, mar-
bled with white, with a narrow chestnut band, suture plane,

42 IIKLIX.

margined; whorls 8, flat, acutely carinated, the last subgibbous and
shortly deflected in front, base convex, yellowish, with two (or rarely
one) wide chestnut bands; peristome subsimple, thickened below.
Diain. 16 mill.

Ins. Deserta Grande, near Madeira.
. It is H. Bulverii, var. /?, of Albers.

H. ALBEBSI, Lowe. PI. 9, figs. 84-80.

Narrowly umbilicated, slightly granular, corneous, with chestnut
bands, suture obsolete ; whorls 8, narrow, slowly increasing, the last
a little descending in .front, periphery acutely cariuated, base convex.

Diam. 14-16 mill.

Porto Sancto.

Smaller and paler colored than the next species, with less cylin-
drical umbilicus and less prominent carina, spire more rectilinear.

This is H. Bulverii, var. /5, of Pfeiffer.

H. BULVERII, Wood. PL 9, fig. 88.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, minutely striate", and very
minutely granulated, fulvous, marbled and banded with chestnut,
suture obsolete; whorls 8, flat, narrow, slowly increasing, the last
acutely carinated, flatly convex below; peristome simple, thickened
on the base. Diam. 17 mill.

7x. Porto Sancto.

H. rota, Pot. et Mich., H. Bidveriana, Lowe, and H. varieaata,
Menke are synonyms.

H. TECTIFORMIS, Sowb. PL 9, figs. 89, 90.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, calcareous, slightly striate
above, closely granular beneath ; whorls 7, plauate, slowly increasing,
the last acutely carinated, carina wide, deflected downwards; aper-
ture trapezoidal, peristome acute, simple above, deflected at base.

Diam. 16 mill.

Ins. Baxo, near Porto Sancto.
Var. LUDOVICI, Albers. Fig. 90.

Somewhat larger, spire a little more dome-shaped, carina not so
acute.

Semifossil, (extinct?).

H. ARGONAUTULA, Webb and Berthelot. PL 9, figs. 91-93.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, closely costulate, ash colored
with a single baud above and another below, tessellated with white

HELIX. 43

and chestnut at the suture and carina; whorls 4], scalar, crenately
carinated, base smoother and more convex: peri-tome acute.

Diam. 8-0 mill.

In*. (Inn/ Canaria; Morocco.

Mousson has described a Morocco representative as Var. ti/jnca
and given the Canary shell the title Var. Canarien*!*; whereas if
there be any difference between them the Canary form as originally
described should be regarded as typical.

H. PULVERULENTA, Lowe. PL 9, figs. 94-! Hi.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, granularly striate, brown-
ish ash color, with one or two tessellated, interrupted bands; whorls
5, scalar, slightly convex, with simple suture, last whorl acutely,
compivssly carinated; peristomc simple, margins subapproximating.

Diam. 6-7'5 mill.

Ins. fit-nil Canaria.

It is //. argonaut nla, in part, of Orb.

H. (UiAXosTKiATA, Mousson. PL 9, figs. 97-99.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, thinly costulate-striate,
spirally sulcate, the reticulations forming elongated granules, greyish
white, sometimes interruptedly bifasciate with chestnut, suture
plane, subcarinate above; whorls "), flat above, compressed carinate,
carina minutely irregularly crenulated, last whorl scarcely descend-
ing in front, a little more convex and granularly striate below,
shortly impressed at the carina ; aperture white, peristome a little
expanded, widely labiate within, margins approaching.

Diam. 10 mill.

Ins. Fuerteventura and Lanzarote.

H. MULTIPUNCTATA, MoilSSOll. PL 9, figS. 100, 1.

Narrowly umbilicated, with engraved striee and spiral lines,
decussating into long, minute granules, maculated or marbled with
whitish gray and white; whorls 4, somewhat convex, the last not
descending, periphery angulated, base more convex; peristome
simple, obtuse, a little expanded, margins joined by a slight callus.

Diam. 4'2 mill.

Ins. Fuerteventura, (subfossil).

H. MORATA, Mousson. Unfigured. Ins. Fuerteventura (subfossil).

44 HELIX.

Section VI. CRASPEDARIA, Lowe. 1854.

H. DELPHINULA, Lowe. PI. 33, figs. 63, 64.

Rather widely, crenately umbilicated, widely carinated, spirally
costellate and decussately cancellate below, reticulated by oblique
and spiral lines above; yellowish white, chalky, whorls 7-8, sub-
planate, each fimbriately carinated; peristome angulated, a little
expanded, subcontinuous. Diam. 18-23 mill.

Madeira, semifossil.

Section VII. DISCULA, Lowe. 1854.

H. TETRICA, Paiva. PI. 8, figs. 51-53.

Widely umbilicated, solid, roughly granular, whitish, broadly
banded with, or totally dark chocolate color above; whorls 7,
slightly convex, suture distinct, the last whorl carinated, a little
depressed in front; peristome simple. Diam. 13-15 mill.

Ins. Deserta Australia, near Madeira.

H. POLYMORPHA, Lowe. PI. 8, figs. 56-64, 50, 44, 45, 54, 55 ; PI.

9, figs. 68, 71-82, 89.

Widely umbilicated, striate, more or less roughened by close
granulations, marbled with brown and white above, dirty white
below, with a brown band; whorls 7-8, planulate, the last acutely
carinated, subgibbous and suddenly deflected in front, base slightly
convex, smoother; peristome simple, margins approximating, joined
by a callus. Diam. 9-12 mill.

Madeira, Porto Sancto.

It is H. elegantula, Jan, H. saccharata, Lowe, H. tceniata, Reeve

Var. SALEBROSA, Lowe. fig. 50.

Spire a little elevated, scabrous, suture plane, base convex, umbil-
icus rather small.

Madeira, and Deserta Is.
Var. POROMPHALA, Lowe. Fig. 62.

Scabrous, whorls slightly convex, umbilicus punctiform in the
middle, becoming shortly rimate.

Ins. Deserta Australia.
Var PITT.E, Paiva. Figs. 60, 61.

Perforate, subglobose, rugose, closely granular; whorls 6J, the
last obtusely angulated, base turgid; peristome thick, whitish, sub-
reflected. Diam. 5 mill.

Ins. Deserta Australia.

HELIX. 45

Var. ALLENIANA, Paiva. Figs. 44, 45,

Lenticular, with acute keel, white below with a narrow chestnut
band around the umbilicus and a broader one (sometimes two)
towards the keel, above mottled with white and chestnut.

Madeira.

Var. LINCTA, Lowe. Figs. 54, 55.

Shortly pyramidal, granular above, smoothish below, umbilicus
subpatulous, keel obtuse, colors as in preceding variety.

Madeira.

Var. ARENICOLA, Lowe. Figs. 63, 64.

Much smaller, somewhat thinner, and paler in color than the
preceding variety.

Madeira.

It is If. lineta, var. /?, cinerea, Lowe.

Var. BARBOS.'E, Paiva. Fig. 68.

Conical, acutely keeled, striate above, granular all over, darkly
clouded above with dark brown and chestnut, with a livid tinge,
below with irregular brownish markings next the periphery, the
middle pale.

Porto Sancto.

Var. PULVINATA, Lowe. Figs. 71, 72.

Finely granular, whorls all a little exserted showing a sutural
carina besides the peripheral one.

Porto Sancto.

Var. PAPILIO, Lowe. Figs. 73-76.

Whitish, substrigated or tessellated with chestnut, granular, base
smooth, umbilicus minute, margins of peristome scarcely approach-

ing.

Ilheo de Baxo, near Porto Sancto.
It is var calcigena, Lowe, and H. testudinalis, var. minor, Paiva.

Var. DISCINA, Lowe. Figs. 77-79.

Depressed, minutely reticulately granular, marbled with chestnut
above, banded below ; whorls subplanate, umbilicus large, spiral.

Porto Suncto.

Var. GOMESIANA, Paiva. Fig. 87.

Smaller than the preceding variety, more thickly granulated,
keel not quite so sharp, more convex, darker above and less varie-
gated, base more opaque, sides of umbilicus more abrupt.

Porto Sancto.

46 HELIX.

Var. ATTRITA, Lowe. Figs. 80-82.

Abruptly umbilicated, distinctly striated and minutely granulated,
light corneous, densely marbled with chestnut above, base bifasciate;
whorls 7, flattened, the last deflected in front, periphery obtusely
angular, base much inflated round the umbilicus. Diam. 10 mill.

Porto Sancto.
H. TABELLATA, Lowe. PI. 9, fig. 69.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, minutely rugose and granulated
above, marbled with chestnut and white, spire subplane, suture
impressed; whorls 5. flattened, slowly increasing, the last acutely
carinated above, scarcely descending in front, base convex, smooth-
ish, lighter color with a chestnut band ; peristome simple, margins
approaching. Diam. 7 mill.

Ins. Madeira.
H. TESTTJDIXALIS, Lowe. PL 9, fig. 70.

Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, striulate and slightly
granular, diaphanous, corneous with opaque white strigations and
two chestnut bauds; whorls 7, scarcely convex, the last cariuated,
tumid and deflected in front, base convex; peristome simple, margins
approaching and joined by a callus. Diam. 19 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.
It is H. Bulveriana, var. of Reeve.

\_Turritella, Woll.]

H. CHEIRANTHICOLA, Lowe. PI. 9, figs. 2, 3.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, rugosely striate and scaly
granose, whitish, with a wide chestnut band at the suture, and a less
distinct one on the base, suture impressed; whorls 8, convex, tumid,
with angulated periphery, the last deflected in front; peristome
acute, simple, margins approaching, joined by a callus.

Diam. 9'5 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto, and Baxo.
Var. MUSTELINA, Lowe. Fig. 3.

Smaller, more uniformly and roughly granulated, whorls flatter,
without keel, only obsoletely banded.

Connected with the type by intermediate forms according to
Wollaston.

Section VIII, CALLINA, Lowe. 1854.
H. ROTULA, Lowe. PI. 9, fig. 4.

Covered perforate, striate and granulate, granules oblong, a little
shining, fulvous, marbled with yellow, with narrow chestnut bands,

HELIX. 47

suture linear; whorls 8, flattened, the last acutely angulated, base
scarcely more convex, rounded in front, subgibbous, ochre color,
suddenly deflected; peristoine white, with an interior callus, basal ly
subreflected, margins joined by a parietal callus.
Diam. 12 mill.

Ins. Porto Sando.

Section IX. ACUSTA, Albers. 1860.

H. SELSKII, Gerstfeldt, PL 10, figs. 5-7.

Very narrowly perforate, almost covered, thin, transparent,
closely striate, a little shining, yellowish, three-banded with chest-
nut; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, the last ventricose, scarcely
deflected in front; peristoine acute. Diam. 20 mill.

Amur River, E. Siberia.

H. CINCTO-INFLATA, MoilSSOll. PL. 10, fig. 8.

Perforate, thin, pellucid, not shining, irregularly striate, decuss-
ated by minute lines, light brownish, with a dorsal narrow chestnut
band, suture scarcely impressed; whorls 5s, rapidly increasing,
somewhat convex, the last inflated, and subgranular on the base;
peristome acute, thin. Diarn. 32 mill.

Amur River, E. Siberia.

H. LAETA, Gould. PI. 10, figs. 13, 14.

Thin, shining, striate, with very thin spiral lines, greenish cor-
neous, with a brown band on the periphery and another- near the
suture; whorls 5, ventricose; peristome acute, a little expanded,
reflected at the umbilicus. Diam. 31 mill.

Hakodadi, J<ij><///.

H. SlEBOLDTIANA, Pfr. PI. 10, fig. 9.

Scarcely perforate, thin, pellucid, striulate and very obsoletely
subdecussated, corneous; whorls 5-}, somewhat convex, the last ventri-
cose; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 18 mill.

Japan, Formosa.

Is possibly a variety of H. ravida, Bens.

H. OSCITANS, Martens. PL 10, figs. 10-12.

Rimately perforate, slightly striulate, granular hairy, yellowish
brown, suture impressed; whorls 4-1, convex, the last a little des-
cending, rounded; peristoine simple, acute. Diam. 18 mill.

Japan.

48 HELIX.

H. RAvrDA, Benson. PI. 10, fig. 1-1.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, slightly rugosely plicate, with obsolete
spiral lines, light olivaceous brown or yellowish brown ; whorls 6,
convex, the last inflated, slightly descending in front; peristome
simple, acute, columellar margin dilated and reflected.

Diam. 33 mill.

Middle and Northern China.

H. helvacea, Phil, is a synonym.

Var. LINEOLATA, Mollendorff.

More conical, decussated, corneous yellow, aperture yellowish
roseate. Diam. 23 mill., Alt. 26 mill.

Near Pekin and Kalgan, China.

Mr. E. A. Smith, in a paper on Loo Choo Shells (Proc, Zool. Soc.
317, 1887) remarks: H. despecta, Gray, (Manual, iii, 211), H. ravida,
Benson, H. Redfieldi, H. Sieboldtiana, Pfr. and H. assimilis, A. Ad.,
are all very much alike and might well be considered varieties of
one and the same species. In the series of eighteen specimens from
Loo Choo I find considerable differences in form, some being much
higher and more globose than others. One example is of a peculiar
purplish brown color, and another is remarkable in having a thick-
ening or limbus within the lip.

H. BURTINII, Desh. Fig. 16.

Smaller than H. ravida, with imperforate axis, columella thin,
cylindrical, not dilated at the base. Diam. 23 mill.

China.

This may be only a phase of H. ravida, as suspected by some
conchologists, but I think its distinctive characters sufficient.

H. PHRAGMITIUM, Heude, PI. 10, fig. 20.

Perforation covered or nearly covered, shell thin, fragile, pellucid,
lightly cancellated, greenish or brownish; whorls 6, convex, the
last rapidly increasing; peristome simple, acute, thin, columellar
margin dilated, reflected. Diam. 23 mill.

Blue River, China.

This form has been referred to H. Burtinii Desh., but is more
depressed and differs in the umbilicus.

H. ASSIMILIS, H. Adams. PI. 10, fig. 22.

Openly umbilicated, thin, irregularly striated and very closely,
slightly decussated, subpellucid, shining, light fulvous; whorls 5?,

1IKLIX. 49

the last ventricose; peristome simple, acute, columellar margin
arcuate, dilated, a little reflected. Diam. 22 mill.

Takoiv, Formosa.
H. RAVIDULA, Heude. PI. 10, fig-. 17.

Umbilicus nearly covered, shell thin, fragile, obsoletely striate-
cancellate, amber colored, suturo impressed; whorls 5-1, convex, the
last inflated, slightly descending; peristome simple, acute, columellar
margin dilated and reflected over the umbilicus. Diam. 19 mill.

Tatsien, China, near the frontier of Thibet.

The shell differs but little from H. ravida, but the animal,
according to Heude is entirely different, bluish with a white stripe
on the middle of the neck.

H. REDFIELDI, Pfr. PI. 10, figs. 18, 19, 21.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, irregularly, flexuously striate, and
very obsoletely decussated, diaphanous, shining, fulvous corneous;
whorls "> ', convex, the last inflated, not descending in front; peris-
tome simple, acute, margins remote, columella dilated half-covering
the umbilicus. Diam. 17 mill.

Shanghai, China.

H. Frilteyi, Crosse and Debeaux (fig. 21), and H. Huberiana,
Heude (fig. 19) are synonyms. H. Burtinii, Desh. is also possibly
identical; although I have treated it as distinct.

H. MILIACEA, Martens PI. 10, figs. 2:!, 24.

Subcovered perforate, very slightly striulate, a little shining,
whitish?, suture well impressed; whorls 6, the last inflated, not
descending in front; peristome simple, acute, columellar margin
slightly thickened and reflected. Diam. 6 mill.

Ins. Amboina.

It is H. milium, Martens, preoccupied by Morse.

H. SARELII, Martens. PL 10, figs. 25-27.

With nearly covered umbilicus, striulate, corneous; whorls scarcely
4, rapidly enlarging, the last nearly equally convex above and
below, deflected in front; peristome acute, a little thickened within,
columellar margin rather widely deflected. Diam. 11'5 mill.

Prov. Szetschuen, China.

H. Nora, H. Adams, is a synonym.

4

50 HELIX.

jk

dc zk

H. KKAUSSI, Pfr. PI. 10, fig. 30.

Moderately umbilicated, closely striate, brownish corneous, suture
well impressed; whorls 4'.; rapidly increasing, the last wide, sub-
depressed, deflected in front; peristome simple, acute, columellar
margin dilated, reflected. Diani. 29 mill.

Cape of Good Hope.

Var. ft. Smaller, thin. Diam. 21 mill.

H. MARCESCENS, Cox. PI. 10, figs. 28, 29.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, translucent, a little shining, slightly
rugosely striate, and faintly granular, yellowish corneous, with a
narrow chestnut sutural band ; whorls 5, slowly increasing, the last
wide; peristome acute, the columellar margin dilated and strongly
reflected above. Diam. 16 mill.

Clarence River, N. S. Wales, Australia.

H. PHYSETA, Aucey. Unfigured. Thibet.

Group VIII, PLECTOTROPIS.

Shell flattened, rather thin, sculpture usually rough, riblike or
granular, sometimes with shaggy epidermis, peristome simple, or a
little expanded, thickened within, umbilicus wide.

A group composed of somewhat incongruous elements, charac-
teristic mainly of the Chinese and Japanese provinces. The
connection with Carnrena or Hadra is so close, through some of the
species that the separation is rather arbitrary than natural.

Section I. PLECTOTROPIS, Albers. 1860.

Shell flat, somewhat lenticular, thin, widely umbilicated, periphery
carinate, and shaggy, peristome simple, a little thickened within.
Eastern Asiatic. H. MACKENSII, Ads. and Reeve.

Thea, Albers, is a synonym.

Subsection PSEUDIBERUS, Ancey. 1887.

More coarsely sculptured, peristome thicker and whitish.
H. PLKCTOTROPIS, Mart. China, Turkestdn.

IIKLIX. 51

Section II. AEGISTA, Albers. 1850.

Shell depressed, widely umbilicated, thin, uniform corneous,
roughly sculptured, periphery rounded, or obtusely augulated,
peristome slightly expanded, a little thickened within.
Eastern Asiatic. H. OCULUS, Pfr.

Section III, TRACHIA, Albers. 1860.

Shell small, depressed, moderately or rather widely umbilicated,
thin with granular sculpture, last whorl deflected and constricted
in front, periphery rounded, peristome a little expanded, thickened
within, its margins approaching and connected by a thin parietal
callus. Indo-Pacific. H. ASPERELLA, Pfr.

Subsection ANGASELLA, Adams. 1863.

Shell small, depressed, widely umbilicated, with strong, rib-like
sculpture, periphery rounded, mai'gins of peristome approaching.
H. CYRTOPLEURA, Pfr. Australian.

Ancey has changed the name to Pleuroxia, on the ground that
Angasella is preoccupied in marine shells, but Crosse's Angasiella
in Nudibranchiata bears date 1864.

Section I. PLECTOTROPIS, Albers. 1860.

H. HORIOMPHALA, Pfr. PI. 11, figs. 31-33.

Widely umbilicated, thin, slightly but closely decussated by
oblique stride and concentric lines, suture linear; light corneous,
diaphanous, scarcely shining; whorls 6>>, the last not descending in
front, acutely carinated, base more convex, the umbilicus bounded
by an. angle; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 25 mill.

Japan.

H. CATHCART.E, Reeve. PI. 11, fig. 44.

Widely, excavately umbilicated, arcuately rugosely striated,
reddish corneous; whorls 6, flattened above, thinly margined at the
suture, periphery compressly carinated, convex below; periphery
acute. Diam. 27 mill.

Typinsan Isl. China Sea.

52 HELIX.

H. ELEGANTISSIMA, Pfr. PI. 11, fig. 45.

Widely umbilicated, thin, distantly subplicate above, diaphanous,
scarcely shining, yellowish, suture denticulately margined, scarcely
impressed ; whorls 6?, the last not descending in front, with a ciliate,
denticulate, acute carina; peristome white, simple, a little expanded,
coluinella short, subvertical. Diam. 24 mill.

Loo Choo and Tyj>!>i*uii Is.

Closely related to, perhaps a mere variety of the preceding species.
It is H. pretiosa, Aiders.

H. HOWAKDI, Angas. PL 12, figs. 96-98.

Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, obliquely irregularly striate,
and slightly, very minutely granular, yellowish corneous, with two
indistinct chestnut bauds; whorls 4'-, slightly convex, the last a
little descending in front, base more convex, without bands, periph-
ery acutely carinated ; peristome white, chestnut color at the junction
with the body, slightly expanded. Diam. 22 mill.

450 miles N. of Adelaide, Australia.

H. MACKENSII, Adams and Reeve. PL 11, fig. 34.

Widely umbilicated, thin, closely arcuately striate above, epider-
mis hairy on the peripheral carina, brownish corneous; whorls (JJ,
scarcely convex above, slowly increasing, the last shortly deflected
in front, periphery acutely carinated, base slightly striate, turgid
around the umbilicus; peristome thin, somewhat expanded above,
shortly reflected below. Diam. 30 mill.

Ins. Typinsan, China Sea.

H. GERLACHI, Mollendorff. PL 11, figs. 35-37.

Widely umbilicated, subobliquely interruptedly striulate, very
slightly spirally lineolate, brownish, suture superficial; whorls 6,
flattened, the last with hairy carina, slightly descending in front,
convex below and angular round the umbilicus; peristome simple,
a little reflected below. Diam. 19-21 mill.

Canton, China.

Var. GRANULOSO-STRIATA, Mart.
Pale. Diam. 21 mill.

Var. ABRUPTA, Mart.

Smaller, striae interrupted, brownish. Diam. 19 mill.

Var. HUNANCOLA, Gredler. Undescribed.

IIKLIX. 53

H. LACINIOSULA, Heude. PL 11, figs. 38-40.

Widely umbilicated, thin, subpellucid, fulvous corneous, plicately,
laciniately striate, hairy, especially at the suture and carina; whorls
6, slowly increasing, periphery acutely carinate; peristome white,
slightly expanded. Diain. 30 mill.

Ouyuan and Tonglieou, China.

Described a? H. laciniosa, preoccupied by Lowe.

H. TRICHOTROPIS, Pfr. PL 11, figs. 41-43, 46-48.

Widely umbilicated, thin, striulate, very minutely, slightly
decussated by impressed spiral lines, diaphanous, light corneous or
brownish; whorls 62, flattened, the last with acute, ciliated periph-
ery, base more convex; peristome simple, a little expanded above,
reflected below. Diam. 17 mill

Shanghai, China.

Var. LACINIATA, Heude. Figs. 46-48.

Shell more depressed above, the carina more obtuse, umbilicus
rather wider.

H. MELLEA, Pfr. PL 11, fig. 58.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, slightly, very minutely
granular, somewhat shining, light fulvous; whorls 5, somewhat
flattened above, the last scarcely descending in front, periphery
carinated, base somewhat turgid ; peristome white, narrowly expan-
ded above, subreflected and internally thickened at the base.

Diam. 22 mill.

7//.s. Formosa.

H. EMMA, Pfr. PL 11, figs. 59-61.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, closely, irregularly, rugosely
striate, obsoletely spirally lirate above, not shining, variegated with
flesh-color and white, suture linear; whorls 4, rather flattened above,
the last acutely carinated, scarcely descending, base convex; peris-
tome thin, expanded above, reflected below. Diam. 18 mill.

Lao Mts., Cambodia.

H. TAPEINA, Benson. PL 12, figs. 71, 72, 77.

Widely umbilicated, slightly granularly striate, not shining, light
brownish, suture thread-like; whorls 6, somewhat flattened, slowly
enlarging, the last descending in front, base convex, angulate around
the umbilicus; peristome simple, white, dextrally a little expanded.

Diam. 15'5 mill.

Bengal, Java, China.

54 HELIX.

Var. ROTATORIA, Busch. Fig. 77.

Suture less distinct, periphery acutely keeled ; peristome a little
thickened, less rounded, white.

Var. BHAMOENSIS, Nevill.

Last whorl slightly angular, not distinctly keeled, aperture
smaller, less produced, columellar margin slightly oblique, angular
at base, shell smoother.

Nevill remarks that this variety connects H. tapeina almost
insensibly with H. catostoma, Blf. and its varieties.

H. HupENSis,.Gredler. PI. 13, fig. 48.

Widely umbilicated, thin, obliquely striate, carinate, suture mar-
gined; whorls G'/, flattened, brownish above, whtish-rayed below,
last whorl not descending in front, base convex, subangulated
around the umbilicus: peristome white, shortly reflected.

Diam. 20 mill.

Patong, Ost-Hupc Mts,, Chlnn.
H. HUTTONI, Pfr. PI. 11, figs. 56, 53-55.

Rather widely umbilicated, subdiaphauous, with scabrous epider-
mis,. light corneous; whorls 6'., slightly convex, the last very slightly
descending in front, periphery angulated; peristome simple, acute.

Diam. 10 mill.

Himalaya Mts., India; Java, etc.

H. orbicula, Hutton (not Orb.) is a synonym.

Var. SAVADIENSIS, Nevill.

Spire more elevated, shell thicker, umbilicus narrower.
Diam. 12'5 mill.

Var. WINTERIANA, Pfr. Figs. 53-55.

Widely umbilicated, depressed, light corneous, somewhat shining,
periphery obsoletely or distinctly angulated; whorls 54, the last
slightly descending in front. Diam. 12 mill.

Java, Borneo, /Sumatra, Timor, Slam.
H. INTUMESCENS, Mart. PI. 11, figs. 64-66.

Moderately umbilicated, striated, a little shining, light brownish,
peripheral cariua whitish; whorls 5-6, slightly convex, the last
somewhat deflected in front, carinated, the carina evanescent towards
the aperture, base obtusely angulated around the umbilicus; peris-
tome shortly expanded, white, columellar margin subvertical.

Diam. 8-14 mill.

Java.

IIKLIX. 55

H. SHANGHAIKN.-IS. Pfr. PI. 11, %. "'7.
Moderately umbilicated, thick, obliquely submembranouslystriate,

somewhat shining, brownish corneous; wliorls 7, slightly convex,
slowly enlarging, (lie last not descending, periphery carinatcd, base
convex, granular and subhispid; peristome simple, subreflected al
the base. Diain. lo mill.

Shani//i<ii, ( 'li! i/n.

H. CILIOSA, Pfr. PL 12, fig. 82.

Widely/ umbilicated, rather thin, striulate and very shortly hairy,
diaphanous, brownish ; whorls nearly 6, slightly convex, slowly
increasing, the last with a ciliated carina ; base somewhat inflated,
convex; peristome simple, shortly expanded. Diam. 10 mill.

China, Japan.
H. BARBOSELLA, Heude. PI. 12, figs. 9-12.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, brownish, with shaggy epidermis,
suture superficial ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, last whorl with an-
gulated periphery, scarcely deflected at the aperture ; peristome
thin, a little expanded. Diam. 11 mill.

Shanghai and Great Lake, China.

H. LEPIDOSTOLA, Heude. PI. 12, figs. 89-91.

Rather widely umbilicated, brownish, obliquely lamellarly pli-
cate ; whorls 6-6}, slowly increasing, the last scarcely descending
in front, obsoletely augulated and fasciate on the periphery, base
convex; peristome a little thickened, expanded. Diam. 15 mill.

Prov. HOII/H'. Chi nn.

Var. TROCHCXSl'IRA, Moll.

Smaller, spire more elevated, whorls 7, periphery distinctly an-
gulated. Diam. 1T5 mill.

Proi\ Hubei, China.
H. PIIAYREI, Theob. PI. 12, fig. 78.

Widely umbilicated, obliquely costulate-striate above, strise finer
below, suture impressed ; whorls 5, rather convex, the last a little
descending in front, periphery obtusely augulated, base convex ;
peristome simple, slightly expanded, margins approximating.

Diam. 15 mill.

Ava.
H. ANCYLOCHILA, Crosse. PI. 12, fig. 67.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat thin, subdiaphanous, irregu-
larly obliquely striate, light yellowish olivaceous, suture impressed ;
whorls 4j, flattened above, the last descending in front, subacutely

56 HELIX.

carinated, inflated and scarcely striate below ; peristome simple, ex-
panded, white, margins distant. Diam. 16'5 mill.

Hob. unknown.
H. CONELLA, A. Ad. PL 12, figs. 79-81.

Moderately umbilicated, yellowish corneous, thin, obliquely costu-
late, epidermis in oblique interrupted lines ; whorls 6, flattened, the
last with acutely carinated periphery, base convex ; peristome acute,
expanded. Diam. 10 mill.

Tabu-Sima, Japan.

H. SUMATRANA, Martens. PI. 12, figs 68-70.

Widely umbilicated, striulate, somewhat shining, greyish brown ;
whorls 5, scarcely convex, periphery carinated, base convex ; obso-
letely angulate round the umbilicus ; peristome simple, white, ex-
panded below. Diam. 13 mill.

Sumatra.

Var. MOUSSONIANA, Mart.

Very widely umbilicated, closely arcuately striate, shining, light
brownish, peripheral carina distinct; peristome white, shortly ex-
panded. Diam. 12 mill.

Eastern, Java.
H. SQUAMULOSA, Mousson. PI. 12, figs. 74-76.

Widely umbilicated, closely arcuately striated, epidermis brown-
ish, scaly, laciniated, in lines parallel with the strise ; whorls 6, sub-
plane, deflected in front, periphery carinated, base slightly convex,
with distinct umbilical angle ; peristome white, shortly expanded.

Diam. 12 mill.

Ins. Madura, near Java.
H. PUBEROSULA, Heude. PI. 12, figs. 86-88.

Widely umbilicated, fragile, epidermis reddish brown, with mi-
nute granose scales, suture subimpressed ; whorls 8, narrow, slowly
increasing, periphery obtusely angulated ; peristome thin, a little
reflected. Diam. 10 mill.

Distr. Tali/ou, China.

Described by Heude as H. pulverulenta, preoccupied by Lowe.

H. ATKINSONI, Theobald. PI. 12, figs. 83-85.

Widely umbilicated, rugosely striate, lightly decussated by ob-
scure spiral lines, dirty white (perhaps corneous in fresh specimens),
semitranslucent, suture impressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the
last sinuately depressed above at the aperture ; peristome slightly
thickened, simple, callously thickened on the base. Diam. 13 mill.

Moulmein.

IIKI.IX. -~7

H. PERPLAN-ATA, Nevill. PI. 18, ligs. 4!>-r>l.

Shell widely umbilicated, lint trued on the top, convex below,
periphery distinctly carinated ; whorls 7, slowly increasing, striate
above, smooth below. Diain. 1(5 mill.

Upper Biintxih.

No diagnosis has been published ; the above particulars are
gleaned from some remarks upon the species published by its author.

H. AKOWTONGKNSIS, Theobald. PL 12, fig. 73.

Widely umbilicated, rather thin, light corneous, densely granular,
with a thin sub-bristly epidermis; whorls 5, flattened, the last
shortly deflected in front, acutely carinated, base tumid around the
umbilicus; peristome thin, margins approaching, a little expanded
above, reflected at the base. Diain. 15 mill.

Akowtong, Province of Pegu.

My figure (from Conch. Indica), which corresponds with the
description, and considerably resembles the preceding species, is
said, nevertheless, not to represent it. No other figure has been
published.

H. GABATA, Gould. PL 14, figs. 82, 83.

Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat thin, slightly striate, some-
what shining, whitish corneous, carina chestnut banded; whorls 4
somewhat flattened above, the last shortly descending in front, peri-
phery carinated, base tumid around the umbilicus ; peristome white,

expanded and a little reflected. Diain. 23 mill.

Tavoy, Burmah.
H. Mer'/n.ii'iixis, Phil. (fig. 83), is a synonym.

H. SMITHII, Bock. PL 11, figs. H2, (S3.

Moderately umbilicated, semitransparent, striated by fine growth
lines, greyish white under a light horn-colored epidermis ; whorls 4,
flattened, the last slightly descending at the mouth, with a strongly
marked obtuse keel, defined by a groove above, convex below, ob-
tusely angular around the umbilicus ; peristome thin, expanded.

Diam. 21 mill.

Paio, Sumatra.
H. RADULELLA, Heude. PL 12, figs. 1)2-95.

Widely umbilicated, epidermis reddish brown, covered by wart-
like scales, with a light peripheral zone, suture impressed ; whorls
6, the periphery obtusely angulated ; peristome acute, scarcely re-
flected. Diam. 13 mill.

Talifou, China.

58

IIKLIX.

Witli columellar plication.

H. GONIOCIIILA, Pfr. PI. 11, figs. 51, 52.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, lightly striulate and
granular, subdiaphanous, pale corneous; whorls 62, narrow, slightly
convex, the last riot descending, acutely cariuated, base more con-
vex ; peristome sublabiate, sulcate exteriorly, columella transversely
uniplicate. Diam. 13 mill.

Siam,.
H. T'TYCHOSTYLA, Mart. PL 33, figs. 65-67.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, striate, brownish ; whorls
(.j, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last obtusely carinated,
base convex; peristome white, expanded, columellar margin al-
most perpendicular, transversely uniplicate. Diam. 14 mill.

Siam.
II . STYLOPTYCTA, Pfr. PI. 11, figs. 49, 50.

Widely umbilicated, rather solid, closely striulate, diaphanous,
greyish corneous ; whorls 6, moderately convex, the last obsoletely
angulated, not descending in front; peristome white-lipped, margins
approaching, joined by a callus, expanded above and below, colum-
ella transversely plicate. Diam. 9 mill.

Siam.

A var. DBPRESSIOR has been indicated. This species is the H.
ptychostyla of Pfr., not Martens; but is perhaps only a variety of
Martens' species.

Subsection PSEUDIUKKI'S, Ancey. 1887.

H. PLKCTOTROPIS, Martens. PL 12, figs. 8-5.

Moderately umbilicated, strongly, distantly, obliquely ribbed,
whitish ; whorls 5i, flattened above, carinate, carina crenulated,
angulating the last whorl, slightly descending at the aperture, base
a little convex ; peristome expanded, margins approaching, con-
nected by a thin callus. Diam. 19 mill.

Mis. Thianschan, Central Asia.
H. SCEPASMA, Pfr. PL 13, fig. ">:>.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, opaque, white, rugulosely striate,
suture subimpressed ; whorls 7, scarcely convex, slowly increasing,
the last a little descending in front, periphery acutely carinated*
base turgid around the umbilicus; perisiome subthickened, angu-
larly reflected. Diam. 20 mill.

Hab. unknown.

IIKI.IX. 59

H, ARANE^ETELA, Heude. PI. 1'J, tigs. !)!)-!.

Rather widely umbilirated, tliin, yellowish brown, strongly cos-
tate, sparsely scaly, .suture impressed; whorls ">, slo\\ly in<Tra>ing :
peristome acute, scarcely expanded. Diam. !) mill.

, China.

H. MATAIENSIS, Nevill. PL 12, figs. 6-8.

Moderately umbilicated, costulate above, less strongly below,
white, irregularly mottled with pale corneous, suture well impressed ;
whorls 5 1, the last only carinated ; pi-rislome simple, expanded.

Diam. 13'5 mill.

Mataiaii, E. Turkestan.

H. TECTUM-SlNENSE, Mart. PI. 12, fig. 2.

Perforate, with strong, curved, somewhat distant ribs above,
sometimes branching, below the ribs are closer, anastomosing;
whorls 5-2, undulately carinated, last whorl a little descending in
front; peristome thickened, expanded. Diam. 16'5-21 mill.

Prov. Shantung, China.

H. ZENONIS, Gredler. (Unfigured.) Tx'manfu, China.

Unfigured Species of Plectotropis.
H. TROCHULA, H. SCABRTCULA, H. SETOCINCTA, A. Adams. Japan.

H. MICROTROCHUS, H. Al'PLANATA, Moll. China.

H. SQUAMULIFERA, Moll. In*. Bongao, near Borneo.

H. OSBEOKII, Phil. Loo Choo Is.

H. REPANDA, Pfr. Cambodia.

H. CASEUS, Pfr. Siatn.

H. PILISPARSA, Martens. Celebes.

Section II. AE(;ISTA, Albers. 1850.

H. OCULUS, Pfr. PI. 13, fig. 13.

Widely umbilicated, rather thin, closely rugosely plicate above,
brownish, suture impressed ; whorls 8, somewhat convex, the last
shortly descending in front, periphery subangular, white banded,
base convex, striate ;'lip thin, subangulately reflected.

Diam. 25 mill.

Ins. Typinsan and Meikoshima, China Sea.

H. Typinsana, Ads. and Reeve, is a synonym.

60 HELIX.

H. CIIINENSIS, Phil. PL 13, fig. 14.

Widely umbilicated, shining, subpellucid, striated, light fulvous
above, whitish beneath, epidermis thin, very fugacious ; whorls 8,
convex, slowly increasing ; peristorne white, sublabiate, shortly re-
flected. Diam. 25 mill.

Near Nankin, China.
H. VERMES, Reeve. PI. 13, fig. 15.

Very widely umbilicated, solid, closely rugosely striate, shining
fulvous horny, with a white peripheral line, whorls 8, slowly in-
creasing, flattened, the last scarcely deflected in front, periphery
subangulated ; peristome thin, whitish, reflected. Diam. 32 mill.

China.

Has been considered a variety of H. Chinensis, but differs con-
siderably from that species, in its more depressed form, wider um-
bilicus, etc.

H. P8EUDO-CH1NENSIS, Mollendortf. PL 13, figs. 16-18.

Widely umbilicated, thin, closely obliquely striate, subpellucid,
somewhat shining, rosy horn color ; whorls 8, slowly increasing,
slightly convex, suture impressed, last whorl a little deflected in
front ; peristome reddish, widely reflected. Diam. 27 mill.

Dist. Hochan, China.

This is H. Chinensis, Heude, not Phil.

H. HERPESTES, Heude. PL 13, figs. 22-24.

Widely umbilicated, brownish corneous, with an obscure whitish
corneous band, epidermis brownish or whitish, closely obliquely
striate ; whorls 7, slowly increasing, the last obsoletely angulated
peristome white, narrowly reflected. Diam. 22 mill.

Tchenkeou, China.
H. FURTIVA, Heude. PL 13, figs. 19-21.

Moderately umbilicated, corneous, striate, suture slightly im-
pressed ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last narrow, with obsoletely
angulated periphery; peristome white, expanded. Diam. 19 mill.

Prov. Kouetcheou, China.

H. AUBRYANA, Heude. PL 13, figs. 45-47.

Widely umbilicated, thin, obliquely striate, brownish white,
suture impressed ; whorls 7, slightly convex above, periphery ob-
tusely augulated, deflected in front, more convex on the base ; peris-
tome thin, white, reflected. Diam. 21 mill.

Prov. Kouetcheou, China.

HELIX. 61

H. ACCRESCENS, Heude. PL 13, figs. 26-28.

Widely umbilicated, thin, pellucid corneous, with a whitish peri-
pheral band; whorls 7, narrow, slightly convex, slowly increasing,
the last obtusely angulated, peristome. white, narrowly reflected.

Diain. 1( mill.

Outckang, Chi mi.

Heude thinks this may prove a minor variety of H. vermes.

H. OLDHAMI, Benson. PI. 13, fig. L>r>.

Widely umbilicated, thin, irregularly obliquely flexuously striate,
corneous (?), suture impressed; whorls 6-}, slowly increasing, sub-
planulate, the last whorl shortly and rapidly descending in front,
obtusely angulated above, base convex, angular around the umbili-
cus ; peristome a little expanded, margins approaching.

Diain. 13 mill.

Burmak.
H. FRIEDELIAXA, Martens. PL 13, figs. 29-31.

Widely umbilicated, slightly obliquely striate, olivaceous brown ;
whorls 5'', scarcely convex, the last subangulated, deflected in front,
base convexly flattened; peristome white, slightly thickened, ex-
panded, margins approaching. Diain. 18 mill.

Nagasaki, Japan.

H. emcuLus, Pfr. PL 13, fig. -",2.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, rugulosely striate, somewhat shin-
ing, white; whorls 5}, convex, the last obsoletely angulated, not
descending; peristome thickened within, shortly expanded, margins
approaching. Diain. 19 mill.

Loo Choo Is.

H. ALPHONSI, Desk PL 13, figs. 34, :]-",.

Widely umbilicated, thin, fragile, corneous, brownish, yellowish-
white, obliquely lineated and irregularly punctate, subplicate and
spirally substriate above, smooth below ; whorls 7, narrow, the last
a little deflected in front, obtusely angulated above ; peristome
sinuous, reflected, columellar lip wide, with tooth-like thickening.

Diain. 9 mill.

Prov. Moupuii Eastern, Thibet.

H. PLATYOMPHALA, Mollendorff. PL 13, fig. 44.

Very widely umbilicated, thin, subpellucid, corneous, closely ob-
liquely striated, suture well impressed ; whorls 7, subconvex, the
last obsoletely angulated above, with a whitish zone, and very

62 HELIX.

shortly deflected in front, umbilicus bounded by a distinct angle ;
peristome thickened, white, reflected. Diam. IT'S mill.

Prov. Quangdung, China.

H. STJBCHINENSIS, Nevill. PL 33, figs. 68, 69.

Widely umbilicated, subpellucid, obliquely striulate, shining,
chestnut color, with a narrow white band ; whorls 7, slightly con-
vex, the last scarcely descending in front, subangulate on the peri-
phery ; peristome thickened, whitish, narrowly reflected.

Diam. 17 mill.

Formosa.
H. GOTTSCHEI, Mollendorff. PL 13, figs. 38-40.

Widely umbilicated, lightly obliquely striate and membranously
costulate, microscopically spirally lineate, brownish corneous ; whorls
6:1-7, slightly convex, the last obtusely angulated, and very shortly
deflected in front ; peristome thin, shortly expanded, subreflected.

Diam. 11 mill.

Soul, Corea.
H. INITIALIS, Heude. PL 13, figs. 41-43.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, corneous or brownish, very mi-
nutely obliquely striate ; whorls about 6, narrow, slightly convex,
the last with obtuse, white-banded peripheral angle, scarcely de-
flected at the aperture, convex below ; peristome white, sinuous,
somewhat thickened, reflected. Diam. 12 mill.

Prov. Nganhoue, China.
H. CATOSTOMA, Blauf. PL 13, figs. 36, 37.

Widely umbilicated, thin, striate, corneous ; whorls 7, convex,
slowly increasing, the last rounded, abruptly descending in front,
subconstricted behind the aperture, subcompressed around the. um-
bilicus ; peristome sinuous, reflected, with a superior internal pro-
jection, and basal, suhdentiform thickenings. Diam. 16 mill.

Ponsee, Yunnan, Naga Hills, India.

Differs from the other species in its indistinctly trilobed aperture-

Unfigured Species.
H. HUPEANA and H. KUANTUNGENSIS, Gredler. China.

Section III. TRACHIA, Albers. 1860.

H. ASPERELLA, Pfr. PL 14, fig. 58.

Moderately umbilicated, roughened by minute granules, dirty
white, variously banded with chestnut ; whorls 4, the last with

HELIX. 63

rounded periphery, a little descending in front, base convex ; peris-
touie expanded, margins approximating. Diam. 14 mill.
Var. minor. Diam. 7 mill.

Eastern India.

It is H. granifera, Benson, Ms.

H. PROXIMA, Fer. PI. 14, fig. 7

Moderately umbilicated, lightly striate, shining, white, IKIM
brownish, lineated with brown ; whorls 5, the last rounded, de-
flected in front; aperture brownish, peristome expanded, reflected
below, margins joined by a callus. Diam. 24 mill.

Eastern India.

H. PENANGENSIS, Stoliczka. PI. 14, figs. 52-54.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, corneous, epidermis yellowish
brown, closely, shortly pilose, suture deep, subchanneled ; whorls
4], convex, the last a little descending at the aperture, base ob-
tusely angulated round the umbilicus ; peristome light violaceous,
expanded, narrowly reflected. Diam. 16 mill.

Penang.

H. PROPINQUA, Pfr. PI. 14, figs. 55-57.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, thin, striulate, whitish or light
brownish, with a superior narrow chestnut band ; whorls 4-5, the
last rounded, anteriorly deflected ; peristome white, sublabiate, ex-
panded. Diam. 16-19 mill.

Near Bombay, India.

H. HELFERI, Benson. PL 14, figs. 59, 60.

Narrowly, perspectively umbilicated, foveolate and obliquely
striulate, epidermis sparsely hispid, brownish, with a narrow su-
perior chestnut band, suture impressed, submargined ; whorls 4J,
slightly convex, the last descending in front, obsoletely angulated
above the periphery, a little compressed around the suddenly ex-
cavated umbilicus; peristome expanded, margins approximating,

joined by a thin callus. Diam. 12 mill.

Andaman Is.

H. RUGINOSA, Fer. PI. 14, figs. 65-67.

Moderately umbilicated, whitish, obliquely plicate; whorls 4,
flattened above, the last shortly deflected in front, periphery sub-
angulated, base inflated ; peristome thin, white, shortly expanded,
reflected below. Diam. 13 mill.

Bengal.

64 HELIX.

Yar. CKASSICOSTATA, Benson. Fig. 67.

Spire subplane, plications stronger, periphery crenulately cari-
nated.

H. FOOTEI, Stoliczka. PL 14, fig. 84.

Moderately umbilicated, granose, plicate ; whorls 4-4 J, whitish,
gradately increasing, the last carinated on the periphery, base con-
vex, subangulated around the umbilicus; aperture almost hori-
zontally deflected, the margin reflected, almost free.

Diam. 13'3 mill.

Belgaom, Western India.

Allied to the var. crass ieostata of H. ruginosa, but is more orbicu-
lar, with smoother and thinner, but well-marked keel, and has an
angle defining the umbilicus.

H. DELIBKATA, Benson. PL 14, figs. 75-77.

Moderately umbilicated, striate, epidermis corneous, deciduous,
whorls 4, convex, the last deflected in front ; peristome nearly con-
tinuous, white, thickened, reflected. Diam. 22 mill.

Bengal ; Tavoy, Burmah.

H. procumbens, Gould, is a synonym.

Var. FASCIATA, Godwin Austen. Fig. 76.

Somewhat smaller, with deeper suture, variously narrowly chest-
nut banded.

Var. KHASIENSIS, Nevill. Fig. 77.

Spire more elevated, umbilicus narrower, aperture more con-
tracted, usually unicolored, sometimes with a single chestnut band.

H. TANQUEREYI, Crosse and Fischer. PI. 14, figs. 73, 74.

Rather widely umbilicated, obsoletely striate, thin, pellucid, light
corneous ; whorls 4i, slightly convex, the last descending in front,
carinated above the middle, convex below and angulated around
the umbilicus ; peristome expanded, reflected, margins closely ap-
proaching. Diam. 12-14'5 mill.

Fuyen-Motli, Cochin China.

H. FALLACIOSA, Fer. PL 14, figs. 68, 69.

Rather widely umbilicated, striate, whitish, unicolored or vari-
ously chestnut banded, suture deep; whorls 4 *, the last suddenly
descending in front ; aperture subhorizontal, peristome expanded
above, reflected below. Diam 11-18 mill.

Eastern India, Ceylon.

HELIX. 65

H. NiLAftHERicA, Pfr. PI. 14, figs. 70, 71.

Very widely umbilicated, striate, corneous white, with a superior
chestnut band; whorls ">', slowly increasing, the last abruptly de-
flected in front, aperture small, subhorizontal, peristome nearly
continuous, white, sublabiate, reflected. Diani. 14'5 mill.

Xilijlu't'i 3It*., Eastern India.

H. CYCLOSTOMATA, Guillou. PI. 14, figs. 63, 64.

Widely umbilicated, pellucid, linearly papillary, light olivaceous,
with chestnut lines; whorls 4, convex, with deep suture, peristome
nearly continuous, externally constricted, thin, reflected.

Diarn. 7-8 mill.

Iran- ! <- 1st. Torres Str<nf, X. Australia.

Is possibly a synonym of H. Tuckeri, below.

H. CONTRACTA, Hutton. PI. 14, figs. 61, 62.

Widely umbilicated, obliquely striulate, smooth, a little shining,
whitish, with a superior chestnut band, suture impressed; whorls 4,
the last subangulated above, descending in front, convex below;
peristome expanded above, reflected below, margins approaching.

Diam. 13 mill.

Malva, India.
H. TUCKERI, Pfr. PI. 14, fig. 79.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, pellucid, obliquely striate, shortly,
sparsely hairy, brownish corneous, obsoletely narrowly brown ban-
ded ; peristome whitish, shortly reflected, externally constricted.

Diam. 7 mill.

Charles Hardy's Isl. Pacific Ocean.

H. strangulate/,, Hombr. and Jacq. is a synonym, and H. cyclos-
omata, above described, is possibly another.

H. ALBICOSTIS, Pfr. Unfigured. Ahmednuggur, India.

H. SORDIDA, Pfr. Unfigured. Near Pondicherry, E. India.

Subsection ANGASELLA, Adams, 18(>.>.

H. CYRTOPLEURA, Pfr. PL 14, figg. 85, 86.

Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, with thread-like cur-
ved riblets, whitish; whorls 4-4-], scarcely convex above, slightly
descending in front, base more convex; aperture shining; peristome
thickened, white, shortly expanded, margins converging.

Diam. 18 mill.

5 \ So. Australia.

66 HELIX.

H. PHILLIPSIANA, Angas. PI. 14, figs. 87-89.

Widely umbilicated, rather thin, obliquely plicate-striate, and
lightly granular, brownish white; whorls 4?, convex, the last round-
ed, descending in front, subconstricted behind the aperture ; peris-
tome almost continuous, expanded and slightly reflected, margins
joined by a thick callus. Diarn. 13 mill. ,

Arrowie, So. Australia.

H. EYREI, Ad. and Angas. PI. 14, figs. 90, 91.

Widely umbilicated, rather thin, obliquely striate, very minutely
granular, light brown, paler below ; whorls 5, a little convex, the
last rounded and somewhat descending in front; peristome flesh
colored, thickened, slightly expanded, margins approaching.

Diam. 17 mill.

Shores of Lake Eyre, Central Australia.

H. DELESSERTIANA, Guillou. PI. 14, figs. 92, 93, 78.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, obliquely costulate-striate, hyaline
brownish Avhite, suture subchanneled; whorls 5s, convex; peristome
reflected above. Diam. 16'5 mill.

Warrior Isl. Torres Straits, Australia ; New Zealand.

H. Taranaki, Gray (fig. 78) and H. Torresiana, Hom'br. et Jacq.
are synonyms.

H. SUBSECTA, Tate. PI. 14, figs. 80, 81.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, somewhat rugosely plicate, and
closely longitudinally striate, greyish white, epidermis?; whorls 5,
the last rounded at the periphery, much depressed in front; peristome
thin, acute, reflected, nearly continuous. Diam. 15 mill.

Port Wakefield, So. Australia.

Un figured Species.

H. ENDEAVORENSIS, Brazier. Endeavor River, N. Australia.

H. DRYANDERENSIS, Cox. Port Denison, Queensland, Australia.

IIKLIX. 67

Group IX, ARIONTA, Leach, 1820.

Shell of moderate size, globosely turbinate or depressed, usually
with one or three (rarely with two) bands, last whorl declining in
front, peristome reflected, thickened, margins approaching.

Section I, LYSINOE. Adams, 1855.

.Moderately or narrowly umbilicated, smoothish, epidermis some-
times shortly hairy, globosely turbinate, periphery sometimes sub-
angulate, last whorl descending in front, peristome reflected, margins
approaching, impinging on the umbilicus below. West Coast of
^'urth America. H. FIDELIS, Gray.

Aglaja, Albers, 1860, is a synonym.

Subsection I, HELMINTHOGLYPTA, Ancey, 1887.
Surface vermiculately rugose, H. ARROSA, Gould.

Subsection II, ODONTURA, Crosse and Fischer, 1872.

Subglobose, with narrow umbilicus, granular epidermis in fresh
individuals shortly hairy. Southern Mexico, Guatemala. H. GHIES-

BREGHTII, NySt.

Subsection III, LEPTARIONTA, Crosse and Fischer, 1872.

Smoothish, small, thin, whorls about 4}, last whorl descending in
front, with a single brown band, periphery rounded, peristome
shortly reflected, umbilicus narrow. Mexico. H. FLAYESCENS,
Wiegm.

Subsection IV, PRATICOLA, Strebel, 1880.

Orbicular, small, last whorl constricted behind the aperture, peris-
tome shortly reflected, lipped within. Texas, Eastern Mexico. H.
BERLANDIERIANA, Mor.

This group is Hyyromia (Risso) in part, of American authors.

Subsection V, MICRARIONTA, Ancey.

Shell thick, small, depressed, peristome shortly reflected, thickened
within. Islands of So. California. H. FACTA, Newc.

More depressed, and geographically separated from Praticola,
but very close to it.

Subsection VI, PCECILOSTOLA, Ancey, 1887.

Imperforate, rather thin, globosely depressed, whorls few, the last
large, peristome thickened, white, thinly reflected. Andes Regions
of So. America. H. FARRISI, Pfr.

68 HELIX.

Subsection VII, EPIPHRAGMOPHORA, During, 1875.

Depressed, smooth, moderately umbilicated, peristome scarcely
expanded, strongly labiate within, extremities approaching. Aper-
ture closed in winter by a chalky epiphragm. So. America. H.
HIERONYMI, Doring.

Subsection VIII, EURYCAMPTA, Albers, 1860.

Moderately large, narrowly umbilicated, roughly ribbed, usually
brownish, with a single band, turbinate, whorls slopingly flattened
above, more convex below, peristome reflected, extremities approach-
ing, without callus connection. West Indian (mostly Cuban).
H. BONPLANDII, Lam.

Section II, CAMPYL^EA, Beck, 1837.

Shell moderately umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, planospiral,
more or less solid, glabrous or hirsute ; whorls 4'>-6, the last deflected
near the aperture ; aperture oval or sub-circular, peristome expanded
reflected, more or less thickened, its extremities approaching and
joir.ed by a parietal callus, columellar lip dilated, reflected, very
rarely touching the umbilicus.

European ; mostly Mediterranean countries.

Subsection I. XEROCAMPYL^EA, Kobelt, 1871.

Depressed, very narrowly umbilicated ; peristome acute, very
thinly labiate within, margins approaching.

This group connects with Xeropliilo, and is therefore not typical
although Pfeiffer gives it first place under Campylcea.

H. CARASCALENSIS, Per.

Subsection II. FRUTICOCAMPYL^EA, Kobelt. 1871.

Small, flat or flatly bullet shaped species, inhabiting Circassia and
Armenia.

H. RAVERGIENSIS, Fer. Caucasus.
Subsection III. EUCAMPYL^EA, Pfr. 1881.

Typical group of Campyltea. Southern Europe.

H. CINGULATA, Studer.

Cingulifera, Held., 1837, Corneola, Held. 1837 and Chilostoma,
Moquin-Tandon, 1855, are synonyms-
Subsection IV. TACHEOCAMPYLyEA, PfeifFer. 1877.

A Corsican group including large, banded species.

H. RASPAILII, Payr. Corsica.

HELIX. 69

Subsection V. PSEUDOCAMPYL^A, Hesse. 1884.

A Grecian group, including species with sub-continuous peristome.

H. PELLITA, Fer. Grecian Archipelago.
Subsection VI. ELONA, H. and A. Adams, 1855.

Shell planorboid, spire involute, apex immersed, H. QUIMPERIANA,
Fer. Sterna, Albers. 1850 (non Linn.), is a synonym.

Subsection VII. CHILOTREMA, Leach. 1820.

Lenticular, strongly carinated, aperture basal, sub-horizontal,
transversely oval, the reflected lip continuous, angular.

H. LAPICIDA, Linn.

Helicogona, Risso. 1826, Latomus, Fitz. 1833, Lenticula, Held.
1837, and Vortex, Moquin-Tandon. 1855, are synonyms.
Section III. ARIONTA, Leach, 1820.

Shell perforate, rather thin, turbinately globose ; whorls 6, convex,
peristome lipped, columellar lip dilated near the umbilicus.

H. ARBUSTORUM, Linn.

Europe, California. Different as are these habitats the mollusks
and shells appear to be intimately related : they are geographically
isolated, the whole of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains
possessing no representative of the group.

Section IV. EURYSTOMA, Albers, 1850.

Narrowly umbilicated, globosely depressed, calcareous ; whorls 5,
the last deflected near the aperture, convex below ; peristome widely
lipped, its extremities approximating, joined by a callus. H. VIT-
TATA, Mull. Ceylon.

Eyrystoma, Morch. 1852, is a synonym.

Group IX, ARIONTA, Leach, 1820.
Section I. LYSINOE, Adams, 1855.

H. FIDELIS, Gray. PL 15, figs. 94-96.

Moderately umbilicated, rugosely striated with impressed spiral
lines, light yellowish or brownish above, lower surface dark chestnut,
sometimes uniformly black, with a peripheral chestnut band ; whorls
7, rounded ; periphery thickened, simple above, reflected below.

Diam. 34 mill.

Northern California, Oregon, Washington Terr.

H. Nuttalliana, Lea is a synonym.

70 HELIX.

H. INFUMATA, Gould. PL 15, fig. 97.

Moderately umbilicated, with minute rasp-like elevations, running
obliquely to the growth-striae and in the fresh state bearing very
short soft hairs, smoky brown above, blackish, shining and minutely
granulated on the base; whorls 62, flatly convex, the periphery
acutely angulated ; peristome somewhat reddish, simple above, re-
flected at the base. Diam. 37 mill.

Northern California, near the coast.

Young specimens are sometimes banded. The animal is black,
with bright red tubercles.

H. HILLEBRANDI, Newcomb. PL 15, fig. 98.

Moderately mnbilicated, finely striated, granular, and hirsute in
fresh specimens, yellowish horn color with a chestnut baud bordered
with white on either margin ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last with
carinated periphery, slightly descending in front ; peristome white,
subreflected, extremities approaching. Diam. 1 in.

Sierra Nevada region, California.

H. AYRESIANA, Newcomb. PL 15, fig. 99.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, with rough oblique incremental
striae, deeply cut by impressed revolving lines, yellowish white, with
a narrow superior chestnut band; whorls 7, convex, the last de-
scending in front, subglobose ; peristome simple. Diam. 22 mill.

Sta. Cruz, 8. Migni'l and Sta. Rosa Islands of California.

Erroneously described as from Northern Oregon.

H. MORMONUM, Pfr. PL 15, fig. 1.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, with curved incremental
striae, light chestnut color, with a chestnut band edged with white on
either side; whorls 6, convex, slowly enlarging; aperture very ob-
lique, peristome thickened, white, a little expanded, extremities
slightly converging. Diam. 29 mill.

Between Sierra Nevada and Coast Range, California,

Not a coast or Oregonian species, as at first supposed.

H. CIRCUMCARINATA, Stearns. PL 15, figs. 2-4.

Rather widely umbilicated, finely granulated, with irregular ribs
intermingled with the growth striae, yellowish white, sometimes with
a superior double band, the upper striae being whitish, the lower
chestnut color; whorls 6-6 , the last with a compressed, fimbriated

HELIX. 71

keel, which also forms a sutural margin above ; peristome moderately
thickened, subreflected, the extremities connected by a thin parietal
callus. Diam. 22-2") mill.

Columbia, Toulumne Co., California.

Described as a variety of H. Mormonum, Pfr. I regard it as dis-
tinct.

H. TRASKII, Newcomb. PI. 15, fig. 5.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, translucent, dark horn colored,
with a superior narrow chestnut band, edged on both sides with
white, delicately obliquely striate, with microscopic crowded spiral
lines ; whorls 6, slightly convex, gradually increasing, the last some-
what plane above; peristome thickened, white. Diam. 21 mill.

Count region of Southern California.

H. CARPENTERI, Newcomb. PI. 15, figs. 6-8.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, striate, crossed by microscopic
spiral lines, whitish, with a narrow, superior chestnut band ; whorls
5J, convex, the last descending in front ; peristome a little expanded,
the extremities approaching. Diam. 23 mill.

( 'inaloa, Mexico, Lower California, Southern California.

H. Remondi, Tryon is a synonym. The species is closely allied
to, perhaps a synonym of H. Traskii, Newcomb.

H. DUPETITHOUARSI, Deshayes. PI. 15, fig. 9.

Moderately umbilicated, polished, smooth, subpitted or substriate,
dark chestnut below, lighter above, with a chestnut, white bordered
band, or sometimes two; whorls 7-*, convex, the last inflated; ap-
erture white and banded within, peristome simple, reflected below.

Diam. 30 mill.

Monterey, California.

H. Oregonensis, Lea is a synonym.

H. SEQUOICOLA, Cooper. PI. 15, fig. 10.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thick, with somewhat rugose
growth striae, often decussated by coarse incised lines, upper whorls
with crowded granulations, and probably hirsute in fresh specimens,
light chestnut color, paler below, with a narrow superior chestnut
band, bordered with white on either margin ; peristome white, thick-
ened, extremities approaching. Diam. 23-27 mill.

Ifear Sta. Cruz, California.

A coast species, allied to H. Mormonum but distinguished by its
sculpture.

72 HELIX.

H. RUFOCINCTA, Newcomb. PI. 15, fig. 11.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, scarcely marked by growth
lines, and occasional revolving lines, horn color, with a narrow, white-
margined chestnut band ; whorls 5-6, flatly convex above, the last
descending in front, convex on the base ; peristome white, thickened,
reflected below. Diam. 17 mill.

Catalina Island, California.

H. ROWELLII, Newcomb. PL 15, figs. 12, 18.

Moderately umbilicated, smooth, very slightly obliquely striulate,
and very minutely punctulate, somewhat shining, w T hitish, with a
single narrow chestnut band ; whorls 4*, somewhat convex, the last
descending in front and swollen, base subplanate ; aperture widely
circular, peristome white, expanded, extremities approaching and
joined by a callus. Diam. 20 mill.

Lower California.

H. Lohrii, Gabb, (fig. 13) is a synonym.

H. SERIATISETA, Rochebrune. Unfigured. Cochin China.

Referred to by its author to this group, of which it can scarcely
be a member.

Subsection I, HELMINTHOGLYPTA, Ancey, 1887.

H. ABBOSA, Gould. PI. 16, fig. 17.

Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, rugulosely malleated and
minutely granulated, reddish olive, or yellowish, with a superior,
narrow, dark chestnut band ; whorls 7, convex, the last a little de-
scending in front ; aperture bluish, with pellucid band ; peristome
flesh colored, shortly expanded, the base reflected.

Diam. 34-40 mill.

Coast of California from Sta. Cruz to Mendocino Co.

Dr. Cooper has named two varieties Holderiana and Stiversiana ;
the varietal characters appear to be unimportant. Mr. Binney also
mentions an albino specimen. H. cemginosa, Gould (not Pfr.) is a
synonym.

H. TOWNSENDIANA, Lea. PI. 15, figs. 14-16.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, yellowish ahd brownish horn color
intermixed, with faintly impressed, minute longitudinal stria? and
coarse oblique, malleated wrinkles ; whorls 6, flatly convex, the last

H ELIX. 73

well-rouuded, descending in front ; peristome white a little expanded
at the top, becoming reflected on the base. Diam. 29 mill.

Oregon, Mountains of Idaho and Montana.

H. pedestris and H. rnida of Gould are syiNuiyms. H. ptycho-
phora, Brown, was formerly considered a small variety of this species;
it is now referred to Mesodon (Vol. Ill, p. 154).

H. EXARATA, Pfr. PL 16, fig. 18.

Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, rugulosely malleated, yel-
lowish brown, with a narrow superior chestnut band ; whorls 7, con-
vex, the last scarcely descending in front ; peristome slightly white-
lipped, expanded. Diam. 30 mill.

Coast region, of California, from S. Francisco to Sta. Cruz.

H. NICKLINIANA, Lea. PL 16, figs. 19, 20.

Minutely umbilicated, rather thin, with light growth-lines, faintly
indented and granulated in quincunx order, pale horn colored or
ash-yellow, with a superior chestnut narrow band, paler on its mar-
gins ; whorls 6, moderately convex, the last ventricose, the periphery
sometimes obsoletely angulated, base tumid ; peristome white, slightly
reflected above, more so below. Diam. 28 mill.

California to Santa Cruz to Mendocino Co.

H. nemorivaga and H. arboretorum, Val. are synonyms. H. ana-
choreta, Binuey (fig. 20) was founded on a less globose form of this
species, without revolving band. In his latest monograph Mr, W. G.
Biuney considers H. Nicldiniana a variety of H. Calif 'or niensis, Lea,
a decision with which I by no means agree. I do not think H. Cal-
iforniensis belongs to this group at all.

H. RAMENTOSA, Gould. PL 16, fig. 21.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, obliquely striated and gran-
ulated, yellowish brown with a superior narrow chestnut band ;
whorls 5 2, somewhat convex, the last broad, rounded or very obso-
letely angulated, not declining in front; peristome white, thickened,
somewhat expanded, reflected at the base. Diam. 20 to 30 mill.

Napa Co. to Sta. Clara Co., California.

The synonyms are H. reticulata, Pfr. and H. Bridgesii, Newcomb.
The latter name being preoccupied, I formerly suggested instead of
it H. Parkeri. Mr. Biuney considers H. ramentosa a variety of H.
Calif or niensis, Lea.

74 HELIX.

H. DIABLOENSIS, Cooper. PI. 16, fig. 25.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, roughened with incremental wrinkles
and with regular malleations arranged in spiral series, reddish horn
color, with a narrow, superior chestnut band, white-margined on
either side ; whorls 6, convex, the last not descending, somewhat
compressed on the side ; peristome thickened, white, almost simple.

Diam. 22 mill.

Mt. Diablo near S. Francisco, and in Coltisa and No pit Co's. Gal.

A species of the Coast Kange. Mr. Binuey makes this also a va-
riety of H. Calif orniensis, Lea.

H. INTERCISA, W. G. Binney. PL 16, figs. 26, 33, 27.

Imperforate, thick, growth lines numerous and distinct, crossed
by close, regular spiral lines, so deeply impressed that the surface is
divided into minute raised parallelograms, greyish yellow, with an
obsolete band ; whorls 5, slightly rounded, the last descending in
front ; aperture very oblique, horse-shoe shaped, peristome dirty
white, thickened, spread at the umbilicus, which it covers, often with
a basal tooth-like process near the columella ; margins of peristome
connected by a parietal callus. Diam. 22 mill.

S. Clemente and Sta. Cruz Is., Cal.

The above is the adult condition : a lighter type but connected
with it is the form described by Dr. Newcomb as H. crebri*ti-!<itn
(fig. 33). In an apparently semi-fossil condition the thickening of the
shell is carried still further than in recent specimens.

Yar. REDIMITA, "NY. G. Binney. Fig. 27.

Imperforate, thin, wrinkled, covered with minute crowded gran-
ulations ; whorls 6, rounded, the last descending in front, reddish
brown, with a chestnut band ; periphery simple, light-chestnut col-
ored, thickened, extremities approaching. Diam. 21 mill.

S. Clemente Is., Cal.

It is H. Nickliniana, A. Binney in part.

H. TUDICULATA, Binney. PI. 16, figs 28-30.

Imperforate, or subumbilicated, olivaceous brown, with a chestnut,
white-margined band, visible above the suture on the spire, obliquely
striate and malleately punctate; whorls 5 , slightly convex, body
whorl large, tumidly expanding in front ; peristome whitish, thin,
expanded, slightly reflected below. Diam. 33 mill.

Coast and Sierra Nevada region of California.

HELIX. 75

Var. CYPREOPHILA, Newcomb. Fig. 30.

Shell thiuuer, scarcely malleated, umbilicus narrowly open.

Copperopolis and Han Diego, Cat.

Subsection II, ODOXTURA, Crosse and Fisclier, 1872.

H. GHIKSBREGHTI, Nyst. PI. 16, fig. 31.

Narrowly umbilicated, striate, pilose when fresh, clu-stnut color,
with yellowish bauds on the upper part of the shell, the intervening
surface sometimes darker chestnut or nearly black ; whorls 5 ', some-
what convex, the last large, rounded, slightly descending in front;
lip white, expanded, shortly reflected, margins approaching.

Diam. 50-65 mill.

C/ii'ipn, Mexico; Vera Paz, Guatemala.

There is some variation in the ground color, and number and dis-
position of the bands: in one variety the shell is yellowish with a
narrow chestnut band above, and another and wider one below the
periphery.

H. EXIMIA, Pfr. PI. 16, fig. 32.

Scarcely umbilicated, obliquely rugose and very closely granular,
corneous olivaceous, with five or six dark brown bands; whorls 4*>,
somewhat convex, rapidly increasing, the last inflated, descending
in front, compressly inflated round the brownish umbilical region ;
peristome simple, whitish, narrowly reflected, dilated over the um-
bilicus, which it nearlv closes. Diaui. 37-41 mill.

>

Guatemala, Honduras.

Subsection III, LEPTARIOXTA, Crosse and Fischer, 1872.

H. FLAVKSCEXS, Wiegm. PI. 19, figs. 76, 77.

Perforate, thin, smooth, opaque, light yellowish, variegated with
pellucid strigations and spiral lines and a chestnut band, suture sub-
plicate ; whorls 4J-, scarcely convex, the last descending and subcou-
stricted in front ; lip white, shortly expanded, columellar mai'gin
nearly closing the umbilicus. Diam. 12 mill.

Near Papantla, Mexico.

H. BICINCTA, Pfr. PL 19, fig. 78.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, glabrous, pellucid, light greyish yel-
low, with two narrow spiral bands, the upper one chestnut color, the
lower one milk white, suture white-margined ; whorls 4J, somewhat

76 HELIX.

flattened, the last with a black band surrounding the peristome;;
peristome patulous, acute, subreflected. Diarn. 20 mill.

Oajaca, Mexico.

H. VERRILLI, Ancey. Unfigured. Durango, N. W. Mexico.
Subsection IV, PRATICOLA, Strebel, 1880.

H. OCAMPI, Strebel. PI. 19, figs. 79, 80.

Perforate, rather solid, slightly translucent, dull yellowish horn
color, or reddish brown with yellowish suture, finely irregularly
striate, with microscopic spiral lines; whorls 5?, somewhat convex,
the last inflated, descending in front, constricted behind the aperture ;:
peristome shortly reflected, white. Diam. 12 mill.

Mirador, Mexico.

H. ampla, Pfr. an unfigured species is possibly identical : if so, it
should take priority.

H. BERLANDIERIANA, Moric. PI. 19, figs. 81-83.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, somewhat translucent, sub-
opaline, scarcely striate, light ashy white or yellowish white, or
greenish yellow, sometimes with a single chestnut band, suture deep :
whorls 4i-5, rather convex, the last scarcely descending in front,
rounded, base subinflated, constricted behind the aperture ; peristome
white, labiate within, reflected. Diam. 12 mill.

Prov. Tamaulipas, Mexico, Texas, Arkansas.

If. pachyloma, Menke and H. virginalis, Pfr. are synonyms.

H. GRISEOI.A, Pfr. PI. 19, figs. 84-86.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, subtranslucent, a little shining, ob-
liquely striate, greyish, with a light fulvous, white-margined band,
suture impressed ; whorls 4-4?, scarcely convex, not descending in
front, base subinflated ; aperture showing the exterior band, peris-
tome simple, slightly reflected, white, margins distant.

Diam. 9'5 mill.

Near Vera Cruz, Mexico, Texas, Nicaragua..

Var. fi. More elevated, light corneous, with a single white margined
band. Diam. 10 mill.

The synonymy includes H. cicercula, Fer., H. splendidula, Anton,
and H. albozonata, and H. albocincta, Binney.

HELIX. 77

H. LEUCORHAPHE, Pfr. PI. 19, fig. 87.

Narrowly umbilicated, very lightly striulate, diaphanous, yellow-
ish corneous, with a narrow chalky baud at the impressed suture;
whorls 6, a little flattened, the last more convex, not descending,
base subplanate ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 10 mill.

Island of Haijli.

H. TRYPANOMPHALA, Pfr. Unfigured. Sierra Maestra, Mexic-o.
H. SALVINI, Tristram. Vera Paz, Guatemala.

Subsection V, MICRARIONTA, Ancey.
H. GABBII, Newcomb. PI. 19, fig. 88.

Umbilicus almost covered, shell thin, light corneous, with a nar-
row brown band ; whorls 5, convex, with well impressed suture, last
whorl descending in front ; lip white, reflected, not callous.

Diam. 10 mill.

San Clemente Isl., S. California.

Var. FACTA, Newcomb. PI. 19, fig. 89.

Almost covered rimate, solid, compact, glabrous, whitish, with a
chestnut band ; whorls 5-5?, slightly convex, the last descending in
front ; suture moderately impressed ; peristome yellowish, thick, re-
flected. Diam. 10'5 mill.

Ins. Sta. Barbara and San Nicolas, S. California.

Subsection VI, PCECILOSTOLA, Ancey, 1887.
[The name of this section is preoccupied. Ed.]

H. FARRISI, Pfr. PL 18, figs. 69, 70.

Imperforate, rather thin, spirally striate and reticulated with im-
pressed pits, fulvous, with four brown bands, and maculated with
yellowish strigations ; whorls about 43, rapidly increasing, the last
ventricose, deflected in front ; peristome white lipped, the margin
expanded. Diam. 35 mill.

Mountains of Peru.

H. TSCHUDIANA, Phil. PI. 17, figs. 41-43.

Umbilicus covered, rather solid, striulate", and decussated by very
thin spiral lines, fulvous, with a single, narrow chestnut baud ; whorls
4-', the last deflected in front; peristome thickened, white, widely
reflected, parietal wall with a thin callus. Diam. 29 mill.

Huancavelica, P< ru.

78 HELIX.

H. CLAUSOMPHALOS, Deville and Hupe. PI. 18, figs. 67, 68.

Imperforate, depressed, whitish to chestnut color, with a single,
narrow chestnut band visible on the spire-whorls, last whorl wide,
deflected anteriorly, periphery obtusely subangulated ; peristome
thick, reflected, expanded over the umbilicus. Diana. 29 mill.

Huancavelica, Andes of Peru.

H. ALSOPHILA, Philippi. PI. 17, figs. 48-50.

Imperforate, somewhat solid, striulate, slightly transversely mal-
leated, shining, fulvous brown, with a chestnut band, light bordered
below ; peristome white, thickened, expanded. Diam. 30 mill.

Mts. of Sta. Ana, Peru.

H. ESTELLA, Orb. PI. 18, fig. 71.

Imperforate or perforate, thin, diaphanous, irregularly submal-
leately reticulated, striated or nearly smooth, yellowish brown or
whitish, with a narrow superior chestnut band ; whorls 4, convex,
the last deflected in front; peristome reflected, white, columellar
margin dilated and appressed above. Diam. 23-38 mill.

Vnlle grande, Bolivia.

Var. TUCUMANENSIS, Doring.

Costulate-striate, nearly imperforate, submalleately reticulated in
front, convex below and lighter colored ; whorls 43.
Diam. 32-34 mill.

Sierra de Tucuman.

Subsection VII, EPIPHRAGMOPHORA, Doring, 1875.

H. GUYANA, Strobel. PI. 19, figs. 73-75.

Narrowly umbilicated, lenticular, carinated, rather thin, obliquely
plicate, suture submargmed ; whorls 4, flattened, rapidly increasing,
the last not descending, periphery acutely crenately carinated, base
convex, arcuately plicate ; aperture brownish, shining, peristome
simple, basally shortly reflected, columellar margin dilated above.

Diam. 14'5 mill.

Prov. Mendoza, Buenos Ayres.

H. HIERONYMI, Doring.

Widely umbilicated, subcalcareous, a little shining, usually with
a light chestnut band, depressed, slightly convex, suture deep ; whorls
45-5, convex, the last slightly descending in front ; peristome sub-

HELIX. 79

simple, acute, expanded, slightly white-lipped within, margins ap-
proximating. Diam. 18-20 mill., alt. 8 mill.

Catamarca, Argentine Republic.

This species was figured in Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. 143, PI. 6, fig. 4
1878, but in the copy to which I have access this plate is missing, so
that I am unable to figure it.

H. HIGGINSI, Pfr. PL 17, fig. 34.

Umbilicated, rather solid, striated and malleated, olivaceous brown,
with a single chestnut band, suture impressed ; whorls 4-j, slightly
convex, the last descending in front, with convex base ; peristome
white, shortly reflected, the columellar margin impinging on the
umbilicus. Diam. 32 mill.

Huamachuco, Peru.

This is H. Farrisi, Higgins, not Pfeiffer.

H. JASPIDEA, Pfr. PL 17, figs. 35-37.

Widely umbilicated, rather solid, obliquely costulate-striate, cor-
i irons white, flamed and sub-banded with light corneous,suture
smooth, margined ; whorls 5, somewhat flattened, regularly increas-
ing, the last descending in front, periphery angulated, base convex ;
aperture white banded, peristome whitish, margins approximating,
simple above, reflected at the base. Diam. 31 mill.

Prov. Patas, Pern.

H. COSTARICENSIS, Roth. PL 17, figs. 38-40.

Widely umbilicated, rather solid, smoothly striated and spirally
subsulcated, purplish flesh color, with four narrow bands; whorls
4.', obliquely flattened above, the last more convex near the suture,
obtusely angulated at the periphery, the angle whitish, dark mar-
gined, base whitish, umbilicus chestnut colored; peristome expanded
and slightly reflected. Diam. 30 mill.

Costa Rica,

H. HUANUCENSIS, Phil. PL 17, figs. 44-46.

Moderately umbilicated, smooth, striulate, yellowish, usually one
or two banded with chestnut above; whorls 5, planulate, the last
deflected in front, periphery with a rounded carina; peristome
slightly thickened, expanded above, reflected below, extremities
joined by a parietal callus. Diam. 24 mill.

Huanuco viejo, Peru.

HELIX.

H. SARGI, Crosse and Fischer. PI. 17, figs. 51-53.

Rather widely umbilicated, moderately thick, subobliquely, obso-
letely striulate, chestnut brown, without band, suture somewhat
deeply impressed ; whorls 5, slowly increasing, the last descending in
front, periphery obtusely angulated, base flattened, paler, olivaceous
bmwn; aperture and periphery white, the latter reflected, margins
approaching. Diam. 27'5 mill.

Tamaja, Guatemala.
H. DILUTA, Pfr. PL 17, fig. 47.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, pellucid, yellowish corneous, with
three brown bands, the upper and lower ones wider and paler;
whorls 4, somewhat flattened ; periphery simple, flesh-color columellar
margin expanded. Diam. 22 mill.

Cuzco, Peru.

H. TRIGRAMMEPHORA, Orb. PI. 18, fig. 54.

Moderately umbilicated, striulate, shining, yellowish white, with
three narrow chestnut bands; whorls 5; slightly convex, the last
descending in front ; aperture rounded-lunar, peristome white, ex-
panded above, reflected below;. Diam. 25 mill.

Valle grande, Bolivia.

H. PELLIS-COLUBRI, Phil. PI. 19, fig. 72.

Widely umbilicated, striulate, slightly malleated below; yellowish
white, with a single chestnut band; whorls 5?, slightly convex, last
whorl subcylindrical, a little descending in front; peristome thick-
ened, white, widely reflected. Diam. 35 mill.

Otusco, Peru.

H. SEMICLAUSA, Martens. PL 18, figs. 65, 66.

Narrowly umbilicated, striulate, and slightly, minutely granular,
reddish brown, with a single brown baud ; whorls 4, rapidly increas-
ing, last whorl scarcely descending in front; peristome reflected,
flesh color, columellar margin a little dilated, nearly covering the
umbilicus. Diam. 37 mill.

Roder&berg, Brazil.

H. CLAROMPHALOS, Deville et Hupc. PL 18, figs. 55, 56.

Rather widely umbilicated, ashy fulvous, unicolored or with one
two or three superior brown bauds ; lip thickened, reflected.

Diam. 30 mill.

Near Cuzco, Peru.

HELIX. 81

Var. MESOMPHALOS, Morelet.
Smaller, more depressed, umbilicus wider, last whorl subangulated.

H. YOCOTULAXA, Doring.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, depressed, smoothish and
a little shining, minutely striate, chalky white or yellowish, with a
single chestnut band; spire flattened, scarcely elevated, suture deep;
whorls 4s, a little depressed, earlier ones whitish or yellowish brown,
the last somewhat descending in front, pellucid chalky below; aper-
ture rounded lunate, peristome expanded-reflected, lipped, thickened,
dilated and shortly subangularly reflected on the columellar margin.

Diana. 20-22 mill., alt. 9-10 mill.

Yocotukt, Argentine Republic.

In our copy of the "Boletin" containing the above description
the figure referred to is missing.

H. AUDOUIXI, d'Orb. PL 18, fig. 64.

Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, rugosely subreticula-
ted, brownish violaceous, variegated with whitish lines, and with
three dark bands; whorls 6, the last depressed, descending in front;
peristome white, thickened, widely expanded, the margins approach-
ing, and joined by a parietal callus. Diam. 59 mill.

Bolivia.
Var. ORESIGENA, d'Orb.

Shell smaller, with a slightly more elevated spire.
Diam. 37 mill.

H. PATASENSIS, Pfr. PL 18, figs. 61-63.

Widely umbilicated, rather solid, striulate and minutely pitted,
fulvous, with a single, narrow, superior chestnut baud; whorls 5,
slightly convex, the last depressed rounded, deflected in front; peris-
tome whitish, the margins approaching, shortly expanded above, re-
flected below. Diam. 36 mill.

Andes Mts., Prov. of Patas, Peru.

Var. minor, has the chestnut baud pale-margined.

H. MACASI, Higgins. PL 18, figs. 57, 58.

Widely umbilicated, rather solid, lightly, obliquely plicate-striate,
and very minutely concentrically striulate, whitish, with three
chestnut bands; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last deflected in
front, base convex ; peristome reflected, the margins approaching,

joined by a thin callus. Diam. 35 mill.

Macas, Equador.
6

HELIX.

H. TRENQUELLEONIS, Grat. PL 18, fig. 59.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, subpellucid, slightly shining,
obsoletely opaquely plicate above, decussated by spiral stride, smooth
below, olivaceous brown, with a single, superior, chestnut band;
whorls 4j, rather flat, rapidly increasing, the last depressed, deflected
in front, base a little more convex; peristome shortly expanded, red-
lipped within, margins approaching, joined by a thin callus.

Diam. 26 mill.

Cordova, Argentine Republic.

Unfigured Species.

H. HIDALGONIS, Doring. Argentine Republic.

H. MONOGRAPHA, Burmeister. Argentine Republic.

Both the above species have been figured, but the figures are want-
ing in the Philadelphia Academy's copies of the Avorks which should
contain them.
H. GUEINZII, Pfr. Moyobamba, Peru.

Subsection VIII, EURYCAMPTA, Albers, 1860.

H. BONPLANDI, Lam. PI. 19, fig. 95.

Narrowly umbilicated, chestnut color, obsoletely doubly banded
with chocolate, subdecussated by very thin incremental and spiral
strife; whorls 45-5, somewhat convex; aperture brownish violaceous,
peristome simple, right margin patulous, the basal somewhat thick-
ened, the oolumellar reflected. Diam. 29-35 mill.

Cuba.
H. SUPERTEXTA, Pfr. PI. 19, fig. 94.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, subdecussated by incremen-
tal striae and impressed concentric lines, brownish fulvous, with a
median chestnut band, suture deep, crenulated, epidermis radiately
hydrophanous; whorls 5, convex; aperture brownish, peristome white,
expanded above, thickened and reflected below. Diam. 24 mill.

Near Matanzas, Cuba.

Like H. Bonplandi, but smaller with more convex whorls, more
slowly increasing, with different epidermis.

H. ARCTISTRIA, Pfr. PI 19, figs. 96, 97.

Very narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, closely, obliquely costu-
late-striate, light brownish, with two dark bands, and numerous

HKLIX. 83

white epidermal bands; whorls 4, rather convex, the last depressly
rounded, strongly descending in front; peristome fleshy white, mar-
gins converging, expanded above, reflected below. Diam. 28 mill.

Ensenada de Corrientes, Cuba.

H. POEYI, Petit. PI. 19, fig. 93.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, closely costulately striate, epidermis
deciduous subvelvety; whorls 5, rather flattened, the last carinated,
deflected in front; peristome simple, expanded above, reflected
below, columellar margin dilated, short subvertical.

Diam. 26 mill.

Cuba.

H. staminea, Menke, and H. velutinata, Beck are synonyms.

H. BRYANTI, Pfr. PI. 19, figs. 91, 92.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat thin, closely obliquely costulate,
light corneous; whorls 4J, somewhat flat, the last more convex, with
an interrupted chestnut line at the subacute carina, shortly reflected
in front; peristome thin, labiate within, a little expanded above,
reflected below, margins approaching. Diam. 14*6 mill.

Water Key, Ragged Isl., Bahamas.

H. DESIDENS, Rang. PI. 18, fig. 60.

Moderately umbilicated, striate, thin, brownish, without bands;
whorls 4, flattened above, periphery obtusely angulated, base con-
vex ; peristome a little expanded above, scarcely reflected below.

Diam. 16 mill.

Ins. Martinique.

Section II, CAMPYL,<EA, Beck, 1837.
Subsection I, XEROCAMPYL.EA, Kobelt, 1871.

H. ZELEBORI, Pfr. PL 4, figs. 69-72.

Very narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, lightly, subarcuately
striate, whitish, unicolored or with two chestnut spiral lines, apex
corneous; whorls 5, moderately convex, reguiiaiiy increasing, the
last scarcely descending in front; aperture light flesh colored, peri-
stome simple, very thinly labiate, margins approaching.

Diam. 14'5 mill.

Servia, Bosnia.

Has the characters in part of both Xerophila and Campylcea;
hence forms the passage between the two groups.

84 HELIX.

H. DRAGORICHI, Zelebor. PI. 45, figs. 22-24.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, striate, a little shining, white, apex
corneous, suture smooth; whorls 5a, slightly convex, the last dilated
in front, scarcely descending, aperture oblique, wide, peristome
simple, white-lipped, margins approaching, columellar margin dila-
ted above. Diam. 16 mill.

Samsum, Asia Minor.

A var. minor has more elevated spire, and a very light yellowish
band. Diam. 14 mill.

H. NUBIGENA, Charp. PL 45, fig. 21.

Narrowly umbilicated, striate, whitish, sometimes becoming yellow-
ish or rosy at the aperture; whorls 5, slightly convex, regularly
increasing, the last rounded, slightly descending in front ; peristome
acute, white-lipped within, margins approaching. Diam. 11 mill.

Bareges, Pyrenees.

Unfigured Species.

H. CAROSINA, H. BORTANA, H. OTTOI, H. ACARIA, H. TwARTKOI,

H. NACTARA, Servain. Bosnia.

H. ADARELLA, Bourg. Croatia.

Subsection II, FRUTICOCAMPYLJEA, Kobelt, 1871.

H. NARZANENSIS, Krynicki. PI. 20, figs. 17, 18, 19.

Moderately umbilicated, thin, pellucid, obsoletely transversely,
and still more faintly longitudinally striated, whitish, unicolored, or
with two band? ; whorls 6, rounded ; peristome reflected, margined

within, the extremities remote. Diam. 8 mill.

Caucasus, Georgia,.

H. hortensis, Meuetr. and H. Ossetinensis, Bayer are synonyms.

Var. ft, SOLIDIOR. Fig. 19.

Larger, heavier, bifasicate. Diam. 22 mill.

Var. o. PERLINEATA.

More depressed, with a single superior band and minute decur-
reiit lines.

Var. SUANETICA, Bottger. PL 20, figs. 20-22.

Strongly striated, coarsely granular, spiral stride very faint, with
two distinct chestnut bands and brownish base.
Diam. H'5-16'5 mill.

HELIX. 85

Var. M YCROMPHALA, Bottger. PL 20, fig. 23, 24.

Umbilicus wider, surface obsoletely, very minutely granular and
spirally undulately lineolate, light chestnut color with a white band,
here and there strigated with chestnut. Diam. 15 5-19 mill.

Var. CYCLOTHYRA, Bottger. PI. 20, figs. 33, 34.

Larger, usually more depressed, umbilicus much wider, margins
of aperture approaching more closely. Diam. 19-22 mill.

Var. APPELINSI, Mousson. PI. 20, fig. 25.

More widely umbilicated, irregularly but strongly crispate-striate,
intermingled with elongated granulations, dull, light corneous, with
a pale dorsal band ; whorls 6, flattened, the last descending slightly
in front, periphery sometimes subangulated ; peristome a little ex-
panded, slightly but widely labiate within, margins converging,

Diam. 15-19 mill.

H. RAVERGIENSIS, Fer. PI. 20, figs. 13, 14.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, slightly pellucid, obliquely
striate, yellowish gray, with white bands at the suture and periphery ;
whorls 6, obliquely planulate, suture superficial ; peristome patulous,
with a white lip within. Diam. 7 mill.

Caucasus, Georgia.

It is H. Caucasica, Pfr., and H. limbata, Kryn.
Var. PERSICA, Bottger. PI. 20, figs. 15, 16.

More couically depressed, thicker, with thread-like strife, here and
there rib-like, violet corneous, radiately strigate with white, bauds
narrower and fainter. Diam. 17'5 mill.

Astrabad, Northern Persia.

Var. TRANSCAUCASICA, Bayer. PI. 20, figs. 31, 32.

Differs from the type in the smaller more depressed, less striate
shell; umbilicus narrower; corneous. Diam. 15, alt. 12 mill.

Southern Caucasus.
H. PRATENSIS, Pfr. PI. 20, figs. 26-30.

Moderately umbilicated, rugosely striate, whitish, with two chest-
nut bands, or without bands, and the last whorl becoming brownish
flesh color ; whorls 6, the last scarcely descending in front ; peristome
expanded, remotely white lipped within, margins approaching.

Diam. 17 mill.

Riv. Tortoom, Asiatic Russia.
H. Bayer ii, Parr, is a synonym.

86 HELIX.

Var. DELABRIS, Mousson. PI. 21, figs. 46, 47.

Perforate, rather thin, chalky, irregularly striulate and slightly
and very minutely granular, white, doubly banded with brown, apex
corneous, suture scarcely impressed ; whorls 5J, somewhat convex*
the last slightly descending in front ; base plano-convex ; aperture
white, with translucent band, peristome acute, expanded, not labiate
within, margins approximating. Diam. 15 mill.

Transcaucasia.

Var. JOANNIS, Mortillet. PI. 20, figs. 41, 42.

Moderately utnbilicated, somewhat solid, distinctly striate, sub-
rugose, whitish or fulvous gray, sparsely pellucid-dotted and with
two dark chestnut bands ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last descend-
ing in front; peristome scarcely expanded above, white-lipped
within, the margins converging and joined by a thin callus.

Diam. 17-25 mill.

Erzeroum, Armenia.
H. Dumonti, Mortillet is a synonym.

H. PONTICA, Bottger. PL 20, figs. 35-40.

Narrowly utnbilicated, slightly shining, distinctly spirally lineo-
late, scarcely granular, white unicolored, or with two chestnut bands
or the upper or lower one absent. Diam. 18-21 mill.

North of Suchum, Caucasus.

H. EICHWALDI, Pfr. PL 21, figs. 48, 49.

Rather widely umbilicated, rugosely striate, shining, whitish, with
horny dots and doubly banded ; whorls 6, scarcely convex, the last
deflected in front ; peristome expanded, prominently, remotely white-
lipped within, margins acute, almost continuous. Diam. 18 mill.

Caucasus.

Var. DAGHESTANA, Parr. PI. 21, figs. 50, 51.

Widely umbilicated, rugosely striate, shining, corneous, radiately
strigate with white, with a median white band, suture linear ; whorls
6, a little convex, the last deflected at the aperture ; peristome acute,
slightly expanded, white-lipped, margins approximating.

Diam. 16 mill.

Daghestan, Caucasus.

H. ARMENIACA, Pfr. PL 21, figs. 52-54.

Moderately umbilicated, plicately striate, variegated with corneous
and ashy white ; whorls 6, depressed, the last angulated, shortly de-

HELIX. 87

fleeted in front; peristome simple above, shortly reflected below,
remotely white-lipped within, nun-gins approaching.

Diam. 11 mill.

Armenia, Caucasus.

H. Ziegleri, var. Airumia, Siemaschko is a synonym.

H. PH.EOL.T3MA, Bottger. PI. 45, figs. 18-20.

Narrowly perforate, globose-conic, very solid, bluish-white, with
brown apex and occasional radiating streaks ; spire elevated, apex
minute, acute ; whorls 6], slowly increasing, rugose-striate, sparsely
and lightly marked with spiral lines, the last whorl subangulate in
front of the aperture, deflexed anteriorly, rounded below ; aperture
small, round-lunate, oblique, castaueous within; peristome expanded,
labiate with white, the extremities converging slightly, columella
dilated, reflexed. Diam. 14 mill, alt. 11'5 mill.

ML Schaeh-Dagh, Oriental Caucasus.

Unfigured Sjiecies.

H. MENETRIESII, Kaleuicz, Caucasus.
H. ALPINA and H. NIVALIS, Menetr. are synonyms.

H. DICHROZONA, Martens. Ko Kand.

H. NYMPH^EA, Dubois. Transcaucasia.

Subsection III, EUCAMPYLJEA, Pfr. 1881.
I, Group of H. pouzolzi, Desh.

H. POUZOLZI, Desh. PI. 22, fig. 75.

Widely umbilicated, striate, spirally lineated above, olivaceous
brown, with three chestnut bands, the middle one narrowest ; whorls
6, somewhat flattened, the last deflected in front ; peristome thick-
ened and reflected, whitish or flesh color. Diam. 40-48 mill.

Dalmatia, Albania.

The synonyms are H. Savignyana, Ehrenb., H. Varronis, Caiitr.,
H. Brenoensis, and H. Macarana, Mu'hlf., H. Dalmatina, Parr, and
the following color varieties : var. trifasciata, Bielz (typical), var.
bifasciata, Brus., var. unifasciata, Pfr., var, obscura, Bielz (more or
less dark chestnut with scarcely distinct bands), var. unicolor, Pfr.
(no bands).

88 HELIX.

Var. MONTENEGRINA, Zglr. PL 22, fig. 76.

Small, olive green, distinctly dark banded, peristonie but slightly
thickened. Diam. 30 mill.

Var. BOSNIENSIS, Kobelt. PL 22, fig. 77.

Smaller, spire a little elevated, whorls planulate above, with three
distinct, subequal bands. Diam. 31 mill.

Bosnia.
H. Ragusana, Fer. and H. trizona, Reeve are synonyms.

H. SERBICA, Mollend. PL 21, figs. 66-68.

Moderately umbilicated, striulate, and slightly spirally liueate
above, olivaceous brown, with three chestnut brown bands, the mid-
dle one narrower, the outer ones diluted on the exterior sides, suture
deep ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last slightly descending in
front ; peristonie simple, acute, margins distant, columellar lip a
little expanded, partly covering the umbilicus. Diam. 27 mill.

Servia.
Var. UNIT.ENIATA, Bottger.

Ferrugineus, with a supra-median black band ; aperture rosy
white or purplish within. Diam. 29 mill.

Montenegro.

H. PAUCICI, Mollend. PL 21, figs. 69-71.

Widely umbilicated, striulate, and spirally lineate above, oliva-
ceous brown, with three chestnut brown bands; whorls 65, rounded,
flattened below, the last whorl slowly descending at the aperture;
peristome simple above, angulately subreflected and a little dilated
below. Diam. 30 mill.

Servia.

Flatter, with wider umbilicus than the proceeding species, and
flattened base.

H. STEMOMPHALA, Menke. PL 21, figs. 63-65.

Narrowly umbilicated, lightly striate, yellowish, with three chest-
nut bands, the outer one wider and diluted ; whorls 5J, somewhat
convex, the last inflated, scarcely descending in front ; peristome a
little reflected, white-lipped within, margins distant, columellar mar-
gin dilated and reflected, partly covering the umbilicus.

Diam. 31 mill.

Croatia.

HELIX. 89

II, Group of H. planospira, Lam.

H. HIRTA, Menke. PL 23, figs. 10-12.

Umbilicated, spire plane, thin, slightly striate and punctate-gran-
ular, hairy, pellucid, somewhat shining, yellowish corneous, with a
chestnut band ; whorls 4;>, somewhat flattened, the last scarcely de-
scending ; peristome reflected, flexuous, white-lipped.

Diam. 21 mill.

Illyria, Croatia.

If. deplana, Zglr., is a synonym.

H. LEFEBORIANA, Fer. PI. 25, figs. 56-58.

Umbilicated, spire plane, thin, hairy, ashy corneous, with a sin-
gle chestnut band ; whorls 5, flattened, the last deflected in front ;
peristome acute, reflected, white-lipped, margins approaching.

Diam. 29 mill.

lUyria, Carniola.

H. Feburiana, Rossm., H. deplana, Mu'hlf., and A. hirsuta, Brum.
are synonyms.

H. HAZAYAXA, Clessiu. PL 45, figs. 35-37.

Large, widely Umbilicated, much depressed, rather solid, finely
striate, beset with long shaggy crooked hairs, corneous, with a pale
brown band above, succeeded by a clear zone, and below this a third
band of brown ; whorls flat, 5* in number, slowly increasing, sep-
arated by a deeply impressed suture, the last double the width of
antepenultimate, shortly deflexed anteriorly; aperture oblique, wide-
ly lunar, slightly wider than high ; peristome sharp, expanded ;
columella extended. Diam. 22 mill.

Northern Hungaria*

H. SADLERIANA, Ziegler. PL 22, figs. 78, 79.

Widely Umbilicated, slightly striate and closely punctate-granular,
thin, pellucid, shining, with short, close, regularly disposed hairs,
light yellowish corneous, with a chestnut, white-margined band ;
whorls 5?, flattened, the last subdeflected in front; peristome a little
deflected, subthickened, whitish, margins distant.

Diam. 30-38 mill.

Croatia, Carinola.

H. PLANOSPIRA, Lam. PL 22, figs. 80, 82.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, striulate, greenish corneous, with
a superior chestnut white margined band, spire obtuse, slightly ele-

90 HELIX.

vated ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last slowly descending in front ;
peristome white-lipped, dextrally slightly expanded, basally shortly
reflected, columellar margin dilated, margins remote.

Diam. 22-26 mill.

Southern France, Northern Italy.

H. adelozona, Parr.

Var. KOBELTIANA, Clessin. PL 48, fig. 90.

Larger than type, Avhorls elevated, thick, the last whorl double
as broad as penultimate, aperture wide, transversely ovate, um-
bilicus wide, partially covered by reflection of columellar lip.

Carinthia (Kamthen.)

Var. UMBILICARIS, Brumati. PL 22, fig. 85.

Much depressed, widely umbilicate, exhibiting all the whorls to
apex ; last whorl and aperture decidedly widened, base of peristome
flattened.

Northern Italy.

H. Hispanica, Linn, and H. zonata, C. Pfr.

Var. ILLYRICA, Stabile. PL 22, fig. 86.

More or less subglobose depressed, glabrous, pale corneous colored,
with an evanescent fascia.

Illyria.
Var. PADANA, Stabile. PL 22, figs. 83, 84.

Small, subglobose depressed, spire convex, last whorl rounded,
aperture less horizontal than in the type, and more rounded.
Diam. 25-27 mill.

Northern Italy.

Var. ULLEPITSCHEI, Westerl. PL 48, fig. 91.

Depressed solid, aperture transversely oval, columellar margin
immersed in umbilicus. Diam. 32, alt. 16 mill.

Southern Austria.
Var. STABILLEI, Paulucci. Not figured.

Var. SETULOSA, Brigauti. PL 22, fig. 92.

Opaque, rather thin, rich brown ; sharply rugulose, with black
hairs arranged in" oblique series, a dark supra-peripheral band,
bounded on either side with whitish, whorls 4J-5, the last slightly
descending, gibbous at the base ; aperture rotund-lunar, slightly ob-
lique, brown within, labiate. Diam. 26, alt. 13 mill.

Central Italy.

H. setipila, Zglr.

HELIX. 91

Var. PUBESCENS, Tiberi. PL 22, figs. 88, 89.

Very similar to the last variety ; sparsely pilose, pale reddish
brown, whorls 5, the last rounded, slightly descending anteriorly,
base convex, umbilicus moderate, peristome brown-labiate, colum-
ellar margin subreflexed. Diam. 23, alt. 12 mill.

Abruzzen.

Var. CASERTANA, Patilucci. PL 22, fig. 87.

Sparsely hirsute, rather dark colored ; peristome rather widely
reflected, milky white or yellowish, spotted everywhere with violet
to the point of its insertion ; last whorl rounded below.

Diam. 23i-26 mill, alt. 13-14 mill.

Caserta Vecchia.

Var. CALVA, Kobelt.

Distinguished from the type by the lack of hairs or hair scars.

Central Italy.
H. depilata, Orsini, Mss. ; If. planospira, var. depilata, Paul.

Var. CALABRICA, Paulucci. PL 22, fig. 90.

Translucent ; totally destitute of hairs, but with slight traces upon
the embryonic whorls, depressed globose, umbilicus narrow, the
columellar margin reflected over it ; aperture rotund-ovate, last
whorl much dilated below. Diam. 25-28 mill.

Calabria.

Var. NEAPOLITANA, Paulucci. PL 23, figs. 93, 94.

In form like the type ; minutely granulate and sparsely hirsute,
rather opaque, umbilicus rather large, last whorl more depressed
and more descending anteriorly ; peristome yellowish, mottled with
darker color. Diam. 19-24 mill.

Castellamare.

Var. CASSINENSIS, Paulucci. PL 23, fig. 97.

In form like typical planospira; last whorl more rounded ; hairy ;
clear horn colored ; aperture rounded, peristome -subreflexed at the
base. Diam. 20-24 mill.

Mt. Cassino.

Var. EUGANEA, Stabile.

Smaller and thinner than var. padana, to which it is similar in
form ; shining. Padua

92 HELIX.

Var. ALIFAENSIS, Paul. PL 23, fig. 95.

Large, thin, fragile, opaque, sparsely and shortly pilose; last
whorl inflated ; aperture wide, rounded. Diam. 29, alt. 16 mill.

Terra di Lavoro, Italy.
H. ZONATA, Studer. PL 28, figs. 34-36.

Umbilicated, olivaceous, with a chestnut band, subpellucid ; whorls
5 5, somewhat convex, the last descending in front; peristome sim-
ple, reflected below ; expanded above, margins nearly joining.

Diam. 21 mill.

Switzerland, Northern Italy*
If. ftctens, Stud., is a synonym.

Var. MODESTA, Moquin-Tandon.
Lacks the band of the typical form.
H. ftavo-virens, Dum. et Mort. is a synonym.

H. CONFUSA, Benoit, PL 23, figs. 98-100.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, opaque, striulate, granular above,
chestnut corneous, with a chestnut, white or yellowish margined
band ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last slowly descending in front ;
peristome thick, flexuous, reflected, white-lipped, callous below.

Diam. 25-33 mill.

Sicily*
Mdme. Paulucci makes this a variety of H. planospirz.

H. MACROSTOMA, Miihlf. PL 23, figs. 1, 2, 5, 6.

Openly umbilicated, opaque, very minutely granular above, yel-
lowish, with a chestnut band ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last
descending in front ; peristome widely reflected, white-lipped, mar-
gins approaching. Diam. 29 mill.

Sicily.

It is H. planospira, Phil., H. pervia and H. didyma, Miihlf, H.
siculina and H. cryptozona (figs. 5, 6), Ziegler ; the last a smaller,
thinner, diaphanous form.

Var. BENEDICT A, Kobelt. PL 23, figs. 3, 4.

Perfectly plane above, last Avhorl abruptly descending in front
lurid fulvous, with long hairs arranged in quincunx order.

H. Lefeburiana, Phil., and H. trichophora, Bourg., H. setipila,
Benoit (not Ziegler) are synonyms.

Var. ERETA, Paulucci.

Shell oval, last whorl much widened toward the aperture.

Palermo*

HELIX. 93

H. SUBZONATA, Mousson. PI. 29, figs. 37-39.

Umbilicated, dark corneous, with a dark band, pale-margined
below, striate, with very minute granulations, obsoletely hairy ;
whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last without hairs, a little descend-
ing in front ; aperture grayish, showing the exterior band, peristome
subthickened, whitish, shortly reflected, margins somewhat approach-
ing. Diam. 23 mill.

Cephalonia and Epirus.

Var. DISTANS, Blanc. PL 29, figs. 40, 41.

More distinctly striate and granular, whitish zone conspicuous,
umbilicus narrower, suture whitish margined.

Ins. Corfu.

H. FCETENS, C. Pfr. PI. 25, figs. 59-62.

Widely umbilicated, corneous brown, with a chestnut band mar-
gined with white below, translucent, substriate ; whorls 5*, flattened,
the last deflected in front ; peristome simple, expanded, right margin
reflected, extremities approaching. Diam. 21-27 mill.

Mts. Switzerland and Southern Austria.

The synonymy includes H. cornea, Voith, H. euzona, Menke,
H. marglnata, Mu'hlf., H. achatina, Pot. et. Mich., H. cingulina,
Desh., var. Dufftii, Kobelt (subfossil).

Var. ACHATE, Ziegler. PI. 25, figs. 59, 60.

Rather smaller than type ; whorls more elevated, the peripheral
white band broader, the dark band conspicuous ; keel scarcely indi-
cated. Diam. 19 mill.

Alps of Southern Bavaria, North Tyrol, etc.

Var. ICHTHYOMMA, Held. PL 25, fig. 63.

Depressed finely striate, shining, thin, translucent, corneous, with
a rufous baud, bordered with white below ; whorls 5?, flattened, the
last widened, descending anteriorly, convex below ; sutures deep ;
aperture very oblique, compressed ovate, peristome labiate, white,
ends not converging, reflected on basal margin. Umbilicus wide
and deep. Diam. 22 mill.

Savor in n Alps.

94 HELIX.

Var. CISALPINA, Stabile. PI. 26, fig. 64.

Large, thin, subpellucid, umbilicus narrow, last whorl convex be-
low ; narrow brown band not bordered with white. Diam. 27 mill.

Southern Alps.
H. vittata, Jan. and H. sebinensis, Kobelt are synonyms.

Var. ADAMI, Kobelt. PI. 26, fig. 65.

Umbilicus more widely perspective than in var. dsalpina, last
whorl flattened below ; conspicuously banded. Diam. 32 mill.

Southern Alps.
H. Calabriensw, Jan. is a synonym.

Var. RHAETICA, Mouss. PI. 26, fig. 66.

Shell larger and more solid than in the type ; whorls less cari-
naled, flattened below; with a very distinct castaneous band.

Diam. 27 mill.

Mountain valleys of the Rhine and Inn.

Var. DEBETTJE, Adami. PL 45, fig, 25.

Small depressed, solid. Diam. 18, alt. 6-8 mill.

Southern Tyrol.
H. ARGENTELLEI, Kobelt. PI. 26, figs. 67, 68.

Moderately umbilicated, striulate, olivaceous brown, with a chest-
nut, white margined band ; whorls 5, the last subangulate, descend-
ing in front ; peristome a little reflected, the margins approaching,
columellar lip dilated above, partly covering the umbilicus.

Diam. 18-26 mill.

Taygetus, Greece.
H. KOLLARI, Zelebor. PI. 24, figs. 19-21.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, striulate and sparsely pilose,
especially at the periphery (the hairs leaving pits), corneous, with
a white margined chestnut band ; whorls 5J, scarcely convex, the
last depressed, descending in front, base light-colored about the um-
bilicus ; peristome white, sublabiate, shortly expanded, reflected be-
low, extremities closely approaching. Diam. 17'5-23 mill.

Servia.

H. PYRENAICA, Drap. PI. 23, figs. 13-15.

Narrowly umbilicated, flattened above, thin, pellucid, olivaceous
corneous ; whorls 5, rather flattened, the last not descending ; peri-
stome acute, reflected, white-lipped. Diam. 19 mill.

Pyrenees.

HELIX. 95

Var. COMPLANATA, Bourg. PL 23, fig. 16.

Shell thin, suture profound, peristome horizontal, not arcuate at
base.

Pyrenees.

H. xanthelea, Bourg. is a synonym.

H. FAUSTINA, Ziegler. PI. 29, figs. 46, 47.

Narrowly umbilicated, smooth, shining, yellowish above, with a
chestnut band, brownish below ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last
not deflected in front ; peristome white-lipped, angularly reflected,
margins somewhat converging. Diam. 18 mill.

Galicia, Volhynia, Silesia.

H. selemine, Mu'hlf., H. Volhytiiensis, Audrz., and H. cornea,.
Fitz., are synonyms.

Var. CITRINULA, Ziegler.
Smaller, yellowish, without baud.

Var. SATIVA, Ziegler.

Orange chestnut color.
Var. ASSOCIATA, Ziegler. PI. 29, figs. 48-50.

Spire flatter, umbilicus wider, last whorl profoundly deflected in
front, aperture oblique.

Transylvania and Bucovina*

H. Javnaensis, Parr, is a synonym.

Var. CHARPENTIERI, Scholtz.

Umbilicated, depressed, lightly and irregularly striate, corneous
brown above, with an ill-defined reddish brown baud, yellowish brown
below, shining.

Silesia*

H. MOLLENDOKFFI, Kobelt. PL 29, figs. 42-45.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, pellucid, striate, corneous brown,
with a single chestnut band, with regular, sparse, long hairs ; whorls
5s, regularly increasing, slightly convex, the last suddenly descend-
ing in front ; peristome reflected, white-lipped, margins subcontin-
uous.

Diam. 14-18 mill.

Bosnia, Sen-in.

Has the form of H. fanstina, but differs in the aperture and nar-
rower umbilicus, and is pilose.

96 HELIX.

H. ROSSMASSLERI, Pfr. PL 29, figs. 51-53.

Very narrowly umbilicated, thin, yellowish above, with a single
chestnut band, brownish below ; whorls 4J, slightly convex ; peri-
stome acute, thin, reflected, margins distant. Diani. 12 mill.

Carpathian Mountains.

Smaller than H. faustina, with narrower umbilicus and the peri-
stome not thickened. H. advena, Rossm. is a synonym.

H. SCLEROTRICHA, Bourg. PI. 23, figs. 7-9.

Very narrowly umbilicated, slightly convex above, more so below,
not shining, thin, a little pellucid, corneous chestnut color, lighter
around the umbilicus, with two lighter zones, last whorl strongly
striate, with erect rigid hairs in quincunx order, apex obtuse, mal-
leate ; whorls 6, rather rapidly increasing, the last compressed
rounded, slowly descending in front ; peristome whitish, slightly
thickened, reflected, margins remote, joined by a thin callus.

Diam. 32 mill.

Kabylia, N. Africa.

It is H. schlcerotricha, Bourg. (err. evid.).

H. PINDICA, Bottger. PI. 45, figs. 26, 27.

Narrowly umbilicated, depressed, thin, subopaque, reddish cor-
neous, with a brown supraperipheral fascia, bounded below by a
light tract, spire convexo-conic, depressed, whorls over 5, regularly
increasing, slightly convex, striulate and somewhat granulate, with
short, deciduous sparse hairs, last whorl subangulate, descending in
front ; aperture very oblique, oval, peristome brown, expanded,
dilated and reflexed at columella. Diam. 24, alt. 13 mill.

Karawa.

A more depressed form than H. subzonata, with wider aperture
and less distinctly pilose. Distinguished from Kobelt's If. Argen-
tellei by the much narrower umbilicus, etc.

H. COMEPHORA, Bourg. PI. 24, figs. 22-24.

Umbilicated, thin, subdiaphanous, fulvous, corneous, with a supe-
rior light chestnut band; with erect rigid hairs ; whorls 5, somewhat
flattened, the last descending in front ; peristome acute, simple
above, reflected below, margins approaching. Diam. 27 mill.

Morea.

H. setipila, Bourg. is a synonym.

HELIX. 97

H. BANATICA, Partsch. PL 22, figs. 72-74.

Openly umbilicated, very minutely decussated, opaque, olivaceous
brown, with a chestnut band; whorls 5 2, somewhat flattened, the
last not descending in front, carinated, carina vanishing towards the
aperture; peristome acute, white-lipped, outer margin expanded,
columellar margin dilated and reflected. Diam. 30 mill.

Transylvania.

It is H. jimiexta, Ziegl.

H. THAYACA, Bourg. PL 21, figs. 00-62.

Imperforate, opaque, solid, olivaceous brown, elegantly stimulate,
spire roof-like ; whorls 6, regularly slowly increasing, flattened and
carinate, the carina following the suture, becoming evanescent in the
last whorl, which descends at the aperture ; peristome obtuse, labiate,
slightly patulous, columellar lip convex, callous, covering the umbil-
icus, margins joined by a parietal callus. Diam. 27 mill.

Prov. Con#t<intini', A/</< rin.

Un figured Species.

H. BRENSKEI, Bottger. Cor i nth.

H..CONEMENOSI, Bottger. Sontameri, Greece.

Ill, Group of H. setosa, Zglr.

H. SETOSA, Ziegler. PL 31, figs. 94, 95.

Widely umbilicatecl, slightly striate and subgranular, thin, pellu-
cid, shining, with rather long dense, irregularly disposed hairs, yel-
lowish corneous, three banded with chestnut ; whorls 5J, somewhat
convex, the last deflected in front ; peristome continuous, solute,
widely reflected, sublabiate, the basal margin snbdentate.

Diam. 30 mill.

Istria, Croatia, Dalmatia, Albania.

H. setosula, Briganti is a synonym.

Var. PILOSA, Stentz.

Whitish-yellow, without bands.

Var. IMBERBIS, Brusina.

Flatter, a little rugose, shilling, without hairs.
Var. denudata, Zeleb. is a synonym.

Var. LITORALIS, Brus.

More rugose and opaque, hairs shorter, bauds lighter.

7

98 HELIX.

H. WALTERI, Bottger. PI. 45, figs. 28, 29.

A form intermediate between H. insollta and If. Hoffmani. From
the former it is distinguished by the thicker, more expanded lip,
wider band and microscopic short hairs. From H. Hoffmani the
the number of hairs at once separate it, that species having 9 to 12
hairs to a square mill., whilst the Walteri shows 25-30 in the same
space. Diam. 25-28, alt. 15-17 mill.

Sutomore, Alps.

H. NICOLAI, Kleciach. PL 30, figs. 76-78.

Openly umbilicatad, somewhat solid but subtranslucent, obliquely
rugose, ribbed-striate, not hairy, grayish yellow, with three fulvous
bands ; whorls 5, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last rather
narrow, deflected in front ; peristome continuous, widely reflected,
labiate within, basal margin subdentate. Diam. 26 mill.

Dalmatia.

H. recorder a, Parr, is a synonym.

H. BRUSIN.E, Stossich. PL 30, figs. 82-84.

Widely umbilicated, flattened above, lightly striate and granular,
thin, subpellucid, with very dense short hairs, somewhat regularly
disposed, yellowish white, with three chestnut bands, the middle one
narrowest ; whorls 5*, the last deflected in front ; peristome contin-
uous, solute, widely reflected, columellar margin unideutate.

Diam. 32 mill.

Mts. Biokovo, Dalmatia.

H. INSOLITA, Ziegler. PL 24, figs. 35, 36.

Openly umbilicated, striate, slightly granular, thin, pellucid,
shining, not hairy, light yellowish, three-banded with chestnut, outer
bands interrupted or fading; whorls 5J, convex, the last deflected
in front ; peristome reflected, somewhat thickened, margins sub-
continuous, columellar margin dilated, tuberculated below.

Diam. 29-32 mill.

Dalmatia, Albania.

It is H. subcostalis, Parr.

Var. DENUDATA, Kossm. PL 24, figs. 37, 38.

Turbinately depressed ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last sud-
denly deflected in front ; peristome continuous, solute.

HELIX. 99

H. PR.ETEXTA, Pa IT. PI. 25, figs. 42-44.

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, closely subrugosely stri-
ate, light fulvous, with three chestnut bauds, the third below tin-
periphery ; whorls 5, somewhat couvex, the last depressly rounded,
descending in front, subconstricted on the base behind the mouth ;
aperture trifasciate, peristome sublabiate, expanded above, shortly
reflected below and obsoletely dentate, margins approaching, scarcely
connected by a thin callus. Diam. 27 mill.

Dalmati'i.

It is H. insolita var. niyata, Kutsch., and H. insolita var. costu-
lata, Bielz.

H. HOFFMANNI, Partsch. PL 24, figs. 32-34.

Narrowly or subcovered perforate, very slightly striate and punc-
tate granular, thin, subpellucid, shining, with very short and dense
irregular hairs, yellowish, one rarely obsoletely three-banded ; whorls
5*, convex, the last deflected in front; peristome widely reflected,
sublabiate, margins subcontinuous, with a basal callus.

Diam. 35 mill.

Dalmatia.

H. monozona, Zglr. is a synonym.

H. KLECIACHI, Parr. PI. 30, figs. 79-81.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, very closely, minutely gran-
ular, with somewhat close, short, erect hairs, light fulvous, with three
subequal chestnut bands, whereof two are above the periphery ;
whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last depressly rounded, abruptly de-
flected in front, constricted at the aperture below ; peristome white-
lipped, expanded, reflected below, tuberculate within, columellar
margin expanded, half covering the umbilicus, margins joined by a
sinuous callus. Diam. 30 mill.

Dalmatia^

H. lucescens, Kutsch. is a synonym.

H. NAREXTANA, Kleciach. PI. 24, figs. 39-41.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, thin, semipellucid, striulate, yellow-
ish corneous, with three narrow chestnut bands, the middle one
most distinct; Avhorls 5, rounded, the last one dilated, inflated below,
suddenly deflected at the aperture; peristome slightly reflected,
margins approaching and joined by a callus, columellar margin
edentulous, dilated above, covering half of the umbilicus.

Diam. 24-29 mill.

Mts. of Narenta, near Ragusa.

100 HELIX.

H. SETIGERA, Ziegler. PI. 30, figs. 88-90.

Narrowly umbilicated, lightly striate and punctate-granular,
thin, pellucid, shining, with rather long, dense, erect hairs, irregu-
larly disposed, yellowish, with three pale bands, the middle one
most distinct; whorls 5, convex, the last deflected in front, peristome
slightly reflected, continuous, but not solute, columellar margin
subdentate. Diam. 20-26 mill.

Dalmatia, Croatia.

It is H. setosa, var., Rossniiissler.

H. CRINITA, Sanclri. PI. 30, figs. 85-87.

Umbilicated, somewhat solid, irregularly rugose, slightly punctate
granular, with a few regularly disposed, recurved hairs, brownish
corneous with three light chestnut bands; whorls 5? flattened, the
last deflected in front; peristome continuous, solute, widely reflected,
labiate, columellar margin subdentate. Diam. 28 mill.

Dalmatia.

IV, Group of H. alp'uia, Faure-Biguet.

H. ALPINA, Faure-Biguet. PI. 28, figs. 11-13.

AVidely umbilicated, striate, with fine, undulating spiral lines,
yellowish, the deciduous epidermis variegated with brown; whorls
5, convex, the last with obsoletely angulated periphery; peristome
simple, white-lipped, shortly reflected below. Diani. 19 mill.

Alps of France, lllyria.

Var. PHALERATA, Ziegler. PI. 28, figs. 24-27.

With a single band. Diam. 20 mill.
H. Thessalonica, Mouss, is a synonym.

Var. FONTENILLII, Michaud.

Widely umbilicated, pellucid, marbled with whitish and corneous,
periphery carinated. Eastern France.

Westerkmd, who considers this a distinct species, has a variety
alpicola.

H. HERMESIANA, Pini. PI. 29, figs. 98-100.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, shining, striate, and with slight
spiral lines, ashy white or light rosy, usually with a single median,
narrow, chestnut band; whorls 5J, rounded convex, slowly increas-
ing, the last dilated, subinflated, suddenly deflected in front, suture

HELIX. 101

deep; aperture vinous brown, with band, peristome white-lipped,
margins remote, expanded above but scarcely reflected, basal and
columellar margins more reflected. Diam. 25 mill.

Mt. Presolano, N. Italy.

Var. LIGURICA, Kobelt, PI. 27, fig. 4.

Smaller, last whorl less dilated, aperture rounded.
Diam. 20 mill.

H. FRIGIDA, Jan. PL 24, figs. 25-27.

Openly moderately umbilicated, planospiral, solid, ashy white;
whorls 5, convex, the last scarcely descending in front, subcom-
pressed around the umbilicus; aperture brownish, peristome white-
lipped, margins distant. Diam. 21 mill. .

Alps of Northern Italy.

Var. IXSUBRICA, Crist, et Jan. PI. 27, fig. 28, PI. 23, fig. 17.
Smaller, single banded. Diam. 18 mill.
H. Bertelliana, and H.frigidissima, Adami, (fig. 17) are synonyms.

H. NICATIS, Costa. PI. 23, fig. 18.

Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, subarcuately striate,
a little shining, whitish, with obsolete corneous maculations, spire
subplane, suture impressed ; whorls 5, somewhat flattened, the last
with a light chestnut band above the middle, scarcely descending
in front, base more convex ; aperture brownish flesh color, peristome
simple, reflected basally, margins joining. Diam. 20 mill,

Mt. Nicatis, Naples.

H. CHAMAELEON, Parr. PI. 28, figs. 28-30.

Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, obliquely striate, with
impressed spiral lines above, closer at the periphery, brownish,
dotted with white, with a chestnut, white-margined periphery band,
marbled with chestnut and white below, whorls 5, barely convex,
above, the last more convex below, scarcely descending in front;
peristome labiate, margins converging, shortly expanded above,
subflexuous, basally reflected. Diam. 19 mill.

Near Malboryhet, Carinthia.

Kobelt considers this possibly a variety of H. phalerata.

H. OLYMPICA, Roth. PL 28, figs. 19-21.

Umbilicated, striate, whitish, with a single narrow chestnut band,
epidermis deciduous ; whorls 5, rounded, the last descending at the

102 HELIX.

aperture; peristome simple, margins approximating, and joined by
a thin callus. Diam. 22 mill.

Mt. Olympus, Greece.
Var. OSSICA, Bottger. PI. 28, fig. 22.

Smaller than type, umbilicus narrower; solid, obscure olive-brown,
brown band margined with yellow above, spire depressed conic,
whorls 5?. Diam. 21-24 mm.

Mt. Ossa, Thessaly.
Var. MAGNESIA, Bottger. PI. 28. fig. 23.

Large, umbilicus small for size of shell; form depressed conic;
fascia widely margined above and below with whitish.
Diam. 33-36 mill.

ML Ossa, Thessaly.

H. GASPARIN^E, Charp. PI. 21, figs. 57, 58.

Uinbilicated, solid, striate, bluish white, with a chestnut, white
margined median band; whorls 5, rounded, the last scarcely des-
cending at the aperture; peristome simple, acute, margins approxi-
mating, joined by a very thin callus, basal margin slightly reflected.

Diam. 23 mill.

Mt. Olympics, Greece.

Var. SUBDEFLEXA, Bottger. PI. 21, fig. 59.

Shell much more depressed than type, solid, yellowish-corneous,
last whorl descending at aperture.

Near Entrance of Vale of Tempe.

H. CHORISTOCHILA, Bottger. PI. 45, figs. 30-32.

Narrowly umbilicated, depressed, solid, shining corneous brown,
paler around the umbilicus; with a narrow supraperipheral brown
band, which is margined above by a very narrow, below by a broad
white tract; spire slightly convex, whorls over 4, regularly increasing
densely irregularly striate, not granulose nor pilose, the last de-
scending somewhat at aperture, peristome slightly expanded, labiate,
upper and lower margins well rounded, distant.

Diam. IT'S alt 9'3 mill.

Karaiva.

Allied to the preceding, but smaller, with narrower umbilicus, etc.

H. LANGI, Parr. PL 21, figs. 55, 56.

Widely umbilicated, slightly striate, whitish, with three narrow
chestnut bands; whorls 5, a little depressed, slowly increasing, suture

HELIX. 103

moderately impressed; peristome reflected, margins joining, colu-
mella extended. Diam. 25 mill.

Mt. Parnassus, Greece.

H. PHOC.EA, Roth. PI. 20, figs. 43-4.").

Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, irregularly striated, gray-
ish white, with three superior bands of chestnut, one of them some-
times obsolete, apex corneous; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last
subdepressed, suddenly deflected in front ; aperture almost horizon-
tal, brownish within ; peristome scarcely labiate, simple above, shortly
reflected below, margins approximating. Diam. 21-22 mill.

Mt. Puniassus, Greece.

Var. ORNATA, Parr.

Larger, distinctly trifasciate. Diam. 25 mill.

Var. INORNATA, Kobelt.

Smaller, the bauds obsolete. Diam. 18 mill.

H. SCHMIDTII, Ziegler. PL 28, figs. 8-10.

Moderately umbilicated, slightly convex, solid, rugosely striate,
brownish, variegated with yellowish or whitish; whorls 5-5?, the
last scarcely deflected in front; aperture brownish; peristome white-
lipped, scarcely expanded above, shortly reflected below, margins
joining. Diam. 24 mill.

Alps of Carniola.

Var. HESSEI, Kimakowicz. PL 35, fig. 11.

Strongly and irregularly striate, with weak spiral lines; dirty
yellowish brown, with light strigatious, and a scarcely indicated
dark brown baud ; whorls less depressed than H. Schmidti and shell
smaller. Diam. 19 mill.

Transylvania.

H. CARASCALENSIS, Fer. PL 19, figs. 1, 2.

Narrowly umbilicated, striate, yellowish, variegated and subfas-
ciolate with corneous; whorls 5-1, slightly convex; peristome patulous,
acute, slightly labiate, coluniellar margin widely reflected.

Pyrenees.

H. VELASCOI, Hidalgo. PL 19, figs. 3-7.

Umbilicated, somewhat solid, irregularly striate, opaque white,
strigate with brownish corneous; whorls 5?, convex, the last de-

104 HELIX.

sceuding in front, aubdilated, peristome simple, white, scarcely labiate,
basal margin shortly and the columella margin rather widely reflect-

O . O /

ed. Diam. 15'5 mill.

Spain.

A variety is fulvous corneous, strigate with whitish, with a single
peripheral baud.

Unfigiired Species.

H. NANSOUTIANA, Bourg. Pyrenees.
H. CARASCALOPSIS aud H. RENEI, Fagot. Haute Garonne.

H. NEPHJECA, Fagot. France.

H. MILLIERI, Bourg. Alps.

H. NICOLISIANA, Adami. Italy.

H. GALLICA, Bourg. France.

V, Group of H. cingulata, Studer.

H. CINGULELLA, Ziegler. PI. 30, figs. 71, 72 (central fig.)

Widely umbilicated, rather thin, somewhat shining, striate, dirty
white, radiated with bluish black, with a brown baud above the
periphery ; whorls 5, depres&ed, the last obsoletely angulated above
shortly descending anteriorly; peristome subsimple, thin, a little
expanded, the margins approximating. Diam. 16 mill.

Alps of Volhynia.

H. zinguletta of Ads. Genera, and H. fortunata, Parr, are synonyms.

H. PRESSLII, Schmidt, PI. 27, figs. 91, 92.

Widely umbilicated, striated, ashy flesh-color, variegated with
brown above and dilutely, faintly three banded ; whorls 5, rather
flattened, the last deflected in front; peristome reflected, sublabiate,
margins joining. Diam. 27 mill.

Jits. Carniola, Northern Italy.

It is H. insubrica, Desh, and var. intermedia Paul.

Var. NISORIA, Rossm. PI. 27, figs. 93-95.

Middle baud distinct, the others lost in the wide maculations.

H. CINGULATA, Studer. PI. 26, figs. 73, 74.

Umbilicated, grayish flesh color, with a single chestnut band;
whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last deflected in front; peristome

HELIX. 105

simple, acute, sublabiate within, expanded above, reflected below,
columellar margin dilated; extremities approximating.

Diam. 26 mill.

Illyria, Tyrol, Northern Italy.

It is H. striatulfi, Fabr. H. subflava, Fe"r.
Var. ANAUNIENSIS, Betta. PL 26, figs. 75, 76.

Much smaller, pellucid, brown band darker. Diam. 25 mill.

Southern Tyrol.

Var. athesina, Paul, is a synonym.

Var. COLUBRINA, Jan. PL 26, figs. 77, 78.

Sprinkled with brown, with a pale band. Diam. 26 mill.

Tyrol.

Var. BALDENSIS, Villa. PL 26, figs. 79, 80.

Large, umbilicus wider, margins of peristome joining.

Diam. 29 mill. Southern Tyrol.

Var. LUGANENSIS, Schiuz.

Flesh colored with brown band; aperture oblique oval, basal
margin of peristome subrectilinear, horizontal, columellar margin

dilated. Diam. 24 mill.

Lugano.

Var. CARRARENSIS, Porro. PL 26, fig. 81-83.

Depressed subglobose, whorls inflated, umbilicus narrow, sub-
cylindrical, three banded, aperture nearly orbicular.

Diam. 24 mill.

Apuanian Alps.

Var. FRIGIDESCENS, del Prete. PL 28, figs. 14, 16.

Orbicular, subdepressed, inornate or imifasciate, whorls 6 to 7,
regularly increasing, aperture pale brown, umbilicus wide.

Diam. 26 mill.

Apuanian Alps.

Var. APUANA, Issel.

Orbicular depressed, striate, widely umbilicus, wide aperture

oblique, rotund-oblong. Diam. 26, alt 14 mill.

Apuanian Alps.

Var. APPELII, Kobelt. PL 27, figs. 88-90.

Suborbicular, depressed, umbilicus very wide, perspective, band
wide, reddish brown, aperture rounded. Diam. 30 mill.

Paulucci considers this form a variety of H. friyida.

Apuanian Alps.

106 HELIX.

Var. NUBILA, Ziegler. PL 27, figs. 1-3.

Aperture dilated, suboblique, base subplauate, color as in var.
colubrina. Diarn. 27 mill.

Var. LUCENSIS, Paulucci.

Intermediate between H. cingulata and var. apuana. It is colored
like the former, but more elevated with less inflated last whorl, and
wider aperture and umbilicus. The whorls are less convex than in
var. njHK/na, the sutures deeper, and the aperture larger.

Diam. 23, alt 15 mill. Lucca.

Var. AFFINIS, Paulucci. PI. 27, fig. 97.

Similar to H. cingulata, but with more whorls, the last more
swollen and descending above. It is more delicate and translucent
than H. Preslii, with wider umbilicus and less enlarged last whorl.

Diam. 25, alt 12 mill.

Central Italy.

Var. ANCON^E, Geiitil. PL 28, figs. 5-7.

Differs from H. Preslii in the constantly more depressed form,
wider umbilicus, smooth whorls, which are regularly increasing.
It is more depressed than H. cinr/u/ata, with a greater number of
whorls, which increase more slowly.

Casentino.

Var. PINII, Adami.

Subdepressed, reddish corneous, subpellucid, striulate.

Diam. 18-26, alt 8-11 mill. Verona.

Var. INCERTA, Adami.

Subdepressed, striate, last whorl subcompressed, yellowish within,
perspectively umbilicated. Diam. 24-29, alt 9-12 mill.
Var. CINGULINA, De Betta.

Widely umbiiicated, thick, irregularly striate, greyish brown,
with a brown band bordered by white; aperture subrotund, very
oblique, margins converging; whorls 5 2, subplauulate, sensibly in-
creasing.

Klamm.

Var. BIZONA, Rossni.

Small, milky white, with a wide clear brown baud under the
normal one, aperture more rounded, not so oblique as in the type,
margins of peristome more distinct. Diam. 23 mill.

South Tyrol.

HELIX. 107

Var. KOBELTIANA, Paulucci. PL 27, fig. 84.

Similar somewhat to H. cuii/n/nfn above; below with wider um-
bilicus more circular aperture, last whorl more deflexed above, with
chestnut band bordered with white; base greenish chestnut; swollen.

Diam. 25, alt 13 mill.

Apuanian Alps.
Var. MONTANA, Paulucci. PL 27, figs. 85, 87.

Identical in color to If. carrarensis, but differs in the more
regularly increasing whorls, the last much narrower, flatter above,
umbilicus larger, aperture smaller, less rounded, more oval, base less
swollen, last whorl not so high as in H. carrarensis.

Diam. 24, alt 11 mill.

Apuanian Alps.

Var. AGNATA, Paulucci. PL 27, fig. 96.

Differs from var. affinis in the higher spire, narrower umbilicus
and more solid shell. The chestnut band is sometimes lacking
leaving a wide white zone encircling the periphery.

Diam. 23, alt 12 mill.

Var. UNICOLOR, Clessin.

Usually small, concolored, bandless; mouth wide, peristome
narrowly reflected. Diam. 24 mill.

Southern Tyrol.
Var. ROSSMAESSLERI, Clessin.

Small, dark with peripheral clear zone and the bands one above,
the other below, lost in maculations. Diam. 25 mill.

Southern Tyrol.

H. GOBANZL Frauenfeld. PL 26, figs. 69-72.

Moderately umbilicated, solid, closely, acuately costate, whitish,
brown banded, the band sometimes obsolete, ribs white, apex black-
ish corneous, suture deep ; whorls about 5, slightly convex, the last
depressed, periphery obsoletely augulated, descending in front, base
scarcely more convex; aperture flesh color, peristome thinly labiate,
acute, expanded above, reflected below, margins approximating.

Diam. 21-25 mill.

Tyrol.
H. TIGRINA, Jan. PL 28, figs. 32, 33.

Widely umbilicated, somewhat flattened above, slightly striate,
convex below, variegated with brown and white; whorls 5, flattened,

108 HELIX.

the last suddenly deflected in front, periphery carinate; peristome
sublabiate, simple above, reflected below, margins joining.
Diam. 23 mill.

Lombardy.

H. TRIZONA, Ziegler. PI. 25, figs. 45-47,

Umbilicated, yellowish white, three-banded with chestnut ; whorls
5 oil, somewhat flattened, the last descending in front, peristome
subsimple, expanded above, reflected below, columellar margin
dilated, extremities joining. Diam. 30 mill.

Servia, Rowneliu.

It is H. tricincta, Miihlf, H. zonata, Fer. var.

Var. RUMELICA, Ziegler. PI. 25, figs. 48, 49.
Smaller, with narrower whorls. Diam. 22 mill.
H. rhodopea and H. Sanderiana, Friv. are synonyms.

Var. INFLATA, Bielz. PI. 25, fig. 50.

Inflated, thin, with narrower umbilicus than the type.

Var. FRAUENFELDI, Zelebor. PI. 25, fig. 51.
Whitish, with hyaline bauds.

Var. BALCANICA, Friv. PI. 25, figs. 52, 53.

Yellowish green, upper and lower bands grown together here and
there uniting with the median zone.

Balkan.

Var. EXIGUA. PI. 25, figs. 54, 55.

Differs only in its much smaller size from the preceding.

Var. DOBRUDSCH.E.

Darker than type, with wide umbilicus, and depressed whorls;
margins of peristome less approaching. Lower band wide.

Diam. 27, alt. 13 mill.

Roumania.

Unfigured Species.

H. AMATHIA, Bourg. France.

H. SIGELA, H. PERFECTA, H. COMPSOPLEURA, BoiU'g. Italy.

H. HEMONICA, Thiesse. Greece.

HKLIX. 109

VI, Group of H. intermedia, Fer.

H. GLACIALIS, Thomas. PI. 30, figs. 73-75.

Moderately umbilicated; yellowish, variegated, singly handed
with chestnut, plicate-striate above, lightly spirally lineate; whorls
5, somewhat convex, the last scarcely deflected, slightly ungulate;
poristome white-lipped, upper margin scarcely expanded, basal
margin shortly reflected. Diam. 13 mill.

Mts. Tyrol and Northern /<"///.
H. AEMULA, Rossm. PL 30, fig. 72.

Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, striate, very slightly, thinly
decussated, opaque, white, with a narrow chestnut baud; whorls 4-},
subplane, the last deflected in front ; peristome thin, expanded,
scarcely sublabiate, margins joining. Diam. 12 mill.

Tyrol, Northern Italy.

It is H. Martinatiana, De Betta, H. Ambrosi, Strob., H. cingulina,
Bas.

H. INTERMEDIA, Fer. PL 29, figs. 64-66.

Openly umbilicated, striate, yellowish white, unicolored, or three
banded with chestnut, outer bands interrupted; whorls 5, flattened,
the last deflected in front; aperture subhorizontal, peristome reflected,
margins nearly continuous. Diam. 16 mill.

It is H. catemdata, Miihlf. and H. cornea, Brum., H. tetrazona,
Jan, referred here as a variety by Pfeiffer, is an Iberus.

H. PIC^NA, Tiberi. PL 33, figs. 71-72.

Umbilicate, depressed, obliquely striate, light corneous, with four
subcontinuous bauds of pale rufous, spire depressed, apex rufous,
glabrous, whorls 5, separated by deep sutures, the last compressed,
subaugulate at periphery, deflexed anteriorly, subplanulate below;
aperture very oblique, subovate, peristome sublabiate with brown ;
basal margin briefly reflected, columella dilated.

Diam. 20, alt 7* mill.

Mt. Pizzo di Stvo.

H. ZIEGLERI, Schmidt. PL 29. figs. 67-69.

Widely umbilicated, greyish white, interruptedly three-banded,
plicately ribbed above; whorls 5, somewhat flattened, the last sud-
denly deflected iu front; peristome labiate, margins nearly continuous,
expanded above, reflected below. Diam. 20 mill.

Alps, Carniola.

It is H. xtriyata, var., Cautraine.

110 HELIX.

H. CANTABRICA, Hidalgo. PL 20, fig. 8-10.

Widely nmbilicated, thin, scarcely shining, very minutely, irregu-
larly rugosely striate, with very minute, slight impressed punctatious,
the juvenile with very short hairs, corneous pellucid, opaquely
striate and punctate with whitish or yellowish ; whorls 5, slightly
convex, slowly increasing, periphery obtusely angulated, last whorl
subdilated and descending in front, more convex below; aperture
brownish corneous, peristome simple, acute, white-lipped within,
margins approximating. Diam. 13 mill.

Caldas de Oviedo, Asturia, Spain.

H. SHAUFUSSI, Kobelt. PL 20, figs. 11, 12.

Umbilicate, orbicular depressed, solid, shining, lightly striate,
whitish, irregularly radiate with corneous, spire slightly elevated,
whorls 5, the last rapidly increasing, subangulate, descending at
anterior; aperture rotund-lunate, peristome strongly labiate with
white, margins converging, the basal slightly dilated.

Diam. 14 mill.

Liebanathal in the Cantabrican Mts.

H. ZONELLA, Pfr. PL 48, figs. 92, 93.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, closely rugosely
striate, light brownish, with a median whitish zone, usually chestnut-
margined; whorls 5J, slightly convex, the last rounded, scarcely
descending in front; peristome simple, margins converging, acute,
simple above, shortly reflected below. Diam. 15 mill.

White Mts., Isl. of Crete.

. Un figured Species.

H. TRUTATIANA, Fagot. Pyrenees.

H. CHIOPHILA, Bourg. France.

VIII, Group of H. cornea, Drap.

H. CORNEA, Drap. PL 29, figs. 54, 55.

Umbilicated, striulate, whitish corneous above, with a single pale
band, light brownish below; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last
suddenly deflected in front; peristome labiate within, angularly
reflected, margins approximating. Diam. 17 mill.

France, Pyrenees.

HELIX. Ill

Var. CAST A NBA, Rossm. PI. 29, figs. 56-58.

Chestnut color, without the band. H. squamatina, Fer., is a

synonym.

H. DESMOULINSI, Farines. PI. 29, figs. 59, 60.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, lightly arcuately striate, not
shining, greenish corneous; whorls 5-5?, slightly convex, moderately
increasing, the last subcariuated, tumid and suddenly deflected in
front, base convex, more shining, peristome white, acute, continuous,
superior margin labiate within, inferior margin angulately reflected.

Diam. 16 mill.

Eastern Pyrenees.

It is If. Mbulinsii, Pot. et Mich., H. cornea, var. cyclostoma,
Rossm., H. acrostieha, Fischer and H. Mbll&rati, Morelet.

H. MIDDENDORFFI, Gerstfeldt, PI. 29, figs. 61, 63.

Openly, almost perspectively umbilicated, more or less depressed
thin and transparent, closely, distinctly striate, a little shining,
yellowish or yellowish white, with a single chestnut band ; whorls
65-?, slightly convex, suture moderately impressed; peristome simple,
a little reflected, sublabiate within. Diam. 24 mill.

Amur River.

H. CCEBULANS, Miililf. PL 31, figs. 14-17.

Rather narrowly umbilicated, irregularly rugose, solid, opaque,
shining, bluish, brown in the aperture; whorls 5, convex, the last
deflected in front; peristome simple, margins subcontinuous, the
basal margin labiate, subreflected. Diam. 20 mill.

Croatia,.

H. lacticina, Rossm. is a synonym. Brusina enumerates Var.
Si/llica, Brus., larger, a little elevated, rugosely striated ; Var. de-
pressa, Zel., moderate size, depressed, smooth; Var. rugata, Kucik.
and Sandri, elevated, rugose, with a single band; Var. Bakovicaim,
Brus., depressed, smooth, brownish, sub-banded; Var. Zrmanias, Brus,
small, depressed, smooth, sub-banded.

Unjigured Species.

H. SQUAMMATINA, SeiTCS.

H. CROMBEZI, Milliere. France.

112 HELIX.

Subsection IV, TACHEOCAMPYL.EA, Pfr. 1877.

H. RASPAILII, Payr. PL 31, figs. 9, 10.

Covered perforate, brownish yellow, with three chestnut bands,
striate, somewhat solid; whorls 4j, flattened, the last subdeflected
in front; peristome labiate, expanded above, reflected below.

Diam. 35 mill. Cor.-'lcn.

Var. PILOSA, Kobelt. PI. 31, figs. 11.

Epidermis strong, thickly beset with short hairs. Corsica.

H. BROCARDIANA, Dutailly. PL 31, figs. 12, 13.

Imperforate, depressed, sub-roof-like above, convex below, thin,
translucent, shining, elegantly striulate, more distinct at the suture,
brownish olive color, with three chestnut bands above ; whorls 5,
slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last large, almost rounded,
slightly descending in front, inflated around the umbilical callus;
peristome yellowish chestnut color, thickened, slightly expanded,
margins approaching, connected by a callus, columellar margin
widely reflected, appressed upon the umbilicus Diam. 30 mill.

Mt. Pigno, neat- Bastia, Corsica.

H. INSULARIS, Crosse and Debeaux. PL 32, figs. 20, 21.

Imperforate, very thinly, obliquely striulate, thin, a little shining,
translucent, greenish white, with occasional light olivaceous longi-
tudinal lines, suture impressed; whorls 4-4?, planulate, the last
rounded, suddenly deflected in front, base more convex ; peristome
white, shortly reflected, margins converging. Diam. 27 mill.

Near Cenestinum, Corsica.

H. REVELIERI, Debeaux, PL 32, figs. 22, 24.

Umbilicated, somewhat solid, shining, scarcely convex above,
plano-convex below, rugularly spirally striate, brownish yellow' or
brownish green, with three chestnut bands; whorls 45, with deep
suture; peristome simple, labiate, margins converging, joined by a

thin callus. Diam. 28 mill.

Mt. Renoso, Corsica.

H. Cyrniaca, and H. omphalophora, Dutailly, H. planospira, Payr,
and H. Raspaili, var. umbilicaris, Moq. Tand. are synonyms.

H. CAROTII, Paulucci. PL 33, figs. 73, 75.

Umbilicus nearly covered, shell solid, opaque, slightly striulate,
olivaceous, three narrow chestnut bands; whorls 4-4*, somewhat
convex, the last whorl rapidly increasing, suture distinct, descending

HELIX. 113

in front and somewhat inflated ; peristome scarcely reflected, col-
umellar margin dilated, thickened, extremities joined by a callus.
Diam. 29 mill.

Ins. Surd hi itt.

Var. VIPEBINA, Maltzan. PI. 45, fig. 33.

Irregularly marked above with yellow maculations. Dorgnll.

Var. SPECTRUM, Maltzan. PI. 45, fig. 34.

TJnicolored, green, and of light texture, resembling in color the
unicolored var. H. hortensis.

Var. LAMARMOR^E, Maltzan.

A more conoidal, elevated form than the type, somewhat smaller.

H. GENNARII, Paulucci. PI. 34, figs. 77, 78.

Imperforate, conoid globose, lightly striate, subopaque olive color-
ed with a narrow castaueous band, bounded above and below by
pale brown zones; spire conoidal, apex very large, sutures distinctly
impressed, white margined; whorls 4J, regularly increasing, the last
much inflated, deeply deflexed anteriorly ; aperture oblique, ovate-
rotund, lunate bluish within, peristome thin, slightly reflected.

Diam. 32, alt 24 mill.

Ins. Sardinia.

H. MELONII, Maltzan. PL 34, figs. 79, SO.

Depressed globose, covered perforate, spire obtuse, conoid apex
very obtuse, irregularly striate, trifasciate with brown on an oli-
vaceous ground, suture distinct, white margined, whorls 4, convex,
the last inflated, rounded, at aperture suddenly descending, aperture
very oblique, rotund ovate, margins converging, columella reflexed
and thickened. Diam. 25-29 mill.

Ins. Sardinia.

H. BRENSKEI, Bottger. PI. 34, figs. 81, 82.

Moderately umbilicated, depressed conic, solid, reddish-corneous,
with a supramedian brown baud, apparently lying under the epider-
mis ; distinctly striate above, with numerous fine short brown hairs,
about 16 to 25 standing upon a square mill.; whorls over 6, convex,
with deep sutures; the last dilated, descending anteriorly; aperture
oblique, lunate, peristome impinging slightly upon umbilicus.

Diam. 29 mill. Jfessena.

8

114 HELIX.

Unfigured Species.
H. ROM v<;\oLn, Dutailly. Corsica.

H. ACROPACIIIA, H. LEXELARIA, H. MoXEREBIA and H. OUSTEREA,

Mabille. Corsica.

Subsection V, PsEUDOCAMPYL-ffiA, Hesse, 1884.

H. CYCLOLABRIS, Desh. PI. 30, figs. 91, 92.

Moderately, perspectively umbilicated, rather thin, subgranular,

and rarely pilose, light corneous, with a brown, pale margined band
whorls nearly five, somewhat convex, the last rounded, suddenly de-.
fleeted in front; peristome slightly labiate, white, continuous, almost
solute, expanded above, reflected below. Diam. 22 mill.

Greece.
Var. HYMETTI, Mousson. PI. 31, figs. 96, !)7.

Shell larger, last whorl more transversely dilated, aperture larger,
peristome solute. Diam. 27 mill.

Var. ARCADICA, Parr. PI. 30, fig. 93.
Shell inflated, darker colored.

Var. HELDREICHI, Slmttl. PL 31, figs. 98, 99.

Very small with circular mouth and thickly pilose.

Diam. 15 mill. Athens.

Var. EUBCEA, Parr. PI. 31, fig. 100.

Spire more planate, peristome continuous, but not solute.

Diam. 23 mill. M. Delphi, Greece.

Var. SPHJERIOSTOMA, Bourg. PI. 31, figs. 1-5.

Perviously umbilicated, depressed, striulate, diaphanous, whitish
yellow, with two or three chestnut bands; whorls 5 J, a little convex,
the last suddenly deflected in front.

Thessaty.

H. lysistoma, Shuttlw. (figs. 1, 2.) is a synonym.

H. GRELLOISI, Bourg. PI. 31, figs. 6-8.

Perviously umbilicated, depressed, fragile, diaphanous, very ele-
gantly radiately striulate, whitish corneous; whorls 6, the last obsole-
tely angulated, descending in front; peristome white, thickened
within, a little reflected, margins approximating. Diam. 16 mill.

Grecian Arcliipelago.

IIKIJX. 115

H. N >VERCA, Frivaldszky. PI. 32, figs. 87, 38.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, diaphanous, obliquely ru-
gosely striate, fulvous, with a narrow chestnut band above and a
white one upon the periphery, suture white margined; whorls ">'..
scarcely convex, the last one shortly deflected in front, periphery
very obsoletely augulated; prristome white-lipped within, margins
somewhat approaching, expanded above, reflected below.

Diam. 14'5 mill.

In*. Crete.

H. PELLITA. Ferussac. PL 32, figs. 28, 29.

Perforate, fulvous with a white, usually chestnut-margined band,
costulate-striate, with rigid, erect hairs; whorls 5, somewhat convex,
the last deflected in front; peristome acute, white-lipped within, mar-
gins approximating, joined by a thin callus. Diam. 15 mill.

More* i, N//m, Isl. of llln><l?x.

Var. KREGLIXGERI, Zeleb. PI. 32, fig. 32.

A little larger, whorls rounded, spire more elate.

Var. GRAPHICOTERA, Bourg. PI. 32, figs. 30, 31.

Sharply obliquely sculptured, elegantly minutely decussated,,
whitish brown, with a white, fulvous margined band; whorls 6*,
somewhat convex ; the last suddenly deflected in front.

Ins. Mi In*.

H. NAXIANA, Ferussac. PI. 32, figs. 33, 34.

Narrowly umbilicated, obliquely striate, brownish, strigate with
whitish, and with a white, chestnut-margined baud, spire subelate;
whorls 5, somewhat flattened, the last deflected and subconstricted
in front ; peristome white-lipped within, reflected, margins approxi-
mating. Diam. 14 mill.

Ins. Naxos, Crete.

A variety has a white surface, with three chestnut bauds.

Var. WESTEELUXDI, Blanc. PI. 32, figs. 35, 36.

Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, pellucid, obliquely densely
rugosely striate, slightly granular, light fulvous or brownish corne-
ous, with a whitish peripheral band and a narrower chestnut band
above it, sometimes with a less distinct inferior band, and a third at

116 HELIX.

the suture ; whorls 6, suture irregularly white margined, last whorl
deflected in front; periphery expanded, margins approaching, uni-
ted by a callus. Diam. 22-23 mill.

Ins. Crete.
It is H. sanctorum, Blanc, Mss.

H. LECTA, Ferussac. PL 32, fig. 39.

Narrowly umbilicated, thin, obliquely closely costate-plicate,
white, unicolored, or with three narrow chestnut bauds; whorls 5,
flattened, the base convex, deflected in front; peristome white-lipped
within, shortly expanded, the approximating margins joined by a
callus. Diam. 17 mill.

Ins. Theodora, near Crete-

H. SUBLECTA, Maltzan. PL 32, figs. 40-42.

Narrowly umbilicated, globose depressed, regularly obliquely
costulate striate, solid, white, encircled by 3 brown bauds; spire
slightly elevated, whorls 5J, slowly increasing, the last rounded, sub-
inflated, descending anteriorly; aperture rotund lunar, peristome
acute, labiate, margins converging, reflected below, partially cover-
ing the umbilicus. Diam. 18, alt. 12 mill.

Ins. Crete.

H. ZONELLA, Spratt. Unfigured. Greece.

Subsection VI, ELONA, H. and A. Adams, 1855.

H. QUIMPERIANA, Ferussac. PL 32, figs. 25-27.

Narrowly umbilicated, striate, thin, diaphanous, olivaceous corne-
ous, with irregular yellowish radiating strigations, spire slightly
concave; whorls 5, convex, the last inflated; peristome acute, reflect-
ed, white-lipped within, margins distant. Diani. 26 mill.

Brittany, Spain.
H. Corisopitensis, Desh., and H. Kermorvani, Coll., are synonyms.

Subsection VII, CHILOTREMA, Leach, 1820.

H. LAPICIDA, Linn. PL 31, figs. 18, 19.

Openly umbilicated, very minutely granulated, yellow corneous,
maculated with brown; whorls 5, flatly convex, the last suddenly

HELIX. 117

deflected in front, periphery acutely carinated ; aperture horizontal,
peristome continuous, solute, sublabiate, columellar margin reflected.
Diam. 17-20 mill.

M'nltlli' iiixl Northern- Europe, Madeira.

H. affinis, Gmel., H. acuta, Da Costa, H. rhenana, Hartm., H. expla-
nata, Schrauck, H. Lecoquii, Paton, H. mamillata, Pvisso, and per-
haps H. albeUa, Linn. (_=-- juv.), are synonyms.

Unfigured Species.
H. ANDORRICA, Bourg. Pyrenees.

*

Section III, ARIONTA, Leach, 1820.
A. European Species.

H. ARBUSTORUM, Linn. PL 32, figs. 43, 44.

Subcovered perforate, rather thin, shining, very minutely spirally
striate, longitudinally subrugosely striate, stripe stronger at the
suture, brown, spotted with straw color, usually with a chestnut
band ; whorls 6, convex, the last scarcely deflected in front ; peristome
white-lipped, upper margin expanded, basal margin reflected.

Diam. 24 mill.

Middle and Western Europe.

H. Gothica, Linn, and H. unifasciata, Da Costa are synonyms;
H. turgidula, Wood is a scalariform monstrosity. Extends from the
vallevs to an elevation of 8600 feet.

/

Var. PICEA, Ziegler. PI. 32, fig. 45.

Very thin, papyraceous, olive or chestnut, unicolored, or with a
band, rugosely plicate. Diam. 20 mill.

H. Wittmanni, Zawadsky is a synonym.

Var. JETSCHINI, Kobelt. PI. 33, fig. 51.

Nearly unicolored, very rarely here and there spotted with yellow,
thin, translucent.

Var. DORIJE, Paulucci.

Deep uniform olivaceous green, without spots, sometimes with a
faint band.

Mt. Barone, Piedmont.

118 HELIX.

Yar. XATARTII, Far. PI. 32, figs. 49, 50.

Solid, greenish yellow, brownish below, umbilicus moderate, sub-
obsolete. Diain. 18 mill.

H. Canigonensis, Boube is a synonym.

Var. CAMPRODUNICA, Kobelt, PI. 33, fig. 76.

Solid, depressed, small distinctly costulate-striate, yellowish brown,
with a few yellowish niaculations, and a superior In-own baud, last
whorl scarcely descending or dilated, lip almost reflected, with white
callus within the margin, columellar margin almost covering the
umbilicus. Diam. 17 mill.

Spanish Pyrenees.

Yar. RUDIS, Megerle. PL 32, fig. 46.

Smaller, umbilicated, globosely depressed, spire somewhat flat-
tened, maculated with yellow in transverse lines, epidermis rugosely
plicate. Diam. 21 mill.

.1 /y>.s of Tyrol; Scandinavia.

Yar. KEPELLIXI, Charp.

Depressed, thin, pellucid, pale colored. Diarn. 23, alt. 14 mill.

Italy.
Var. ALPESTRIS, Ziegler. PI. 32, figs. 47, 48.

Smaller, solid, yellowish, single banded. Diam. 10 mill.
H. subalpina, Hartm. Ms. is a synonym.

Var. CONOIDEA, West.

Large, conical, subperforate, subcostulate, with a single, rather
broad baud. Diam. 23-24, alt. 25-26 mill.

Var. CALCAREA, Hogb.

Thick, chalky, solid, dark chestnut color, with yellowish niacula-
tions, dark purple in the aperture. Diam. 22-25 mill.

Var. EXCELSA, Clessin.

Very large, thick, normally colored. Diam. 30 mill.

Roumania.

H. AETHIOPS, Bielz. PL 33, figs. 52, 53.

Perforate, very thin, irregularly plicately striate, shining, blackish-
or brownish-olivaceous; whorls 4?, somewhat convex, the last not
descending in front; peristome slightly white-lipped, a little expand-
ed, margins scarcely converging. Diam. 18 mill.

High mountains in Transylvania.

IIKI.IX. 119

H. STYRIACA, Frauenfeld. PL 3-'!, tiu-. ."> i, .35.

Moderately umbilicated, \\i\\\ rather rough incremental stria-, and
slight spiral lines, sometimes obsolete, dark corneou.- brown, hen
and there darker, with radiating >t riuatimis and marulations of
light yellowish, with a superior dark brown spiral band, whorls .")! ,
ai)ertnre large, white-lipped, a little inclined above, dilated In-low.

Diam. 2.r."">. alt. 12'5 mill.

Styria.

Probablv a flattened, umbilicated variety of H. rlii*foniiii.

Ui(ji;/n>-l Species.

H. THAMXIVAGA, Mabille. P/omfneres.

H. THKMITA, Mabille. Hiin;/ai-i/.

H. FAGOTT, Bouiv. France.

B. Califnrnia Species.

H. STEARXSIAXA, Gal)b. PL 33, fig. ."id.

Narrowly umbilicated, solid, with fine oblique incremental striae,
sometimes crossed by slight revolving lines: whitish, with crowded
ash-colored spots, grouped below into revolving series, and a supe-
rior brown band; whorls 5, rather convex; aperture obliquely semi-
circular, peristome simple, acute, columellar margin expanded.

Diam. 2'2 mill.

Lower California, and at San. Diego, Cut.

H. KELLETTI, Forbes. PL 33, fig. ~7.

Narrowly umbilicated, or imperforate (in adults) thin, granulated,
obliquely striated, with slight impressed spiral lines, fulvous, with
brownish blotches and a superior band; whorls 6, rather convex,
the last with a white peripheral band, and basally inflated ; 'aperture
reddish and banded within, peristome thin, scarcely reflected.

Diam. 22 mill.

Xan Diego, and Catalina 7*/.. California.

H. CALIFORNIENSIS, Lea. PL 33, fig. 58.

Subperforate, subglobular, thin and transparent, shining, delicately
indented and granulated, faintly, regularly striated, yellowish horn
color, minutely pale spotted, with a superior chestnut, light margined
band ; whorls 5, convexly rounded, base ventricose ; peristome thick-
ened within, slightly expanded, columellar margin nearly covering

the umbilicus. Diam. 19 mill.

Monterey, ( 'alt font ia.

120 HELIX.

The above is a rare species, more nearly allied than the others to
the European H. arbustorum. Dr. J. G. Cooper, and following him
Mr. "W. G. Binney refer to Californieusis as varieties, H. Nicklin-
I'niia, H. ramentosa, H. reticulatu. H. Diabloensis, etc., all of which
appear to me to belong to an entirely different group, and I have so
treated them (see pp. 73, 74.). H. vincta, Val. (figured but not de-
scribed) is a synonym.

Section IV, EURYSTOMA, Albers, 1850.

H. VITTATA, Miiller. PI. 33, figs. 59, 60, 62.

Perforate, striated, shining, whitish, variously banded with brown
and yellow, apex black ; whorls 5, somewhat planulate, the last with
convex base, descending in front ; aperture dark brown, peristome
labiate, expanded, margins joining by a callus, columellar dilated,
partly covering the umbilicus. Diani. 28 mill.

Ceylon, Malabar, Coromandel.

H. zonula, Wood (fig. 62) is a synonym.

Var. SPINDLY, Villa. PI. 33, fig. 61.

Smaller, white, unicolored, apex bluish brown. Diam. 22 mill.

CONTINUATION OF TRYON'S MONOGRAPH OF THE
HELICID.E, BY H. A. PILSBRY.

Group X, PENTATJENIA, A. Schmidt.

Shell globose or somewhat depressed, of moderate or large size,
imperforate or moderately umbilicate, usually with five revolving
bands ; animal provided with a dart ; jaw moderately arched, and,
except in AHognatlms, with strong separated ribs, usually few in
number, and grouped on its median portion ; the central teeth have
a strong middle cusp ; the side cusps are usually obsolete ; the lat-
erals are similar, but asymmetrical ; the marginal teeth have several
short cusps.

I follow Kobelt in grouping the following subgenera under the
general head of Pentatseuia. The number of bands in nearly every
species of the group is normally five, but frequently is less, through
coalescence or absence of bands. This pentateeniate character will
separate the group from the preceding, Arionta, which has one or
three bands, and from Rhaguda Xeropliila, etc., which have numerous
bands. The group is European in distribution, and comprises the
largest and most characteristic helices of that region.-

HELIX. 121

Section I, TACHEA Leach, 1820.

Imperforate, globose-conic or depressed, smooth and shining,
highly colored, banded with a contrasting shade, last whorl ventri-
cose, slightly deflected at aperture;, peristome expanded, labiate,
columellar lip callous, gibbous. Conspicuous garden-snails of Europe,
introduced by commerce into America, Australia, etc. type, H.
nemoralis L.

Section II, EREMINA, Pfeiffer, 1855.

Depressed globose, flattened above, convex below, rudely striate,
cretaceous, solid, white, or marked with dull reddish. Deserts of
Egypt and Syria. Type, H. desertorum Forsk.

Section III, MACULARIA Albers, 1850.

Imperforate, globose or depressed, whorls 4 or 5, the last usually
strongly deflexed at aperture; peristome expanded, callous within,
the columellar margin dilated and appressed, callous and sometimes
dentate within. Large species, characteristic of southern Europe,
especially Spain, and northern Africa. Type, H. vermiculata Mull.

Section IV, ALLOGNATHUS Pilsbry, 1888.

Imperforate, globose thin, whorls rapidly increasing, the last
large, convex below ; aperture rotund-lunate, rounded below ; peri-
stome slightly expanded; jaw arcuate, smooth, without median pro-
jection, strise or ribs. Type H. grateloupi Graells. Ins. Majorca.

Section V, HEMICYCLA Swainson, 1840.

Shell covered perforate, globosely depressed, rugosely sculptured,
malleated; aperture very oblique, lunate-oval, peristome reflected,
thickened within, upper and lower margins sub-parallel, the latter
often toothed. Type, H. plicaria Lam. Shells resembling both
Macularia and Leptaxis; distribution, Canary and Cape Verd Is.

Section VI, PLEBICULA Lowe, 1852.

Umbilicate or imperforate, subglobose, striate, hispid, granulate,
aperture rounded, peristome simple, margins approaching, subreflex-
ed oil columellar margins. Type, H. pundulata Sowb.

Madeira Is.

Section VII. LEPTAXIS Lowe, 1852.

Thin, umbilicate or imperforate, globose or depressed, striate or
wrinkled, periphery sometimes keeled, base inflated; columella

122 HELIX.

entering, more or less dilated, peristome slightly expanded, extremi-
ties converging; dark brown, unicolored, or obscurely banded, Azores,
Madeira Is. etc. Type, H. undata, Lowe.

Section VIII, IBERUS, Montfort, 1810.

Narrowly umbilicate or imperforate, globose, or depressed, periph-
ery sometimes sharply keeled, whitish, obsoletely fasciate, more or
!<-- rugose, whorls 45, the last anteriorly descending; aperture very
oblique, peristome expanded, labiate, reflexed at columellar margin.
Type, H. muralis, Mull. Characteristic of middle and southern
Italy and Sicily, but found throughout southern Europe.

Section IX, POMATIA Beck, 1837.

Large, globose, striate, rather thin, imperforate or narrowly per-
forate, unicolored or five banded, whorls convex, rapidly increasing,
last large, ventricose, descending anteriorly; aperture lunate-orbicu-
lar, peristome expanded or sharp, callous within, columellar margin
reflected. Type H. pomatw L. Distribution, Europe, Western
Asia and Northern Africa. Introduced by commerce into America
etc.

Section I, TACHEA Leach, 1820.

This group comprises the most abundant and conspicuous European
snails. Several species have been introduced by commerce into
distant countries.

The shells are bright colored and banded, the color pattern very
variable.

( 'f'paea Held, 1837, and Archelix Albers 1850 are synonyms.

The jaw in Tachea (PI. 35, fig. 15,) is stout, arched, with strong
ribs, few in number, denticulating either margin. The dentition is
characterized by the obsolecence of side cusps to the central and
adjacent lateral teeth ; marginal teeth with several cusps.

H. NEMORALIS, Linn. PI. 34, figs. 94-96, PI. 35, fig. 97.

Imperforate, subgiobose conic, irregularly striate, yellow, with five
.sharply defined deep brown bands, sometimes coalescent,or unicolored
white, pink, yellow or bright corneous; whorls 5, the last slightly
descending in front; aperture rotund-lunar, peristome expanded,

HELIX. 123

labiate, dark In-own, its extremities connected by a callus of the
same color; columella straight, flattened, callous within.

Diam. 20-25 mill.

Western, J/>V<//V, nmJ X<>rtli< ru ilm-ope.

The synonymy includes H. ci/n-ta. If. ijniinjnrj'a.-o-lata, Sliepp., //.
etrusca, Ziegl, If. 'unp> rfecta and H. olivacea, Risso, H. turturum,
Stew.

lu the arrangement of bands this form, like all species of Tuchea,
is interminably varied.

Var. CONOIDEA, Clessin.

Spire conoid, elevated. Diam. 22, alt l<s mill. Bavaria.

Var. EEJAVECI, Kobelt, PL 35, fig. UN.

Broadly two banded, the bands broken into streaks in the direc-
tion of the stria?. Gorz.

Var. LUCIFUGA, Ziegi.

Large, solid, thick shelled. Diam. 30 mill. Italy.

Synonyms': var. appcun'ni<i. Stab., H. genueiixi*, Porro.

Varieties albolabiata and roseolabiata are sufficiently described by
their names. Var. libel/tila, Risso is diaphanous, gTeen, peristome
reddish yiolet. Var. crcticula. Morch, is a large heavy form of 30
mill, diam., from Sweden. Var. porrecta, Westerhmd from Sweden,
in which the suture does not descend at aperture; etc., etc.

H. HORTENSIS, Miiller. PI. 35, figs. 99, 1.

Similar in form to H. iicnwralix; somewhat smaller ; peristome
white, its ends connected by a light white callus on parietal wall ;
bands five, subject to the same mutations as those of H. neHiomli*.

Northern and Centra/ Etn-ojx , Westward to Pyrenees; introduced
into Eastern U. S. and ('anai/n.

H. ludovidana d'Aumont, and H. subglobosa, Biuu. are synonyms.
Var. TROCHOIDEA, Clessiu. Diam. 19, alt 17 mill.
Var. PERFORATA, AVesterlund.

Yellow, five fasciate, deeply perforate. Gotfai/tl.

Var. ARENICOLA, JMacq.

Tliin pellucid, pale yellow, white banded. Scotland.

124 HELIX.

Var. HYBRIDA, Poir. PL 35, fig. 100.

Peristome and parietal callus pale reddish.
H, sauveuri, Colb. is synonymous.

The hortensis is considered by many conchologists to be a variety
of H. nemoralis, with which the Var. hybrida connects it.

H. VINDOBONENSIS, C. Pfr. PL 84, figs. 89-93.

Imperforate, globose conic, heavily striate, whitish or yellowish,
with five unbroken deep brown bands, the upper two usually nar-
row; whorls 5, the last large, convex, descending anteriorly; aperture
widely rotund-lunar, peristome brown, expanded, labiate, appressed
and flattened below, bearing on columella a white tipped callus.

Diarn. 20-25 mill.

. Central and Eastern Europe; Caucasus.

The synonymy includes H. austriaca, Miihl., mutabilis Hartm.
arvensis, Kryn., and subaustriaca, Bourg.

The bauds are sometimes coalescent, but are usually more stable
than in other species of Tachea.

Var. EXPALLESCENS, Ziegl. PL 34, fig. 90, 91.
Bands obsolete, pale brown or wanting.

Var. MINOR, Rossm. PL 34, fig. 93.

Small, globose ; altitude nearly equal to diameter.

H. ATROLABIATA, Krynicki. PL 34, fig. 83.

Large, depressed globose, irnperforate, solid, rudely and irregular-
ly striate, somewhat malleate ; epidermis thin, yellowish, with one
to three deep, brown revolving bands ; spire conic, apex obtuse, whorls
5 to 6, the last rounded, descending anteriorly ; aperture widely lu-
nar, peristome deep brown, widely reflected and labiate, appressed
at umbilical region, margins joined by a dark callus, columellar
margin flattened, wide, thickened near the middle. Diam. 40 mill.

Caucasus*

If. calligera, and var. repanda, Dubois, and var. decussata, Bottg.
are synonyms.

Var. STAUROPOLITANA, A. Schmidt. PL 34, fig. 86.

More elevated, with more oblique aperture ; roughly malleate,
and conspicuously fasciate. Diam. 35, alt. 21-25 mill.

HELIX. 125

Var. LENKORANEA, Mousson. PI. 34, fig. 85.

Small, depressed globose, columellar scarcely dentate, fascia suh-

interrupted ; sculpture rough.

Southern Shore, Caspian Sea.

Var. PALLASI, Dubois. PI. 34, fig. M.

Radiating streaks of brown ; no bands.

Imeretia.

Var. NEMORALOIDES, Mart.. PI. 34, fig. 87.

Small, globose, weakly striate, one or two fasciate.

Diam. 30 mill. Georgia.

H. SYLVATICA, Drap. PI. 35, figs. 4-7, 15.

Imperforate, depressed globose, yellowish white, striate, five fas-
ciate, the bands much interrupted, broken into maculations, whorls
5, last slightly descending ; aperture oblique, widely lunate, peri-
stome expanded, labiate, light brown, slightly thickened on columel-
lar margin, and expanded over the umbilicus.

France, Switzerland.

The median bands are less maculated than those above and below.
Synonyms are H. signata var. a, Fer., and fl. mutabilis, Hartm.

Var. MONTANA, Studer. PI. 35, fig. 2.

More conic ; whorls more convex, with a dentiform callus on col-
umellar margin of peristorae.

Switzerland.

Var. EXIMIA, Dup.

Larger, bands confluent. Diam. 24 mill.

Dauphiny.

Var. ALPICOLA, Fer.

Smaller, more convex and inflated ; heavily striate, deeply colored.

Var. RHENANA, Kobelt. PI. 35, fig. 9.

White, maculated bands of pale brown ; no continuous bands.

~Upper Rhine Valley.
H. COQUANDI, Morelet. PL 35, figs. 12-14.

Imperforate, globose depressed, slightly convex below; finely
striate, yellowish brown or rosy, variously fasciate, whorls 5?, the
last deflexed anteriorly, aperture oval, peristome labiate, expanded,
slightly reflexed below, columellar margin dilated, rose colored,
covering umbilical region. Diam. 34 mill.

Morocco, Southern Spain.

126 HELIX.

H. AIMOPHILA, Bourguignat. PI. 34, fig. 88.

Globose, subperforate, solid, chalky white, irregularly striate,
apex obtuse, sutures impressed, aperture obloug lunate, peristome
simple, acute, columella reflexed, almost covering umbilicus.

Diam. 25, alt. 23 mill.

Asia Minor.

Var. TCHIHATCHEFFI, Kobelt. PI. 35, fig. 17.

Umbilicus wider ; conspicuously five fasciate.

Biledschik.

Var. AIMOPHILOPSIS, Villeserre, Unfigured Asia Minor.

It is similar to aimopkila, but imperforate.

H. GIBBOSULA, Desh. PI. 35, fig. 3.

Globose, irregularly striate, white, with three unequal bauds,
spire short, conic, obtuse ; whorls 5, narrow, convex, the last large,
convex, imperforate ; base gibbous ; aperture small, semilunar, lip
slightly thickened, wide below. Diam. 17, alt. 16 mill.

Habitat unkiiod'n.

I know nothing of the real position of this species or of the next.
It may be identical with some of the preceding, or possibly belong-
ing to a wholly different group.

H. FILOSA, Desh. PI. 35, fig. 18.

Imperforate, subglobose, smooth, yellowish, encircled by narrow
dark bands, which are continued upon the peristome ; spire short,
apex obtuse, reddish ; whorls 5, slightly convex ; aperture rotund
semilunar, peristome labiate, dilated, white with purplish spots.

Diam. 30, alt. 25 mill.

Habitat unltnoum.

Like vindobonensis, but in that species the bauds are not contin-
ued to the margin of lip.

H. LITTUREA, Pfr. PI. 35, fig. 16.

Imperforate, turbinate, semiglobose, solid, striate, minutely ru-
gose, malleate, shining, pinkish, with revolving series of reddish
markings ; spire depressed turbinate, apex somewhat acute, whorls
5, slightly convex, the last scarcely descending, with rounded periph-
ery, encircled by chestnut tessellated bands ; base convex ; aperture
rotund lunar, peristome simple, right margin expanded, columellar

subcallous. Diam. 23, alt. 15 mill.

Habitat unknown.
Perhaps is a form of H. sylvatica.

IIKI.IX. 127

Section II, EKKMIXA, Pfr. 1855.

Desert snails of North-east Africa and Syria, with essentially the
same structure as Tachea, but, like all desert forms, thick, heavy
and calcareous. The jaw is slightly arcuate, with a few strong ri I is
mi its central portion. Teeth, as is usual in the Pentatienia, lacking
side cusps; central cusp long as the base. Er'nni<i, Moreh \*\\:>
and Eremophila, Kobelt 1871, are synonyms.

H. DESERTORUM, Forskal. PI. 35, figs. 19-23 ; PL 46, fig. 63.

Subcovered umbilicate, rather thick, subglobose, depressed above,
tumid below, irregularly striate, chalky white unicolored, or with
zones or radiating streaks of reddish brown ; whorls 4J, the last
large, scarcely descending anteriorly, aperture widely lunate, sub-
angular below ; peristome simple, obtuse or somewhat expanded, di-
lated partially over umbilicus. Diam. 30 mill.

Egypt, Syria, Palestine.

H. maculosa, Born, H. rhodia, Chem., H. irref/"lris and H. ni-
cceensls, Fer., H. rli<-u, Roth., H. for*hilii, Ehr., H. psfi>ntii!tn*,
and H. !'/eminc/l<ii-ii\ Avad. and Mag. are synonyms.

Var. HASSELQUISTI, Ehrenb. PL 36, fig. 24.

White, inflated, irregularly rugose, striate, aperture dark within.

Var. HEMPRICHTII, Ehreub. PL 36, fig. 25.

More inflated, mouth rounder, peristome expanded and much
thickened, double, continued beyond the expansion ; columella with
a shining white callus. The form called H. chilembia by Bourgui-
gnat represents the extreme development of this variety.

H. DILLWYXIAXA, Pfr. PL 36, figs. 29-30.

Umbilicate, depressed, solid, irregularly rugose, and lightly mal-
leate, chalky, shining, spire nearly flat, apex prominent, brown ;
whorls 4>., the last rounded, shortly defiexed in front, base inflated,
umbilicus narrow ; aperture very oblique, wide lunate, white withiu;
peristome acute, thickened within, reflexed at base.

Diam. 31, alt, 14 mill.

Said by Kobelt to be an abnormal H. desertorum.
H. DESERTELLA, Jickeli. PL 36, figs. 26-28.

Covered perforate, depressed globose, solid, lightly striate, white,
unicolored or trifasciate, maculate above ; spire depressed conic,
whorls 4}, inflated, rapidly increasing, the last rounded, descend in-

128 HELIX.

In front, aperture oblique, rounded lunar, peristome recurved, labiate,
margins converging. Diarn. 22, alt. 16 mill.

Abyssinia.

H. DUROI, Hidalgo. PI. 45, figs. 38-40.

Imperforate or umbilicate, depressed globose, solid, somewhat shin-
ing, rugulose malleate, longitudinally striate, white with four rufous
bauds, spire obtuse, slightly convex, or depressed, whorls 5, scarcely
convex, regularly increasing, the last twice as wide as penultimate,
smoother below, strongly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture transverse,
white, shining ; peristome widely reflexed, labiate, arcuate above,
subhorizontal below with a more or less developed wide callus, adnate
to body. Diam. 35, alt. 19 mill.

Morocco.

Has much the appearance of Macidaria, but said by Kobelt to be
an Eremina.

Section III, MACULARIA, Albers, 1850.

A group of large species, characteristic of Southern Europe and
Northern Africa. They are related on one hand to Tachea, through
such species as H. splendida, and on the other to the insular groups
Hemicycla and Leptaxis. The Italian subgeuus Iberus is also con-
nected by nearly intermediate forms with the depressed Macularire.
The central teeth lack lateral cusps ; and the jaw, as in Tachea etc.,
is moderately arched, and bears a few strong, separated ribs.

Otala, Moq-Tand. 1855 is a synonym.

H. VERMICULATA, Miiller. PI. 37, figs. 54-57.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, yellowish or dirty white, with five
brown bands, the upper one, or sometimes all broken into irregular
maculations ; surface sculptured with numerous minute vermiform
white anastomosing wrinkles ; whorls 5, the last descending aiite-
rio'rly ; aperture very oblique, broadly lunate ; peristome white,
labiate and widely reflected, thickened on columellar margin.

Diam. 30-35 mill.

Southern Europe, Northern Africa.

A common species, variable in color somewhat. It is Hartmaun's
H. lactea, H. muraloides, Chier. and If. thalassina, Porro.

Yar. SAIIARICA, Kobelt. PI. 37, fig. 59.
A small, thick shelled form.

Southern Algiers.

HELIX. 129

Var. LINUSJE Calcara. PL 37, fig. 58.

Smaller than type, with more globose and thicker shell and larger

aperture.

Ins. Linosa, near Malta.
H. linuisiana Benoit is the same.

Var. SUBANGULATA Issel.

Shell smaller, more solid, aperture subangulate. Malta.

Letourneux and Bourguignat describe but do not figure vars.
minuta and pelagosana from Tunis.

H. PUNICA Morelet. PL 40, figs. 6-9.

Imperforate, globosely depressed, transversely dilated, lightly
striate, with decussating revolving stria?, white, with four subequal
brown bands ; spire conoid, whorls 5, slightly convex, regularly in-
creasing, the last rounded, deflexed at aperture ; aperture very ob-
lique, truncate-oblong, showing the bands within ; peristome narrowly
reflected, slightly labiate, widened on columella, brownish.

Diam. 31, alt. 20 mill.

Constant ine, A Igiers.
H. CONSTANTINO Forbes. PL 37, figs. 60-62.

Imperforate, subglobose, striatulate, shining, whitish, five-banded,
bands brown, sometimes obsolete, whorls 5, convex, the last deflected
anteriorly ; aperture rounded-lunate, peristome expanded, sublabiate,
columella margin with a heavy subdentate callus. Diam. 27 mill.

North Africa.
H. drtce Terver is a synonym.

Var. FLEURATI Bourg. PL 37, fig. 66.

Substance of shell calcareous ; form more globular ; whorls less
rapidly increasing.

Tunis.
H. BOGHARIENSIS Debeaux. PL 39, figs, 1-3.

Imperforate, more or less depressed globose, typically thin shelled,
but sometimes rather heavy, with fine incremental striae, coarser at
sutures, and sparse, short, broken impressed transverse lines, some-
what malleate, dirty white or yellowish, with five (sometimes four)
bands, showing through the shell ; whorls 5, the last inflated and
greatly descending at aperture ; aperture oblique, wide, with a thin
broadly reflected peristome, slightly labiate within; fauces white.

Diam. 36 mill.

Bogliar and Boukkrari, Algiers.

Very near to H. constantince.

130 HELIX.

H. PARETIANA Issel. PL 45, fig. 41.

Shell large, imperforate, subglobose, ventricose, irregularly striate,
Avith lightly impressed spiral lines, white, with reddish bands;
whorls 5, convex, the last inflated, deflexecl anteriorly ; sutures im-
pressed, aperture very widely lunar, peristome narrowly reflected,
appressed and dilated at base; throat reddish.

Diam. 41, alt. 32 mill. Monaco, (fossil.)

H. moncecensis Ramber is a synonym. Perhaps this species be-
longs in Tachea.

H. LACTEA Muller. PL 39, figs. 89-96.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid, obliquely striate, with fine
revolving lines, dirty white, variously fasciate with rufous, rarely
unicolored by absence or coalescence of bands; spire slightly eleva-
ted, apex obtuse; whorls 4i-5, slightly convex, rather rapidly in-
creasing, the last wide, rounded, profoundly deflected anteriorly;
aperture very oblique, truncate-oval, deep brown or black and
shining within, peristome expanded, obtuse, dark colored, margins
subparallel, connected by a black callus which covers the umbilical
tract; columella with a heavy callus within, subdenlate.

Diam. 25-40 mill.

Spain, Canary Is. North Africa ; Introduced into Cuba, Buenos
Ar/res, and other Spanish colonies.

H. irrorata Say, H. fauci-nigra Chem, H. punctatissima Jeniss,
H. flattersiana Ancey, H. tagina Servain and perhaps H. hispanica
Mich, are synonymous. H. axia Bourg. is a small unfigured form,
and with H. Jacquementana Bourg. from the Canary Is., likewise
unfigured, may be placed here.

Var. BATHYL.EMA Bourg.

Whorls smaller, the last inflated; mouth short and rounded;
outer lip more strongly reflected than in the following varieties.

Balearic Is.

Var. ALYBENSIS Kobelt. PL 39, fig. 97.

A small solid form, with fine sculpture aud-distinct bands; whorls
five; aperture intensely black. Diam. 30 mill.

Gibraltar.

Var. TAGINA Servain.

Similar to H. alybensis but usually flatter, with more swollen
outer whorl. Spain.

HELIX. 131

H. GIBBOSO-BASALIS Wollaston. ( 'n figured.

Similar to H. lactea, but smaller, nearly concolored, dark brown,
without white points or flecks; spire obtuse; whorls 4, not much
deflexed at aperture; basal margin of peristome with a distinct
tooth. Diam. 24 mill.

Northern part of Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

H. ATAVORUM Mabille. PI. 40, fig. 11.

Imperforate, subgiobose, solid, thick, destitute of cuticle, roughly
obliquely rnalleate, and costulately striate, grayish brown, obscurely
five-fasciate ; spire conoidal, prominent; apex minute, obtuse, slightly
striate, shining; whorls 6, slightly convex, very rapidly increasing,
the last large, globose, subangulate in front of the aperture, becoming
rotund-turgid, and somewhat descending at termination of whorl;
aperture oblique, rotund lunate, peristome thick, narrowly reflected,
appressed at base, regularly curved, terminations distant, connected
by a thin callus ; base thickened inside with a subtriangular denti-
form callus. Diam. 31 mill. Grand Canary Id. (fossil.)

H. AHMAEINA (Bourg.) Mabille. PI. 40, fig. 13.

Imperforate, depressed globose, solid, thick, shining, not transpa-
rent, with undulating interrupted spiral lines and incremental stride;
color greyish, strewn with white dots and flecks, and encircled with
four dark bands; spire conic, slightly elevated, acute at the corneous
or pinkish apex ; whorls over 5, the last large, rounded, abruptly
descending anteriorly; aperture oblique, oval-elongate, maroon
colored inside. Diam. 29-34 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

H. PUNCTATA Miiller. PI. 39, figs. 99-100.

Imperforate, depressed globose, solid, with minute revolving lines
and incremental strias, color dirty white, four or five banded with
brown or rufous, bands generally indistinct, clouded, or coalescent,
rarely wanting, strewn with white points and flecks ; spire depressed
conic ; whorls 5, slightly convex, more or less rapidly increasing,
the last large, inflated, decidedly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture ob-
lique, widely semioval, blackish or brown within ; peristome broadly
expanded, reflexed, appressed and thickened within at base, black,
the extremities approaching, connected by a dark callus.

Diam. 30-45 mill.

Spain ; Northern Africa ; Canary and Balearic Is ; inirodueed
into Cuba and other Spanish colonies.

132 HELIX.

The synonymy includes H. lactea Fer. and some other authors,
H. canariensis Villa, H. punctatissima Jen., H. bredeana, H. engas-
tora, If. stomatodea, H. bandotiana, H. calendyma Bourguignat.

Differs from H. lactea in having a thinner, smoother shell, bands
more disposed to be coalescent and clouded, and basal callus not so
decidedly dentate within.

Var. APALOLENA Bourguignat. PI. 64, figs. 4, 5.

Differs from the typical form in its more depressed outline, thinner,
smoother shell ; whorls more rapidly increasing in width, and con-
sequently aperture more elongated transversely.

Mediterranean littoral region of Spain and France ; Balearic Is.

H. BLEICHERI Paladilhe. PL 39, fig. 98.

Imperforate, depressed globose, spire depressed conic, thick, with
fine, curved, irregular incremental stride, crossed by broken revolv-
ing lines, as in the preceding forms, and with vermiform transversely
elongated minute wrinkles, and quadri-fasciata, when young some-
what angulate around periphery ; fauces and columella margin deep
castaneous ; aperture very dark within, rotund-lunar, very oblique,
more regularly oval than in H. punctata; peristome narrowly re-
ilexed, its ends converging, connected by a thin castaneous callus.

Morocco.

Probably a variety of H. lactea Miiller.

H. TINGITANA Paladilhe. PL 64, figs. 1-3.

Imperforate, globose-conic, solid, opaque, shining, with fine wrink-
les, undulating revolving lines, and regular incremental stria? ;
whorls 4-5, encircled by four or five yellowish-purple unbroken
bands, the upper ones usually confluent ; spire depressed-conoidal,
upper whorls rather flattened, rapidly increasing, abruptly deflected
at aperture ; aperture large, truncate-oval ; peristome regularly
curved above, straighter below, ends slightly converging, connected
by a light callus ; outer lip broadly expanded, light colored ; throat
and thickened colurnellar callus deep brown. Diam. 29 mill.

Between Tanger and Meknes.

Specimens before me are decidedly larger than above indicated.

H. LUCASII Deshayes. PL 40, figs. 14, 15.

Imperforate, orbicularly depressed, smooth, white, with five broad
dark brown bands ; spire short ; apex brown and white, obtuse,
whorls somewhat flattened, the last convex and descending anteriorly ;

HELIX. 133

^

aperture very broadly semilunar, oblique, nearly black within ;
peristome expanded, obtuse, black, the ends converging and con-
nected by a black callus ; a dentate callus on columella.

Diam. 35, alt. 18-20 mill.

Oran, Algiers.

It is H. lactea var. of Rossm., and H. kispanica Mich. It is
flatter than H. lactea, with less oblique aperture. The bands are
usually continuous and distinct.

H. GHAZOUANA Debeaux. PL 46, figs. 47, 48.

Covered umbilicate, depressed globose, solid, very finely striate,
under the lens finely spirally striate, white, encircled by five deep
chestnut zones, which are interrupted throughout by vermicular
white flecks and spots, behind the aperture and between the bands
covered with numerous netted anastomosing lines; spire depressed
conoid, apex small, slightly prominent ; suture simple, linear ; whorls
5, regularly, rapidly increasing, the first a little flattened, last rather
inflated, rounded, below subplaue, anteriorly deeply deflexed ; aper-
ture very oblique, ovate rotund, distinctly lunate, deep blackish
brown within ; peristome acute, upper and outer margins expanded,
deep brown, edged with fuscous, margins subconverging, joined by
a thin callus, the basal margin thickened, at first straight, then
sharply tuberculate, before the tubercle lightly excavated, and join-
ing the outer lip with a slight angle. Diam. 27, alt. 16 mill.

Near Nemours, Algiers.

This form differs from H. lucasi in the lesser size, more solid
shell, and white-punctate bands.

H. HIEROGLYPHICULA Michaud. PL 40, figs. 17-19.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, shining, white, with brown flecks
and four or five deep brown bands, the upper often interrupted ;
revolving lines and incremental strine very minute ; spire dome-
shaped, depressed ; whorls 5, flattened ; apex smooth, obtuse ; body
whorl swollen, turgid below on its last half, abruptly deflexed in
front; aperture very oblique, small, oblong, peristome slightly ex-
panded, white, labiate, with a broad prominently dentate callus at
base ; margins connected by a light callus ; fauces and columella

deep castaneous. Diam. 24 mill.

Oran, Algiers.

A " var. " integrivittis, with bands not interrupted, has been de-
scribed by Ancey. (PL 40, fig. 16.)
H. oranica Bourg. is a synonym.

134 HELIX.

H. ALABASTRITES Michaud. PI. 40, figs. 20-22.

Imperforate, depressed globose, lightly striate, shining, white,,
sometimes with five pale bauds ; spire convex, obtuse ; whorls 5 ?
flattened, the last compressed, obsoletely angulate, profoundly de-
flexed anteriorly; aperture subhorizontal, truncate-ovate; peristome
labiate, slightly expanded, extremities converging, connected by a
light callus, columella with a thick callus. Diam. 24 mill.

Or an, Algiers*

N. soluta Mich, is a synonym.

A forma minor has been noted by Ancey, diam. 20 mill. Easily
recognized by the great obliquity of mouth, solid texture and sub-
angulate whorls.

H. ATLASICA Mousson. PL 37, figs. 69-71.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, lightly striate and decussate,
smooth, shining, white, greyish or brownish, with five bands, the
three upper usually more or less confluent, and variegated with
patches of white; spire slightly convex, summit not prominent;
sutures linear; whorls 4-5, the last large; aperture oblique, trans-
versely ovate; peristome acute, expanded, labiate with white; ends
not converging, connected by a light callus ; columella thickened
within. Diam. 22 mill.

Atlas Range of Western Morocco*

H. ALCYONE Kobelt. PL 40, figs. 23-25.

Imperforate, depressed-conic, somewhat thick, smoothish, shining,
finely striate, whitish, with four conspicuous corneous-brown bands,
broken into cloudy maculations, with intermediate corneous patches ;
whorls 5, regularly coiled, the last widened at aperture, slightly
tumid below ; aperture very oblique, transversely ovate ; peristome
and columella white, fauces reddish ; columella straight.

Diam. 28; alt. 16 mill. Southern Morocco.

H. JUILLETI Terver. PL 41, figs. 26, 27.

Imperforate, subglobose-conoidal, rather solid, shining, lightly
irregularly striate, and with very minute spiral lines, slightly mal-
leate, white, with irregular corneous maculations, especially above;
banded with four or five reddish brown zones ; whorls 6, regularly
increasing, upper ones somewhat flattened, the last a little dilated,
profoundly deflexed anteriorly; base convex; aperture very oblique,

HELIX. 135

lunate-oval, brown inside; peristome white, margins connected by a
light callus; columella wide, gibbous, callous. Diam. 32 mill.

Mascara and Saidn, A/i/iers.
Synonyms are H. cliottica Ancey, and H. saidana Debeaux.

H. BAILLONI Debeaux. PI. 46, figs. 51-53.

Covered perforate, orbicularly depressed, solid, shining, striulate,
here and there lightly malleate, and under the lens seen to be encir-
cled with fine lines, white, with four rufous bands, the second and
third wide; spire slightly convex, apex large, obtuse, suture distinct,
linear; whorls 4-J, regularly increasing, convex, the last slightly
dilated transversely, rather flattened below, excavated at umbilicus,
deeply deflexed anteriorly; aperture small, ovate, oblique, lunate,
with white translucent band inside; peristome simple, slightly thick-
ened, the ends converging, joined by a thin subdilated callus, basal
margin concave, dilated at its insertion, lightly callous and subdeu-
tate. Diam. 24, alt. 13 mill.

Province of Oran, between Tint </>td Moyrar, near the boundary of
Morocco.

The large apex and small number of whorls at once separate this
form from H. juilleti, and other allied species.

H. DENANSI Kobelt. PL 46, figs. 61, 62.

Covered umbilicate, depressed conoid, convex below, rather thin
and solid, somewhat shining, irregularly striatulate, the strise espe-
cially distinct below the sutures; under a strong lens showing fine
spiral lines; ground-color white, bands five, brown, and under the
sutures a series of radiating maculations; spire conoid, apex obtuse;
whorls 5'j, slowly and regularly increasing, the last decidedly widened
toward the aperture, suddenly, rather deeply deflected anteriorly,
but not so deeply as in other species of the group; aperture diagonal,
ovate-rotund, brown within; peristome acute, outer margin expand-
ed, ends scarcely converging, joined by a thin callus; basal margin
at first straight, then truncate-tuberculate, uniting with the outer
lip with a slight angle. Diam. 23, alt. 14^ mill.

"This small form of the Juilleti group was communicated to me
some time ago by Mr. Albeit Denans of Marseilles, without informa-
tion regarding the exact locality from whence it came. I cannot
identify it with any of the Pechaud-Bourguignat species."
H. BEGUIRANA Debeaux. PL 41, figs. 28, 29.

Umbilicate, depressed globose, transversely ovate, solid, shining
striate, at sutures costulate, with spiral impressed lines, malleate,

.-'

136 HELIX.

white, with five bands, often confluent or irregularly broken; whorls
5a-6, slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last dilated, inflated
on base, anteriorly deflexed ; aperture ovate-lunar, oblique, bright
chestnut within ; peristome white, slightly labiate, margins distant,
subparallel; columella contracted, with a callous thickening.

Diam. 31 mill. Beguira, near Mascara, Algiers.

Probably a form of H. juilleti as Kobelt at first considered it.

H. WAGNERI Rossmaessler. PI. 41, figs. 30, 31.

Similar to H. juilleti, but distinguished by the much more de-
pressed form and thinner shell. From H. begiurana it is separated
by the larger mouth, which is not contracted as in that species.

Boghar and Mascara, Algiers.

H. CHARIEIA Pechaud. PI. 46, figs. 45, 46.

Imperforate, depressed conoid, below convex, rather solid and
shining, irregularly striulate, encircled with impressed interrupted
lines, and marked with longer or shorter cicatrices ["narbenlinien"]
which cross the sculpture obliquely, especially near the aperture ;
color milky-white, with a narrow castaneous band at the periphery;
above this band covered with narrow interrupted little bands and
numerous white points, giving the color effect of coffee with milk;
spire flattened conic, with blunt apex; suture linear, becoming im-
pressed toward the aperture; whorls 6, the last slightly dilated,
base convex, lightly impressed at place of umbilicus, abruptly
arcuately deflexed anteriorly; aperture very oblique, semi-ovate,
lunate, castaneous within ; peristome obtuse, thickened, white, mar-
gins sub-converging, joined by a light callus, upper margin straight,
outer slightly reflexed, basal straightened, with a more or less dis-
tinct denticle. Diam. 30-31, alt. 15-17 mill.

Mts. of Daya, at the source of the Sig, Oran, A Igiers.

Allied to H. ivagneri, but differing both in shell and dentition.
According to Kobelt from whom I have taken the above description,
the central teeth are somewhat asymmetrical in this species a very
unusual character in the present group.

H. JOURDANIANA Bourguignat. PI. 41, figs. 32, 33.

Imperforate, globose, solid, shining, lightly striate, obscurely mal-
leate, white, with four corneous brown bands, broken by irregular
whitish patches ; spire convex, conoidal ; sutures moderately im-
pressed ; apex smooth; whorls 53, the first flattened, regularly in-
creasing, the last well rounded, abruptly descending anteriorly ;

HELIX. 137

aperture subhorizontal, oblong-ovate, deep brown inside ; peristome
expanded, obtuse, its edge white, and its margins slightly converging,
connected by a brown callus; basal margin thickened, subdentate.
Diam. 32 mill.

Mazagran and Mostaghanem, Algiers.

H. ARICHENSIS Debeaux. PI. 41, figs. 34, 35.

Depressed globose, slightly dilated transversely, solid, irregularly
rugoselv striate, and marked with short impressed transverse lines;
chalky white, obscurely four banded ; whorls 6, slightly convex,
gently increasing ; sutures distinct ; last whorl subinflated, strongly
deflexed anteriorly, subexcavated around the umbilical area ; aper-
ture very oblique nearly horizontal, chestnut colored within, margins
converging ; peristome expanded, subreflexed, ad n ate at base ; colu-
niella with a heavy callus.

El Arich, District of Muhiju, Algiers.

Var. CRASSIDENS Debeaux. PI. 41, fig. 36.

More globose than the type, with the colurnellar plication strongly
developed.

H. LOBETHANA Debeaux. PL 46, figs. 49, 50.

Covered umbilicate, depressed trochoidal, solid, rudely irregularly
striatulate, more or less malleate toward the aperture, white with
four pale brown sharply defined bands, apex smooth, obtuse ; suture
impressed ; whorls 5, regularly and rapidly increasing, the last
rounded, convex below, dilated, deeply deflected anteriorly ; aperture
very oblique, wide ovate ; peristome acute, somewhat thickened in-
side ; margins not approaching, and connected by a thin brownish
callus; columella margin with a sharp truncate pliciform callus.

Diam. 33, alt. 21 mill.

Separated from H. arichensis by the convex not excavated umbil-
ical tract, but probably not specifically distinct.

H. ZAFFARINA Terver. PI. 41, fig. 37.

Imperforate, conoid, depressed-globose, solid, chalky white, deep
brown within the aperture, irregularly striate and malleate, with
impressed short transverse marks, most developed behind the broadly
expanded lip; whorls 5, nucleus large, smooth, upper ones flattened,
the last widened at the aperture and abruptly deflexed ; aperture

138 , HELIX.

very oblique, transversely truncate-oval, peristome white, sublabiate,
the ends converging and connected by a light callus, the columella
with a heavy dentiform callus. Diam. 30 mill.

Zaffarine Is., and adjacent mainland.

Var. ZELLERI Kobelt. PI. 41, fig. 38.

Smaller, more globose, with four interrupted brown bands, mac-
ulated in the interspaces ; aperture smaller and less intensely colored
than in the typical H. zaffarina. Diam. 27 mill.

Mascara, A Igiers.

H. doubletti Bourg. is a synonym.

H. ANOTERODON Pechaud. PI. 46, figs. 43, 44.

Covered umbilicate, conoid-globose, solid, chalky, white, irreg-
ularly rudely striate, with subtle spiral impressed lines, body-whorl
distinctly malleate ; spire conoid-convex, apex small, white, suture
above linear, becoming impressed ; whorls 6, convex, regularly in-
creasing, the last tumid, slightly dilated, suddenly deeply deflexed
at aperture ; apertui'e very oblique, lunate, semiovate, deep brown
within, upper and lower margins parallel, scarcely converging at
extremities, the upper at first rather straight, then becoming patulous,
outer margin dilated, reflexed, white, with a white dentiform incurved
strong lamella, basal margin castaneous on its upper part, declivous,
with an abruptly truncated strong, somewhat transversely placed
tooth on its anterior edge ; parietal wall and throat deep brown.

Diam. 30 J, alt. 22 mill.

Environs of Leila Manila, on the Morocco boundary.

I follow Kobelt's identification of this form. It has the appear-
ance ofH. tigri and other forms of that group ; but Kobelt says:
" Es ist eine Helix zaffarina mit einem Gaumenzahn. Zur Gruppe
der saharischen Zweizahner mochte ich sie nicht rechnen."

H. DUPOTETIANA Terver. PL 41, fig. 39.

Imperforate, subglobose, white, irregularly striate and malleate,
with four or five brown bands, often coalescent or wanting ; whorls
5, the upper ones plauulate, last two convex, the last strongly de-
flected at the very oblique, broadly lunate aperture ; peristome
brownish, reflexed, sublabiate, columellar margin brown, thickened,
with a decided tooth ; fauces deep brown. Diam. 30-35 mill.

Oran, Algiers.

Perhaps not specifically distinct from H. zaffarina Terver.

HELIX. 139

H. BREVIERI Pechaud. PI. 41, figs. 40, 41.

Large, thick, depressed conoid-globose, rough sculptured, with
coarse lines of increment, and on the upper whorls and near the
sutures with fine spiral strife ; last whorl malleate, vermieulate with
white anastomosing wrinkles; with four broad and faint bands on a
yellowish-white ground ; or unicolored chalky white ; whorls over
6, slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last inflated, dilated
and abruptly descending at the oblique, ovate-truncate aperture ;
peristome white, expanded, declivous at base, with a more or less
developed truncate dentiform callus ; aperture larger than that of

H. dupotetiana, castaneous within. Diam. 40 mill.

Nemoitr, Algiers.

Kobelt's H. dupotetiana var. rugosa, and H. dupotetiana var. aspera
Gassies are synonyms. H. subbrevieri Bourg. may also be placed
here.

H. XANTHODON Anton. PL 41, figs. 42, 43.

Imperforate, subglobose-clepressed, white, solid, spire convex *
whorls 5, slowly increasing ; aperture rounded, very oblique, dark
brown inside, small ; peristome reflexed, white ; columella margin
with a heavy dentate callus. Diam. 22 mill.

Oran, Algiers.

Aperture smaller and whorls less rapidly increasing than in H.
dupotetiana, to which it is very closely allied. A variety figured
by Kobelt is larger, last w T horl more inflated and malleate. The
species is also nearly allied to H. arabiea.

H. ARABICA Terver. PI. 42, figs. 47, 48.

Imperforate, depressed globose, solid, shining, with three or four
brown bands, interrupted with white, sometimes unicolored, white;
spire convex; apex smooth, obtuse; whorls 5, rapidly increasing,
the last rounded, inflated below, descending at the very oblique,
oblong-lunate aperture; peristome white, thickened, expanded, colu-
mellar margin callously thickened, dentate and brown like the
interior of the aperture. Diam. 28 mill.

Province of Oran and Adjacent Islands.

This is not the H. arabiea of Roth, which=:.ff. desertorum Forsk.
H. abrolena Bourg., proposed because the name arabiea was supposed
to be preoccupied, is said by Ancey to be more globose, with more
convex and more rapidly increasing whorls, and thicker shell than
typical arabiea. It is figured on PI. 42, figs. 44-46.

140 HELIX.

H. ODOPACHA Bourguignat. PI. 42, figs. 49-52.

Imperforate, depressed globose, ventricose, shining, slightly sub-
pellucid, white, striate and malleate; apex smooth, obtuse; spire
convex; whorls 5, regularly increasing, the last rounded, abruptly
deflexed anteriorly; aperture oblique, narrow, subtriangular-oblong,
pale brown inside; peristorae white, thickened, patulous; columellar
margin thickened, bearing a heavy brownish callus, terminating in
a thick tubercle ; margins connected by a light callus.

Diam. 24 mill. Oran, Algiers.

A variety is figured by Kobelt with four narrow brown bands.
The species is very closely allied to H. arabica.

H. BONDUELLIANA Bourguignat. PI. 37, figs. 67, 68.

Imperforate, ventricose, solid, bright, chalky, lightly striate and
obscurely malleate, bluish-white, obscurely unifasciate; spire convex,
apex small, obtuse, smooth ; whorls 5J, regularly and rapidly in-
creasing, the last descending anteriorly; aperture oblique, lunar-
ovate, white within ; peristome sublabiate, expanded ; columella
margin with a white callus. Diam. 28 mill.

Oran, Algiers.

H. asteia Bourg. is more deflected at aperture and has darker
mouth, with the columella callus slightly more developed. Said to
l>e from Madrid, Spain, but referred to If. bonduelliana, by Hidalgo,
who considers it an African species. (PL 42, fig. 53.)

H. SENILIS Morelet. PL 42, figs. 54, 55.

Imperforate, globose depressed, dilated transversely, thick ; whorls
5j, planulate, the last dilated and deflexed anteriorly, four banded;
aperture truncate-oval, subhorizontal ; peristome very thick, reflexed,
margins connected by a callus ; columella dentate. Diam. 25 mill.

Between Constantine and Setif, Algiers.

H. EMBIA Bourguignat. PL 42, figs. 56-57.

Covered perforate, depressed subglobose, solid, chalky white,
striatulate and malleate, spire convex, apex smooth, obtuse ; whorls
5 to 6, the upper ones flattened, the last two convex ; suture mod-
erately impressed ; last whorl rounded, tumid below, at the aperture
suddenly descending; aperture oblique, irregularly lunate, deep
chestnut within, with a tooth on the base, and opposite it a slight
prominence inside the outer lip ; peristome broadly expanded, lab-
iate, margins connected by a white callus, Diam. 23, alt. 15 mill. .

Island of Habibas, off Algiers.

HELIX. 141

In addition to Bourguignat's figures of this form, I give those of
Kobelt, (PI. 61 figs.13-15.) According to the latter author, the species
is not found upon the island of Rachgoun, but at Nemours. There
is also some difference between the two authors as to the concholog-
ical characters of the species, Kobelt's form being less striate above,
and measuring 26 mill, in diam., 17 in alt.

H. PSEUDOEMBIA Debeaux. PI. 42, figs. 58, 59.

Subglobose, imperforate, solid, chalky, white, with irregular in-
cremental striae and short transverse impressed lines ; whorls 5 y
slightly convex ; suture moderately impressed ; last whorl inflated r
depressed around the umbilical area, strongly deflexed in front ;
aperture oblique, lunate, bright chestnut colored inside and on col-
timella ; peristome acute, the margins converging, joined by a light
callus ; peristome widely reflexed, albolabiate, obsoletely dentately
thickened inside the outer lip ; columella subexcavated, with a dis-
tinct white, truncate, dentiform fold.

Diam. 32, alt. 21 mill.

Leila Mar ma, Morocco, between Nemours and Tlemcen.

Allied, according to Kobelt, to H. zaffarina. Its relation to H.
embia seems quite as close, and with that species it forms the transi-
tion to " die Gruppe der Doppel-Zahner," as Kobelt calls the follow-
ing species. Most of these are probably merely local races ; for like
many of the northern African shells the characters upon which the
species are founded, such as texture, development of mouth parts,
etc., are endlessly variable ; every locality, with its slightly differing
soil and climate producing a new and correspondingly differing race
of mollusk.

H. BURINI Bourguignat. PL 42, figs. 60-62.

Imperforate, convexo-globose, shining, elegantly striate, white,
with four brown bands; spire conoid, apex obtuse; whorls 5-6,
slightly convex, regularly and slowly increasing, the last rounded,
anteriorly descending; aperture very oblique, lunate-oblong, white
within ; peristome expanded, labiate, with a long basal tooth and a
lamelliform denticle within the outer lip. Diam. 27 mill.

Southern Oran, Algiers-

Teeth not much more developed than in If. pseudoembia.

H. TIGRI Gervais. PL 42, figs. 63-65.

Imperforate, orbicularly depressed, solid, shining; convex below;
whorls 5, slightly convex, the last profoundly deflexed anteriorly,

142 HELIX.

rounded, and banded with brown; sutures linear, slightly impressed;
aperture very oblique, transversely ovate, dark brown within ; peri-
stome reflexed, white, bearing a strong basal tooth ; outer lip with a
strong denticle. Diam. 25 mill.

Southern Oran, Algiers.

The tubercles are strong, and situated so near to each other as to
leave but a narrow space between them.

The synonyms are H. tigriana Bourg. and If. maresi Crosse. H.
stereodonta Bourg. (PI. 43, figs. 68, 69) H. dicallistodon Bourg. (PI.
42, figs. 66, 67,) and H. surrodonta Bourg. (PI. 43, figs. 70, 71,) seem
to be too closely allied to the H. tigri to warrant separation as dis-
tinct species.

H. DASTAGUI Bourguignat. PI. 43, fig. 72.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, striate, white, with four brown
zones; spire sligjitly convex; whorls 5 to 6, rather rapidly increas-
ing, the last descending anteriorly; aperture oblique, oblong-lunate,
white within, with a lamelliform denticle within the outer lip and
a heavy tubercle at the base; peristome expanded, slightly labiate.

Diam. 27 mill. Southern Oran, Algiers.

Specimens occur in which the umbilicus is not wholly covered.

H. SUBJOBAEANA Kobelt. PL 46, figs. 54-56.

Shell depressed-globose, covered umbilicate, irregularly rudely
striate, solid, unicolored grayish white ; spire slightly elevated, short
conoid, apex smooth, white; whorls 5, subconvex, with distinctly
impressed sutures, slowly increasing, the last a little widened, not
angulate, rather flat below, anteriorly subcontracted and suddenly,
deeply deflected; aperture very oblique, small, semiovate, com-
pressed, and still more contracted by two strong teeth, margins of
peristome joined and apparently continuous by a thick parietal
callus, outer margin with two teeth, the outer lamelliform, the inner
tubercular ; inside of aperture in fresh specimens brownish.

Diam. 23*, alt. 13J mill.

Chott el Tigri, on the boundary of Morocco.

A curious form, closely allied to the following.

H. JOBAEANA Crosse. PI. 46, figs. 57-59.

Imperforate, subglobose, obtusely angulate, smooth, slightly
striate, shining, solid ; sutures linear, becoming impressed ; whorls
5, the last obtusely angulate, base convex, deeply, suddenly, deflexed
anteriorly ; aperture small, very oblique, ovate, contracted, peristome

HELIX.

continued over the parietal wall by a strong callus, much thickened
in adult specimens, outer margin provided with two teeth.

Constantine, Algiers (fossil.)
The most bizarre of the "Gruppe der Doppelzahner."

***
H. CODRINGTONI Gray. PI. 38, figs. 72-75.

Imperforate, subdepressed, solid, coarsely and irregularly striate,
decussated with fine spiral lines, white, irregularly marbled and
streaked with brown, the markings usually arranged into four or
five broken bands; spire depressed conoidal, apex smooth; whorls
5, somewhat convex, the last. descending anteriorly ; aperture large,
very oblique,truncate-oval, peristome slightly expanded bearing a
truncate dentiform callus at base; parietal wall with a light callus.

Diam. 45 mill.

Greece and Adjacent Islands.

H.ferussaci Christ, et Jan, and H. spiriplana Desh. are synonyms.
Bourguignat has described as species H. encineta, H. euchromia, and
H. eupcBcilia ; they are not even entitled to varietal rank. H.
pseudoparnassia Mousson is also a synonym.

Var. PARNASSIA Roth. PL 38. figs. 74, 75.

Globose conic, with obtuse apex ; last whorl not widened toward
aperture, strongly and abruptly deflected anteriorly ; aperture round-
oval, slightly thickened at base, distinctly toothed; extremities of
peristome approaching; no parietal callus. Diam. 30 mill.

Parnassus.

Var. OET.E Kobelt.

A form with the depressed and widened body-whorl of typical
H. codringtoni, but not larger than var. parnassia. Diam. 36 mill.

Mt. Ito (the ancient Oeta.)

Scarcely distinct from the type.

Var. AETOLICA Boettger.

Smaller than the type generally openly rimate; quadrifasciate,
the upper bandusually obsolete; spire short, exactly conical; whorls
greatly depressed. Diam. 33-34, alt. 18-20 mill.

Veluchi Mts., Aetolia.

A white unicolored form is also figured (fig. 73.) The species is
like all Macularice, variable in color pattern and size ; and in the
Grecian peninsula occupies the place of H. alonensis in the Iberian.

144 HELIX.

Like that species, too, the codringtoni seems to be an esteemed
delicacy of the cuisine ; for Roth relates that in the markets of
Athens quantities of them are exposed for sale during the Lenten
season.

H. CRASSA Pfeiffer. PL 38, fig. 76-77.

Subcovered umbilicate, depressed, thick, ponderous, rugosely
striate, with revolving lines, and five or fewer interrupted brown
bands, sometimes wanting; spire slightly elevated, apex obtuse;
whorls 45, slightly convex, regularly increasing, the last depressed,
subplanulate below, deflected in front, compressed around the um-
bilicus; aperture very oblique, ovate4runcate, peristome widely
expanded, labiate with white, its margins subparallel, extremities
connected by a light callus. Diam. 42 mill. Corfu.

H. INTUSPLICATA Pfeiffer. PL 43, figs. 73-75.

Umbilicate, depressed, solid, rudely obliquely striate, and with
fine revolving lines, bluish-white ; spire slightly convex, apex obtuse;
whorls 5, the last flattened, anteriorly deflected, more convex below;
aperture very oblique, irregularly oval, reddish within; peristome
brietly expanded, margins converging; base with an internal trans-
verse callous plication. Diam. 31 mill.

ML Chelmos, in Arcadia.

A rare species.

H, MASSYLJEA Morelet. PL 38, figs. 86-88.

Imperforate, globose depressed, somewhat solid, with irregular
incremental strise decussated by revolving lines ; color yellow-
ish white, concolored, or encircled by five reddish brown bands ;
spire conoid, apex smooth, obtuse ; whorls 5, convex, the last widened
and descending at aperture, inflated below ; aperture oblique, some-
what subquadrate, as long as wide ; peristome narrowly expanded,
white ; columella dilated, callous. Diam. 40 mill.

Algiers, Province of Constantine and southward.

A var. coneolor is described by Bourguignat.

Var. ZENATIA Kobelt.

Last whorl less expanded ; mouth shorter, and columellar callus
less extended.

Wed Zenati, Algiers.

IIKLIX. 145

H. PR,EDISPOSITA Mousson. PI. 39, figs. 4, 5.

Imperforate, depressed, transversely striate, with decussating lines,
whitish, with four bands, the upper narrow, the second wide, inter-
rupted with white ; spire depressed conic, with large obtuse nucleus ;
whorls 4 to 5, rapidly increasing, slightly convex, the last dilated,
strongly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, transversely
ovate ; peristome narrowly expanded, margins approaching, con-
nected by a light callus ; basal margin subhorizontal, wide, adnate.

Diani. 29 mill.

Reraya Valley, Morocco (subfossil).

H. RERAYANA Mousson. PI. 37, figs. 63-65.

Imperforate, depressed, irregularly obliquely striate and with
transverse short irregular wrinkles ; color dirty white, with flam-
niules and flecks of brownish, indistinctly two to five banded; spire
slightly convex, apex smooth ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, the
last widened toward the aperture and abruptly descending ; aperture
very oblique, transversely oblong ; peristome slightly expanded,
acute, slightly thickened within, Diam. 37-41 mill.

Reraya Valley, Morocco.

H. MOUSSOXIANA "Wollastou. PL 43, fig. 76.

Large, imperforate, globose-depressed, subinflated, rather thin,
strongly striate, not granulate nor malleate, lacking epidermis ;
spire rapidly increasing, apex smooth, obtuse ; sutures irregularly
impressed; whorls nearly 5, the last deflexed suddenly at aperture,
convex and turgid below; aperture oblique, transverse, perfectly
elliptical ; peristome narrowly reflected, adnate below, its ends joined
by a callus ; columella excavated. Diam. 37 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries (fossify.

It is H. adonis Mousson, not Angas. It is closely allied to the
following species and to H. alonensis.

H. EFFERATA MoUSSOll. PI. 43, fig, 77.

Globosely depressed, subsolid, striate and with obtuse undulating
rugose malleatious, not granulate ; whorls 4?, less convex and di-
lated than in H. inoussoniana, obtusely angulate. Diam. 31 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries (J'ossil.)

The pattern of sculpture, obscure undulations obliquely crossing
the stria? is characteristic.

Both this and the preceding specie's may prove to belong to

Hemicycla.
10

146 HELIX.

H. ALONENSIS Ferussac. PI. 43, fig. 78-82.

Covered perforate, depressed globose, somewhat solid, yellowish
white, variegated with streaks and marblings of light brown, or five
fasciate ; irregularly striate, decussated with fine revolving lines *
whorls 4-5, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last large, tumid,
deflexed anteriorly ; aperture large, rotund lunar, oblique ; peri-
stome narrowly reflexed, appressed at base, the ends converging,
joined by a very light callus. Diam. 30 mill.

Southern Spain ; Balearic Is.
An abundant and extremely variable species.

Var. CARTHAGINIENSIS Rossm. PI. 44, fig. 86-89.

Similar in general characters and sculpture to H. alonensis, but
smaller, more depressed, aperture more oval on account of the
greater deflection of the last whorl ; usually conspicuously five-
fasciate ; lip well expanded.

Diam. 24 mill.

Sierra da Cartagena, Spain.

Differs from H. campesina in being imperforate, with less devel-
oped peristome, which is reflected and aduate to the base of the shell.
The geuitalia offer some points of difference, according to Ross-
rnsessler ; but until we have descriptions or figures of those of the
allied forms we can scarcely make use of this character.

Var. CAMPESINA Ezquerra. PL 43, figs. 83-85.

With the markings and sculpture of H. alonensis this variety ex-
hibits a much more oblique nearly perfectly oval mouth, broadly
expanded and reflexed peristome, scarcely or not at all appressed to
base, its extremities converging and connected by a decided callus ;
umbilicus wide or sometimes nearly covered by the reflection of the
lip. Diam. 40 mill.

Spain, provinces Marcia and Valentin.

Rossmressler's var. lorcana is synonymous.

A mountain form.
Var. LOXANA Rossmressler. PI. 44, figs. 90-93.

Imperforate, depressed globose, usually five-fasciate, the upper
bands interrupted ; aperture very oblique, rounded lunar; peristome
expanded, margins converging, dilated over the umbilical area.

Diam. 28 mill.

Granada.

A mountain form.

HELIX. 147

H. ALCARAZANA Guirao. PI. 44, figs. 97-100.

Imperforate, depressed subglobose, obliquely striate, obsoletely
decussated by spiral lines, yellowish white, with five brown 1 Kinds,
the upper ones broken into irregular maculations ; spire shortly
conic, obtuse ; whorls 4-5, rapidly increasing, the last somewhat de-
scending anteriorly; aperture oblique, rotund-lunar, peristome rose-
colored, labiate, margins slightly converging, reflexed and
at the columella.

Diam. 20 mill.

Sierra de Seynra, Province of Alcaraz,

It is perhaps H. serpentina of Graells.
H. GUIRAOANA Rossmassler. PL 44, figs. 94-96.

Umbilicate, depressed, solid, striate, whitish, five fasciate, the
upper bands interrupted ; spire slightly convex, whorls 4-5, rapidly
increasing, the last subinflated, and abruptly descending anteriorly;
aperture rotund lunar ; peristome rose colored, slightly reflexed at
the base. Diam. 23-28, alt. 10-12 mill.

Var ANGUSTATA Rossmiissler.

Smaller; umbilicus narrower. Granada.

H. MARMORATA Ferussac. PI. 44, figs. 1-3.

Imperforate, globose depressed, white, five-fasciate, the upper
bands regularly interrupted with white, the lower less so; above
marbled with corneous; whorls 5, a little convex, the last wide
and descending anteriorly ; aperture widely rotund lunar, peristome
rose-colored, narrowly reflexed, appressed at base, extremities ap-
proaching. Diam. 20 mill. Gibraltar; Granada.

H. exornata Parr is synonymous.

Size and color-pattern rather variable, but always marbled above
with brown, white and corneous.

Var VIOLACEA Rossmassler. PI. fig.

Small ; last Avhorl strongly deflexed, deep colored, violet-lipped.

Granada.

It is H.balearica var. violacea tmdv&r.pulchella of Rossmassler's
Iconography, and H. partschii Bourg., according to Kobelt.

H. SPLENDIDA Drapernaud. PI. 44, figs. 4-9.

Imperforate, globose depressed, white or corneous, with five deep
brown bands, the upper ones usually interrupted or confluent; in-
cremental stria very faint ; whorls 4-4*, slightly convex, rapidly

148 HELIX.

increasing, the last deflexed anteriorly; aperture rotund-lunar,
oblique, white lipped; peristome narrowly expanded, reflexed, ad-
nate at base and over the umbilicus. Diam. 15-20 mill.

Spain and Southern France.

Peristome and aperture sometimes rose tinted within. A lovely
species, connecting the smaller Macularicn with Tachea, and as far
as shell characters go, intermediate between these groups.

Var. COSSONI Letourneux.

More depressed; spire moderately convex ; whorls 4, more rapidly
increasing, the last large; aperture less oblique than in the type.
Diam. 19 mill. Herault, France.

H. BALEARICA Ziegler. PI. 36, figs. 49, 50.

Imperforate, depressed, brownish white above variegated with
deep brown, white, and corneous marblings; with five bands, all
interrupted; whorls 5 rapidly increasing; aperture oblique, rotund-
lunar, peristome narrowly reflected brownish, labiate, appressed at
base. Diam. 30 mill. Balearic Is.; Spain.

The synonymy includes H. hispanica Partsch., (pi. 36, figs. 51-53)
and H. speciosa Zieg.

Var. COMPANYONI Aleron. PI. 36, figs. 47, 48.

Smaller than the type, more fragile and more delicately sculp-
tured; peristome and columella white. Diam. 15-20 mill.

Balearic Is.; Catalonia.

It is H. haspanica var. pyrenaica Rossm.

H. MINOKICENSIS Mittre. PI. 38, figs. 78-81.

Imperforate, depressed, lightly striate, white with five brown
bands, more or less interrupted with white, the intervening spaces
maculated with corneous; spire slightly elevated, apex corneous,
smooth, obtuse ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last wide, descend-
ing anteriorly ; aperture oblique, rotund lunar, showing the bauds
within; peristome expanded, adnate at base. Diam. 13-18 mill.

Minorca, Balearic Is.

H. BEAUMIERI Mousson. PL 44, figs. 12-14.

Imperforate, globose depressed, thin, slightly striate, and with
light spiral lines, evanescent at the base ; whitish with five rufous
interrupted bands, the upper two usually confluent, those on base
narrow; spire obtuse, convex, not conic; whorls 4J, the last large,
strongly and abruptly descending at aperture, subinflated, rotund

HELIX. 149

and tumid at base ; aperture very oblique, transversely round-ovate ;
peristome expanded, subreflcxed, thickened within, the margins
considerably converging, joined by a callus. Diam. 24 mill.

Morocco.

H. RAYMONDI Moquin. PI. 44, figs. 10, 11.

Imperforate, globose depressed, subsolid, yellowish white, with
five subequal faint bauds; spire slightly elevated, apex obtuse;
whorls 4J, the last strongly deflected anteriorly; aperture very
oblique, rotund-lunar; peristome labiate, margins converging and
joined by callus, expanded, and adnate at base. Diam. 20 mill.

Province of Oran, Algiers.

Morelet's H. desfontanea is a synonym.

H. VERMICULOSA Morelet. PL 44, figs. 15-17.

Subperforate, turbinate, globose, solid, densely sculptured with
undulating, anastomosing wrinkles, lustreless, dirty yellowish givy.
more or less distinctly fasciate with wide irregular brown or yellow-
ish bands, five in number ; spire somewhat turreted, apex dark col-
ored ; whorls over 4, convex, the last inflated, descending, aperture
circular, porcelain white within, very oblique ; peristome narrowly
expanded, margins approaching ; columellar margin reflexed.

Diam. 25, alt. 22 mill.

Hir, Province of Sus, Morocco.

Comparable to Pomotia ma~.zulii in aspect, but probably more
nearly related to the present group.

Unfigured species of Maeularia.

H. omphalophora Dut. Corsica.

H. aecouria Let. et. Bourg. Tunis.

H. nitefacta, toukriana, maltarica, seiynetti of Bourguignat. Algiers.
H. catharolena, simocheila, canto;, chorista, tiranoi, lueentumensis,

pelopica, and engastora, Bourg. Spain.

H. sevil/ensis Servain, Seville.

Section IV. ALLOGNATHUS Pilsbry, 1888.

The only member of the group Pentatcenia, as far as known, in
which the jaw is wholly devoid of the strong ribs characteristic of
that division. The type and only species, H. grateloupi has been
classed by some authors in Leptaxis, by others in Maeularia. From
both groups it differs in characters of shell and animal.

150 HELIX.

H. GRATELOUPI Graells, 1846. PJ. 48, figs. 94, 95.

Imperforate, depressed globular, rather thin, shining, whitish-
corneous, or suffused with light brown, with five distinct narrow
chestnut-brown bands, frequently interrupted, or broken into nearly
separate mac illations, very lightly obliquely striate ; whorls 4, con-
vex, very rapidly increasing, the last rotund, gently descending
anteriorly ; aperture rounded-lunar, very oblique, its margins con-
verging, joined by a transparent parietal callus ; peristome thin,
acute, slightly expanded, regularly arcuate, columellar margin con-
cave, adnate to the rather inflated base, and slightly tinged with
brown. Diam. 21, alt. 16 mill.

Majorca, Balearic Is.

H. tessellata Fer. and H. graellsiana Pfr. are synonyms.

Section V, HEMICYCLA Swainson, 1840.

This group of large Helices is intermediate in conchological
characters between Macularia and Leptaxis, and rather closely allied
to both. In distribution it is restricted to the Canary Archipelago,
no species being found outside the limits of that group ; and it is
the most prominent form of Helix in the mollusk fauna of those
islands, occupying them to the exclusion of Iberus, Leptaxis and
(almost) of Macularia. Several species very similar to recent forms
are found fossil in central European mioceue deposits, associated
with Macularia, Clausilia, Melanopsis, etc.

There is a similarity between some species of Hemicycla (such as
H. malleata) and certain West Indian forms of Deutellaria, (H.
obesa, H. dentiens) ; this resemblance is more likely to be due to con-
vergence of type, caused by similar environments than to any close
relation or connection between these specialized forms ; and the same
may be safely said of the superficial likeness which the African Macu-
laria jobaeana bears to the West Indian Dentellaria formosa, etc.

The species of Hemicycla are very numerous, and frequently sep-
arated by characters so slight as to render it very likely that the
number of species bonce would be considerably reduced by a critical
study of the intermediate forms and the variations produced by
peculiarities of station, hypsometical distribution, etc. Such a study
however, we are not likely to have as long as the great majority of
land-shell specialists pursue the intensely analytical methods now in
voo-ue.

III'LIX. 151

In the treatment of the species I have generally followed Jules
Mabille, whose paper, "Materiaux pour une fauna malacoloyique des
iles Canaries" is the most recent and complete publication on the
subject. A number of descriptions have been taken from Mousson,
and from Wollaston.

H. PLICARIA Lamarck, 1816. PL 49, figs. 51, 52.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, opaque, corneous brown, lighter
below, unicolored, or with very obscure darker bands above, about
three in number, and sometimes a fourth just below the periphery ;
obliquely costate with elevated separated coarse ribs ; frequently
split or slightly interrupted upon the periphery, and which are
crenulated by very numerous dense fine spiral impressed lines, which
scarcely or not at all cut the surface between the ribs ; whorls 4,
moderately convex, regularly increasing, the apex nearly smooth,
large, obtuse, first two whorls much smoother than balance of shell,
body-whorl obtusely subangular at its beginning, becoming rounded
and rather tumid and gibbous below as it approaches its termination,
abruptly, deeply deflexed and deeply constricted behind the aper-
ture ; aperture very oblique, contracted, small, irregularly oval;
peristome white, very broadly, flatly expanded, its terminations some-
what converging, joined by a thin callus; basal margin thickened
within by a slightly tortuous lamellar denticle, appressed over the
umbilical region, which is but slightly or not at all indented.

Diam. 22, alt. 14 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

H. plicatula Lam., H. orbiculata Wood, H. planorbula Gray are
synonymous. Some authors have included several allied forms under
the name plicaria, but attention to the above diagnosis will enable
any one to separate them. The sculpture of the ribs is very charac-
teristic.

H. BENTHENCOURTIANA Shuttleworth, 1853. PI. 50, figs. 60, 61.

In form and appearance similar to H. plicaria, but distinguished
by the thin shell, narrow (often subobsolete) bands, regularly spaced
incremental costre, which are less developed than in plicaria, and
without the secondary sculpture of incised lines shown by that spe-
cies ; the interspaces between costre are finely striate; the young
shell is pilose.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

152 HELIX.

P

H. SARCOSTOMA Webb et Berthelot, 1832. PI. 49, figs. 49, 50.

Imperforate, globosely depressed, solid, flesh-tinted or yellowish r
with- four dark frequently interrupted bands, sometimes obsolescent,
the whole surface, including apex, covered by an extremely minute
dense granulation, rather obscurely irregularly obliquely striate,
sometimes with inconspicuous vermiform anastomosing reticulating
wrinkles upon the last whorl, upon which are short white marks in
the direction of the whorls ; apex rather obtuse ; sutures well-marked ;
whorls 5, the outer rapidly increasing and wide, rounded, tumid,
especially below, deeply descending to the aperture ; not constricted ;
aperture very oblique, rotund-lunate; peristome very widely expanded
and flattened, pale fleshy-white colored, very regularly arched, its
margins converging and joined by a thin callus, appressed over the
umbilical -tract, and very slightly thickened within, scarcely sub-
dentate. Diam. 30, alt. 20 mill.

Ins. Lanzarote, Fnertaventnra and Grand Canary.

Specimens of 25 mill, cliam. or less are frequent. I see nothing
more than varietal characters in the following form, but admit it
provisionally at this time.

H. THAUMALEA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, figs. 87, 88.

Shell subglobose, solid, somewhat opaque, striate, all over very
finely granulate and superficially obscurely crispato-malleate,
smoother below, ruddy with scattered white spots and four or five
brown or blackish bands more or less intense and interrupted ; spire
convexo-depressed, apex reddish, obtuse, shining, rugose-punctate ;
whorls 5, the last most rapidly increasing, separated by impressed
sutures ; body-whorl very large, rounded-tumid, inflated below,
slightly descending and deflexed at aperture ; aperture very oblique,
lunate, suboblong-ovate, the ends subapproximating, joined by a
callus ; peristome thick, dilated, reflexed, whitish, tinted with yellow,
strongly thickened within, columellar margin contorted, shining,
appressed, with an elongate lamellose tooth.

Diam. 31-33, alt. 14-1 6 mill.

Ins. Lanzarote and Fuertaventura, Canaries.

Shell thicker than H. sarcostoma ; spire more depressed ; the um-
bilical callus is very heavy and livid white in color.

H. PAETELIANA Shuttleworth, 1859. PI. 50, fig. 80.

Imperforate, depressed conoid-globose, thin, striulate, and slightly
granulate, shining, fulvous olivaceous, ornamented with five deep

HELIX. 155

brown bands ; spire conic, rather obtuse ; whorls 5, slightly convex,
the last inflated, deflexed anteriorly ; aperture large, oblique,
rounded lunate, submargaritaceous within ; peristome thin, labiate
with flesh-color, margins converging, the right briefly reflexed, the
columellar dilated, adnate. Diam. 24, alt. 15 mill.

Ins. Fu&rtaventura, Canaries-

A very rare species, which Wollaston believes to be the same as a
large variety of H. pouchet. It is probably, however, distinct. My
description is a translation of Pfeiffer's.

H. CHERSA Mabille, 1882. PI. 49, figs. 32, 33.

Imperforate, depressed orbicular, solid, opaque, scarcely shining,,
grayish rufescent, with equidistant laminar costuke, the interstices
rugose or minutely granulate, sometimes with a brown line around
the periphery ; spire depressed conic, apex large obtuse, rugulose ;
whorls 4-5, the upper slowly, the remainder very rapidly increasing,
separated by a linear suture, becoming impressed at outer whorl ;
body-whorl large, carinate, compresso-inflated toward the aperture,,
convex below, briefly, suddenly descending ; aperture lunate, elon-
gate-ovate, margins approximating, peristome livid, broadly and
flatly expanded, acute, subreflexed, thickened within, outer margin
regularly curved, the columella substraightened, with a long sub-
denticle within, and appressed at the Insertion.

Diam. 23, alt. 10 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

Intermediate between plicaria and benthencourtiana ; differing
from the first in the more depressed shell, with smoother costa?, the
intervals transversely wrinkled and presenting traces of hairs, the
the thicker shell, dilated last whorl, and form of the aperture; from
the second, the thick shell, depressed-angulate form, and different
sculpture separate it.

H. BATHYCOMA Mabille, 1882. PI. 48, figs. 98, 99.

Imperforate, depressed subglobose, rather thick, opaque, scarcely
shining, brown, with four deeper colored bands, costulate-striate,
young densely squamosely pilose, adults asperate with squamose
granulations; spire convex, apex rugose, obtuse, purplish; whorls
4J-5, convexo-depressed, regularly, rapidly increasing, separated by
impressed sutures; body-whorl large, rounded, anteriorly constricted,
rapidly descending ; aperture oblique, lunate, wide, irregular oblong-
lunate, margins subapproximating ; peristome acute, deeply labiate
within, purplish flesh-colored, broadly reflexed, outer margin arcuate,

154 HELIX.

joining the basal at a more or less conspicuous angle, basal margin
straightened thick, adnate, appressed at its insertion, and with a
lamina within. Diam. 22-23, alt. lOi-11 mill.

Environs of Telde, Ins. Grand Canary.

H. EUCALYPTA Mabille, 1883. PI. 49, fig. 37.

Shell subglobose depressed, imperforate, scarcely shining, corneous
yellowish or reddish, costulate striate, asperate with minute gran-
ules, five-fasciate, the upper bands maculate ; spire conic, apex
obtuse, more or less deeply purpled-tinted, rugose: whorls 5-5a,
regularly, rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures ; body-
whorl large, compressed at the suture, rounded at periphery, grad-
ually descending at aperture, subconstricted behind the peristome ;
aperture oblique, lunate, ovate-elongate ; peristome a little thickened,
expanded, in very old specimens very greatly thickened, and broadly
reflexed, margins subdistant, the outer regularly curved, joining
with an angle the straight basal margin, which is callous, adnate,
and bears a slightly thick lamina within, in old individuals much
thickened. Diam. 22-24, alt. 12-14 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

H. SABINIANA Mabille, 1883. PI. 48, figs. 3, 4.

Half-covered umbilicate, depressed orbicular-convex, striate,
scarcely shining, asperate with granules deposited in series, rufous,
five-fasciate, and lineolate with white at the suture, below greenish,
shining, apex red, granulose, crispate, shining; whorls 5j, regularly
increasing, suture distinct, body-whorl large, obscurely rounded-
subangulate at its origin, becoming rounded, a little shortly descend-
ing and subcoustricted behind the peristome ; aperture oblique,
lunate, ovate-rounded ; peristome acute, slightly thickened, reflexed,
margins distant, joined by a thin callus, the outer slightly excavated,
the columellar concave, appressed, callously reflexed at the insertion
half covering the umbilicus. Diam. 23, alt. 12 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

H. ZELOTA Mabille, 1883. PL 49, fig. 30.

Imperforate, depressed orbiculate-convex, slightly thickened,
solid, opaque, destitute of cuticle or lustre, dull rufous, costulate
striate, with granules, especially conspicuous on the last whorl, and
deposited in series ; spire depressed mamillate, apex large, rugose or
nearly smooth ; whorls 4J-5, regularly increasing, suture slightly
impressed; body-whorl large, a little tumid and angulate at its

HELIX. 155

origin, becoming rotund compressed, below obliquely compressed, a
little descending at aperture; aperture oblique, lunate, small, ovate
or ovate-triangular; peristome subthickened, reflexed, acute, basal
margin armed with a thin lamina. Diam. 21, alt. 11 mill.

Ins. Grand ( 'u/iuri/.

This species, found only in a fossil state, is separated from its
allies by the lesser development of the last whorl, the large, obtuse
apex, smaller aperture, thin peristome, and decided compression of
the base.

H. EPHEDROPHILA Mabille, 1883. PI. 48, figs. 21, 22.

Imperforate, depressed-convex, thick, solid, opaque, scarcely shin-
ing, distinctly costulate-striate, obscurely submalleate, under the
lens minutely granulate ; spire convex, apex minute, punctate, obtuse,
shining, reddish ; whorls 5-5J, regularly, rapidly increasing, sutures
linear but distinct; body-whorl large, compressed-rotund, descending
briefly and suddenly at the aperture, slightly constricted, not gib-
bous; aperture small, oblique, lunate, oblong-subrhomboidal, mar-
gins subconverging, joined by a thin livid callus; peristome thickened,
reflexed, outer margin subnodulous, excavated, curved, appearing
sinuous, basal margin lengthily appressed, callous, with an internal
dentiform, short, tortuous lamina, columella short, tortuous, ap-
pressed over the umbilicus. Diam. 21, alt. 11 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.
H. THEMERA Mabille, 1883. PI. 49, fig. 38.

Imperforate, depressed-subglobose, solid, a little shining, and
ornamented, under a yellowish, transparent, very evanescent cuticle,
with stripe and irregular malleations, especially upon the last whorl;
color brown, five fasciate; spire small, convex, apex subacute, ob-
scurely rugose, purplish; whorls 5-5'., rapidly increasing, separated
by impressed sutures; body- whorl large, compressed-rounded, a little
dilated and strongly descending anteriorly; aperture oblique, lunate,
oblong-subquadrate, margins subapproximating; peristome thick-
ened, labiate within, reflexed, outer margin sinuately arcuate, basal
margin straightened, thickened, armed with a long denticle, lengthily
adnate on the base, appressed at the insertion over the umbilicus.

Diam. 13, alt. 8 mill.

Barranca Angostura, Ins. Grand Canary.

H. RIPROCHI Mabille, 1882. PI. 48, figs. 7, 8.

Imperforate, slightly convex-orbiculate, striate, decussate, espe-
cially around the suture of last whorl, finely, regularly marked

156 HELIX.

with white vermicular raalleations, punctate, everywhere minutely
granulate, with five interrupted violaceous bands ; spire subpromi-
nent, apex obtuse, shining, punctulate-rugose, purplish ; whorls 4>
very rapidly increasing, separated by distinct sutures; body-whorl
large, compressed rotund, subconstricted, rapidly descending ; aper-
ture oblique, lunate, long ovate, slightly narrowed, margins sub-
parallel, not approximating, much thickened, labiate within, convo-
lutely reflexed, rosy tinted, outer margin sinuous, basal margin
straightened, lengthily adnate, planulate, with a strong lamina
within, and a heavy appressed callus at the insertion.

Diam. 25-28, alt. 11-13 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

The cuticle is very thin, corneous, usually yellowish, sometimes
very bright, and exfoliates with great facility. The shell has some
resemblance to H. consobrina.

H. JANTHINA Mabille, 1883. PL 48, figs. 1, 2.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid, somewhat thickened, a
little shining, reddish, under a very evanescent, thin, yellowish
cuticle, paler beneath, ornamented with five brown bands, (the
second and third ordinarily coalescent), more or less interrupted
with yellow spots, costulate-striate, all over malleate and under the
lens minutely granulate; spire conic, apex obtuse, rugose-punctulate,
bright, purplish ; whorls 5, convex, regularly, very rapidly increas-
ing, separated by subirnpressed sutures ; body-whorl large, rotund-
tumid, obscurely subconstricted at aperture, slightly gibbous, regu-
larly descending ; aperture oblique, lunate, wide oblong-ovate,
fauces bluish-white, margins subdistant ; peristome thickened, re-
flexed, rose-tinted, outer margin sinuately incurved, basal substraight-
ened, with a broad appressed callus at the insertion, and a strong,
elevated, dentiform lamina, columella short, obliquely tortuous.

Diam. 24-26, alt. 11-12 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary-

Allied to the preceding species.

H. GRAVID A Mousson, 1872.

Imperforate, solid, conic-globose-depressed, striate, rudely mal-
leate, destitute of cuticle and color; spire widely conoid, apex small,
smooth ; suture closely subimpressed ; whorls 5, first sensibly increas-
ing, flattened, the last somewhat descending, subinflated around the
suture, rounded, declivous above, subturgid below; aperture very

HELIX. 157

oblique, transverse lunate-oval ; peristome obtuse, very thick, convex-
reflexed, sublabiate witliin, margins subremote, joined by a rather
thick callus, the upper and lower subparallel, the basal thickened,
with a long dentiform callus inside, widely expanded, appressed and
callous at insertion. Diam. 33, alt. 24 mill. (Mousson.')

Ins. Fuertaventura, Canaries.

A rare sub-fossil species, said to be somewhat intermediate between
the lactea and sarcostoma types.

H. BATHYCAMPA Mabille, 1883. PL 47, figs. 84, 85.

Imperforate, subglobose, rather thick, somewhat shining, rudely
striate, and under a lens minutely granulate, yellowish rufous or
purplish, with five bands often interrupted with yellowish macula-
tions; apex obtuse, rugose, purplish; whorls 5, very rapidly increas-
ing, separated by impressed sutures, the last large, tumid-rounded,
convex below and above, slightly compressed at the suture, slightly
constricted at the aperture, and strongly, suddenly deflexed anterior-
ly; aperture oblique, lunate, ovate-rounded, the ends approximating;
peristome thickened, broadly reflected and flattened, rufous, colu-
mella margin subreflexed, with a dentiform lamella.

Diam. 29, alt. 18 mill. Fuertaventura, Canaries.

The shell is thinner than in H. sarcostoma, and the sculpture
different.

H. SUBGRAVIDA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 86.

Imperforate, solid, thick, subglobose-depressed, entirely covered
with minute points and scarcely apparent costulations ; spire conic,
a,pex minute, obtuse; whorls 5, slightly convex, irregularly increas-
ing, suture na*rrowly impressed ; body-whorl large, angled in front
of the aperture, but becoming swollen and rounded, anteriorly briefly
deflexed ; aperture oblique, lunate, irregularly ovate ; peristome
widely reflexed, slightly thickened within, the ends subconverging,
joined by a conspicuous callus; columellar margin nearly straight,
provided with an elongated tooth, widely expanded over the umbil-
ical tract. Diam. 30, alt. 17 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

Compare H. r/ravida Mouss.

H. BAKCKERIANA Mabille, 1883. PI. 40, fig. 10.

Imperforate, depressed, thick, solid, scarcely shining, destitute of
color and epidermis, but with three or four obscure rufous bauds,

158 JII-LIX.

striate and coarsely crispate-nmlleate ; spire convex, subprominent,
apex minute, subrugose; whorls 5-5s, first planato-convex, rapidly
and regularly increasing, last very rapidly increasing ; suture im-
pressed especially at last whorl ; body whorl large, rounded, below
slightly flattened, toward aperture slightly dilated, briefly descend-
ing, subconstricted at the peristome ; aperture oblique, lunate,
oblong ; peristome obtuse, reflexed ; ends not converging, connected
by a slightly heavy callus, basal margin nearly straight, callous,
Avith a long internal tooth.

Qnatenary of Ins. Grand Canary, near Agaete.
Allied to the preceding.

H. CACOPISTA Mabille, 188-3. PI. 48, figs. 5, 6.

Imperforate, depressed conic, subthickene'l, without epidermis,
yellowish ruddy, with five white-dotted rufous bands ; apex minute,
obtuse, granulate, concolored ; whorls 5 5, scarcely convex, sub-
irregularly increasing, separated by distinct sutures ; the last large,
slightly angular, subplanulate below, briefly deflexed at aperture ;
aperture lunate-oblique, ovate-elongate ; peristome subthickened
within, widely expanded, subfragile, acute, ends converging, con-
nected by a thin callus ; basal margin slightly incurved, with a
long appressed callus ; columella short, tortuous, with a strong um-
bilical callus, and a lamelliform, elevated, straight tooth.

Diam. 26, alt. 12 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Grand Canary, near Agaete.

H. CATEUCTA Mabille, 1883. PI. 47, fig. 82.

Imperforate, depressed subglobose, thick, destitute^ cuticle, shin-
ing, yellowish, with four rufous spiral bands, maculated with white;
spire conic, apex minute, nearly smooth, concolored; whorls 6, first
plano-convex, last very rapidly increasing, separated by distinct
sutures; body-whorl large, rounded, subflattened below; aperture
oblique, oblong-lunate, peristome thickened, reflexed, its ends sub-
approximating, joined by a thin callus; columellar margin nearly
straight, widely adnate, subexcavated, with a lamellose (denticle.

Diam. 35, alt. 18J mill.

Quarternary of Ins. Grand Canary, near Agaete.

Whorls of the spire flatter than in H. sitbgravida, the last not
angular and more dilated.

HELIX. 159 1

H. JUSTINI Mal>ille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 79.

Imperforatef depressed-conic, solid, striate, destitute of cuticle and
color, not malleate nor granulate, spire conic, moderately elevated,
apex minute, obtuse, whorls 5, sub-depressed, a little rounded, the
first three regularly, rapidly, the last very rapidly increasing; suture
very distinct; body-whorl large, angulate, anteriorly obliquely
roundly subcompressed, much constricted and abruptly descending
at the aperture, convex-inflated below; aperture lunate, oblique,
irregularly transverse-oval; peristome thickened, obtuse, dentate,
margins joined by a thick callus, outer margin sinuous, bidentate,
columellar nearly straight, oblique, widely expanded over and
wholly covering the umbilicus. Diam. 21, alt. 13 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, near the light-house of Anaga.

H. poirieri Mabille, is a synonym.

Intermediate between H. _poc/ie and H. bi<J> ///<///*. The teeth
of the outer lip are stronger than in If. bidentalis more oblique in
direction, and obstructing the aperture more; basal margin is less
oblique, thicker, etc. The shell is neither malleate, like H. bidentalis
nor granulate, as in H. pouchet.

H. HELYGAIA Mabille, 1882. PL 47, fig. 68.

Imperforate, depressed-conic, solid, destitute of color or cuticle,
coarsely striate, and in well preserved examples with fine microscopic
decurrent lines ; spire widely convex, apex obtuse ; whorls 4J, a
little convex, rapidly (especially the outer) increasing, separated by
impressed sutures ; body-whorl large, turgid, visibly augulate, com-
pressed before the aperture, suddenly descending and constricted at
the aperture ; aperture oblique, lunate, small, somewhat subquadrate,
peristome thickened, subdentate in the middle, margins subconverg-
ing, joined by a subthickened callus ; columellar margin longly
appressed, excavated, adnate and callous at its insertion, uniting
with the sinuous outer lip with a decided angle.

Diam. 25-28, alt. 14 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe near Anaga.

Allied to H. pouchet, but differing in the more regularly increas-
ing whorls, less prominent spire, thick peristome, and more devel-
oped process on the outer lip.

H. CACOPLASTA Mabille, 1882. PL 47, fig. 75.

Imperforate, subdepressed-globulose, thick, opaque, destitute of col-
or and cuticle, obtusely angular at the periphery, not malleate nor

160 HELIX.

granulate, irregularly striate ; spire convexo-conic, slightly promi-
nent, apex obtuse, smooth ; whorls OL>, convexly rounded, regularly,
rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures; body-whorl
large, compressed-rotund in front of the aperture, becoming rotund-
tumid, somewhat constricted behind the aperture, turgid below,
briefly, rapidly descending ; aperture slightly oblique, lunate, wide
oblong-subrotund, margins subdistant, joined by a callus ; peristome
thick, scarcely reflected, labiate within, exterior margin sinuous,
columellar adnate, obliquely thickened, with an appressed callus
and slightly excavated at the insertion of the callus.

Diam. 30, alt. 18 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, at the lighthouse of Anagu.

May be distinguished by its very depressed form and rounded
whorls, the body-whorl slightly angular at its origin, and the small,
regular aperture.

H. CALLIPONA Mabille, 1882. PL 52, fig. 68.

Imperforate, conoid-subglobose, opaque, destitute of cuticle and
color, densely costulate-striate ; spire conic, apex obtuse, smooth ;
whorls 6, convexly sloping, regularly, very rapidly increasing,
separated by impressed sutures ; body-whorl large, carinate, more
or less compressed-rotund, below convex, at the aperture deflexed,
subconstricted ; aperture oblique, rather small, lunate, oblong-rotund,
margins subdistant, joined by a thin callus, peristome thick, labiate,
oonvolutely reflexed, margins well-curved, the columellar oblique,
adnate, with a wide appressed callus at the insertion.

Diam. 28-30, alt. 16-17 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, at the lighthouse of Anaga.

Compared with H. cacoplasta this species is less depressed, more
globulose, whorls more rounded, less sloping, striatiou stronger, less
regular, aperture rounder, peristome thicker.

H. PERRIEEI Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 77.

Imperforate, depressed-conic, thick, opaque, destitute of color and
cuticle, subacutely carinated, appearing under a strong lens finely
decussated, costulately striate ; spire conic, slightly elevated, apex
obtuse, punctulate ; whorls 5'., convexly sloping, rapidly increasing,
especially the outer ones, separated by linear sutures; body-whorl
large, angulate, becoming compresso-dilated, below convex turgid,
constricted at aperture, and suddenly deflected : aperture subhori-
zontal, lunate, oblong-ovate, margins distant, joined by a thick

HELIX. 161

callus ; peristome thick, bilabiate, reflexed, columellar margin
adnate, thickened, appressed at the insertion of the callus.

Diam. 30, alt. 14J mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, at the lighthouse of Ana ga.

Allied to verneani and cacoplasta. The peculiar compressed form
of the body-whorl is very characteristic.

H. VERNKAUI Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 70.

Imperfbrate, subglobose-depressed, solid, opaque, destitute of color
and cuticle, obliquely, arcuately plicato-striate ; spire conic, sub-
prominent, apex obtuse, substriate ; whorls 5-6, subrounded, rapidly
increasing, especially the last, separated by simple narrowly im-
pressed sutures ; body-whorl large, angulate, compressed above,
turgid toward the aperture (carina evanescent) and slightly con-
stricted, slightly inflated below, suddenly and shortly deflected ;
aperture somewhat oblique, wide lunate-ovate ; peristome thick,
subbilabiate, acutely reflexed, margins subapproximating, the outer
curved, the columellar well curved, adnate, appressed at the insertion
of the callus. Diam. 28-30, alt, 14-15 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, near the lighthouse of Anaga.

H. IDRYTA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 80.

Imperforate, depressed-conic, destitute of color and cuticle, opaque,
striate, and with indistinct decurrent stride, obscurely subgranulose,
spire conic, apex minute, obtuse, punctate; whorls 5, slightly de-
pressed, regularly and rapidly increasing; suture impressed, especially
at last whorl ; body- whorl large, angulate, laterally compressed be-
fore the aperture, abruptly descending and constricted at the peri-
stome, convexo-inflated below; aperture oblique, lunate, irregularly
ovate; peristome double, reflexed, margins converging, the outer
sinuous tuberculate, angulate, the columella thick, broadly appressed,
expanded over the umbilicus. Diam. 19-25, alt. 12A-13 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, near Anaga.

Distinguished from its congeners by the nearly effaced strife and
slight granulation, the development of the linguaform duplication
on the outer lip, the marked angulation of the body- whorl, and the
wide, excavated columellar margin, smooth and rounded inside.

H. HEDONJCA Mabille, 1882. PL 47, fig. 83.

Imperforate, depressed-conic-subglobose, solid, destitute of cuticle
and color, costulate-striate and irregularly minutely malleate, spire
cenvexo-conic, apex obtuse, rugose-punctate ; whorls 5, slightly con-
11

162 HELIX.

vex, irregularly, the last very rapidly, increasing, separated by
impressed sutures; last whorl large, angular, laterally compressed,
obliquely turgid before, below flattened turgid, suddenly deflexed
mid constricted at the aperture; aperture slightly oblique, lunate,
oblong-subquadrate, margins subconvergiug, joined by a thin callus;
peristome obtuse, subreflexed, thickened, the columellar margin
nearly straight, excavated inside, adnate at the insertion of the
callus, outer margin regularly curved.

Diam. 24-27, alt. 12-14 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Tzneriffe, near Anaga.

Differs from H. helygaia in the very pronounced gibbosity of the
last whorl, the smallness of the aperture, thinner peristome, and less
convex whorls of the spire.

H. GALDARICA Mabille, 1883. PL 49, fig. 26.

Imperforate, depressed-convex, rather thick and solid, costulate-
striate, under a lens very finely granulate, destitute of luster and
cuticle, above reddish brown, with more or less intense zones which
are covered with white points; spire conic, apex obtuse, mamillate,
rugose-striate, whorls 5 2, rather convex, regularly, rapidly increas-
ing, separated by impressed sutures; body-whorl large, flatly rounded,
obtusely angled at periphery, descending, subdilated, and deeply
constricted at the aperture, subplanulate below; aperture oblique,
widely ovate-elongate, lunate, peristome subthickened within, white,
very widely expanded, subreflexed, fragile, acute, the margins sub-
approximating, joined by a rather thick callus, the basal margin
substraighteued, with a prominent thick contorted tooth within.

Diam. 33, alt. 16 mill. Ins. Grand Canary.

Spire more elevated and prominent, suture more marked, sculp-
ture of last whorl more regular than in If. agaetana.

H. LEDRUI Mabille, 1885. PI. 40, fig. 12.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid, opaque, destitute of epider-
mis, ornamented with four bands of reddish brown, frequently
interrupted, and striate, especially at the sutures, lightly granulate
and a little decussated; spire convex; apex minute, smooth, shining;
whorls 5s, slightly convex, irregularly increasing, suture well im-
pressed ; last whorl very large, angular, but deprived of the angle
toward the aperture, and suddenly deflected, somewhat constricted ;
aperture lunate, subhorizontal, irregular oblong; peristome widely
reflected, upper and lower margins subparallel, not converging,

HELIX. 163

connected by a thin callus, basal margin straight, thickened within,
with a long tooth, a little tuberculate. Diam. 27, alt. 15 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Grand Canary, near Agaete.
The more salient characters are the solidity, the serrate striation
and the obscure malleation. The granulation is visible only under
a lens.

H. ETHELEMA Mabille, 1882. PL 49, fig. 31.

Imperforate, depressed-subglobose, thick, scarcely shining, yellow-
ish, tinged slightly with red, irregularly striate, and densely, finely,
granulate, with five indistinct narrow, somewhat interrupted brown
bands; spire subconvex, apex obtuse, shining, grauulose; whorls 5,
the outer very rapidly increasing, the first two subplanulate, separat-
ed by distinct, sometimes crenulated sutures; aperture oblique,
lunate, oblong-ovate, margins subparallel, somewhat approximating,
joined by a white punctulate callus; peristome thick, broadly rather
flatly reflexed, columellar margin adnate, with a long tooth inside,
an appressed callus at the insertion and an obtuse angle at junction
with outer lip. Diam. 27, alt. 13 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

Allied somewhat with H. gomerensis; but with more elevated
spire, last whorl more angular, peristome much thickened and
dilated.

H. AGAETANA Mabille, 1883. PI. 46, figs. 64, 65.

Imperforate, subdepressed-globose, rather thick, solid, opaque,
greyish rufous, with three or four interrupted bands, color and
cuticle frequently deciduous, densely costulate-striate, and crispate-
malleate, above (under the lens) very minutely pustulose, below
flattened-turgid ; whorls 6, a little convex, regularly and rapidly
Increasing, separated by distinct sutures; body-whorl large, convexly
rounded, more or less angulate at the periphery, deeply deflexed at
the aperture, and strongly constricted at peristome ; aperture oblique,
lunate, irregularly subtriangular-ovate, peristome slightly thickened,
widely, flatly expanded, somewhat reflexed, thin, subfragile, dull
reddish or yellowish, margins converging, subapproximating, joined
by a conspicuous lamina, the outer subsinuous, basal somewhat
straight, adnate, with a prominent elongate, generally white lamelli-
form tooth. Diam. 28-30, alt. 14-16 mill.

Ins. Grand Canaty, near Agaete.

Allied to H. galdarica, but with the peristome of H. sarcostoma.

164 HELIX.

H. SAULCYI d'Orbiguy, 1839. PI. 49, figs. 45, 46.

Imperforate, globose-conic-depressed, rather solid, greyish, or
purplish without lustre, encircled by five bands of deep brown, the
supraperipheral and following bands generally confluent, the whole
surface covered with a fine netting or malleation formed by anas-
tomosing oblique wrinkles of white or light grey color, and a
secondary sculpture of microscopic granulations; apex and first 1 5
whorls dark brown, smooth, shining; suture linear, becoming im-
pressed near the aperture; whorls 4a, gradually increasing, the last
somewhat widened toward the aperture, with an indication of an
angle at its origin, gibbous below, abruptly and rather deeply de-
flexed anteriorly, and subconstricted behind the peristome; aperture
very oblique, oblong-lunate; peristome expanded, pinkish, arched
above and below, the ends converging, joined by a scarcely visible
yellowish parietal callus ; basal margin appressed over the umbilical
tract, obviously dentately thickened within.

Diam. 25, alt. 16 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

There is considerable variation in sculpture, the malleations being
sometimes arranged in more or less regular oblique series.

Var. TEMPERATA Moussou, 1872. PI. 49, figs. 47, 48.

Shell larger than H. saulcyi, spire less elevated, body-whorl more
angular, sculpture less coarse, columellar tooth smaller, peristome

more developed, thicker. Diam. 24, alt. 17 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

This form is closely allied to H. saulcyi, and is considered by
Wollaston to be merely a variety of that species.

H. BAIA Mabille, 1883. PI. 47, fig. 76.

Shell globose-depressed, imperfofate or subperforate, somewhat
thickened, very solid, destitute of color or cuticle, coarsely malleate,
the malleations disposed in oblique series, strongly striate, the stride
interrupted ; spire elevated, convex, apex minute, smooth, concolor-
ed; whorls 5 2-6, convexo-depressed, subregularly, the outer very
rapidly, increasing; sutures impressed; last whorl large, rounded,
inflated, very suddenly and briefly descending anteriorly, subcon-
stricted at the aperture, inflato-couvex below; aperture oblique,
rotund-lunate, peristome thickened reflexed, acute, margins not con-
verging, joined by a well-marked callus, the basal margin sub-
straightened, adnate, with a lamellose tooth within.

Diam. 28-34, alt. 18J-2H mill.

Ins. Grand Canary; fossil.

HELIX.

This species presents the following differences from If. temperata;
the shell is smaller, more globose, whorls higher, striation more
marked, the sculpture is clearer, and accompanied with granules,
etc., etc. It is larger than H. saulcyi, more regularly sculptured,
whorls less rapidly increasing, and aperture rounder.

H. EMBRITHA Mabille, 1882. Unfigured.

Imperforate, conic-depressed, thick, subopaque, without cuticle or
color, rudely crispato-malleate, spire convex, prominent, apex smooth,
shining, obtuse ; whorls 5-6, first convex-sloping, the last compressed
rounded, regularly rapidly increasing, sepaftited by impressed
sutures; body-whorl large, angular in front of the aperture, becom-
ing round, deflexed anteriorly, constricted at the aperture, swollen
below ; aperture oblique, lunate, oblong, margins sub-distant, sub-
parallel, joined by a callus ; peristome thickened within, widely
reflexed, shining, subrevolute ; columellar margin adnate, strongly
thickened, appresed over umbilicus, nearly straight, armed with an
obtuse lamina. Diam. 27, alt. 16 mill.

Quaternary of Puerto-da-Luz, Ins. Grand Canary.

Most nearly allied to H. saulcyi, but may be distinguished by the
thicker shell, larger size, irregular malleation and the entire absence
of granulations ; from H. temperata the more depressed form and
more prominent spire separate it.

H.-CRYPSIDOMA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 71 .

Imperforate, subdepressed, orbiculate, solid, thick, opaque, covered
with sharp nialleations ; spire slightly convex, apex obtuse, shining,
rugulose ; Avhorls 5-5*,' slightly convex, inner regularly, the outer
very rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures ; body-\vhorl
large, angular at its origin, becoming turgid-rounded, subconstricted
and briefly deflected at the aperture, slightly tumid below ; aperture
lunate, oblique ovate-oblong, margins acute, the columella adnate,
appressed, provided with a dentiform lamina.

Diam. 27, alt. 16 mill.

Quaternary of Puerto-da-Luz, Grand Canary.

More depressed, thicker, with less prominent spire than H. saul-
cyi, and peristome more developed.

H. STULTA Mabille, 1883. PI. 47, fig. 69.

Imperforate, subglobose-depressed, thick, solid, opaque, destitute
of color and cuticle, coarsely reticulato-malleate ; spire conic, apex
obtuse, smooth ; whorls 5-5 2, first convex, regularly, the last rapidly

166 HELIX.

increasing ; suture impressed ; body-whorl large, turgid, inflated,,
rounded at periphery, descending and subconstricted at aperture ;
aperture slightly oblique, lunate, transverse oblongo-subquadrate,
margins subremote, joined by a shining calcareous lamina ; peristome
patulous, broadly reflexed, acute, thickened within, external margin
sinuous, columellar margin with an adnate callus, appressed at its
insertion, with a strong elongated tooth inside.
Diam. 35, alt. 18 mill.

Foxsil at Puerto-da- Luz, Grand Canary Is.

H. CARTA Mabille, 1882. PL 47, fig. 89.

Shell subglobose-conic-depressed, thick, opaque, striate and rudely
malleate; spire conic, prominent, apex obtuse, smooth; whorls 5,
convex, regularly, rapidly increasing, separated by distinct sutures,
the last large, rounded, slightly dilated and turgid anteriorly, convex
below; aperture oblique, lunate, oblong-ovate, margins subdistant;
peristome acute, reflexed, thickened within, outer margin sinuous,,
columella thickened, expanded and appressed over the umbilicus,,
within strongly lamellose-dentate. Diam. 29-31, alt. 16-18 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary, fossil in quaternary of Puerto-da-Luz.

Compared with H. temperata the size of H. carta is larger, the last
whorl less globular, the body-whorl obviously angular in front, and
it lacks granulation.

H. RETRODENS Mousson, 1872. PI. 50, figs. 68, 69.

Imperforate, globose-convex, scarcely angled, strongly striate, in
part elongate malleate, shining, nearly destitute of cuticle, very pale
brownish-olive, white below, with three indistinct bands, interrupted
with streaks of white ; spire obtuse, subconoidal, apex rather large,
obtuse, grauulose-rugose ; sutures subimpressed; whorls 4?, slightly
convex, the last rapidly, deeply deflexed anteriorly, gibbously in-
flated and constricted behind the aperture; aperture contracted,
very oblique, white, subcircularly trigonal; peristome thickened,
white, acute, broadly, flatly reflexed, the margins subconverging,
joined by a thick callus, the basal with a heavy callus at the inser-
tion, and a recurved pliciforin tooth. Diam. 17, alt. 12 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

Related, according to Mabille, to H. paeteliana, differing in its
small size, augulation of last whorl, the excavation of the umbilical
tract, the strong stride, white spots, and the small aperture.

IIKI.IX. 167

H. POUCIIET Ferussac, 1821. PI. 49, figs. 53, 54; pi. 61, fig. 16; pL
52, figs. 69-71.

Shell imperforate, depressed subglobose, not shining, rather strong
and solid, uni colored brown, or with faint dark bands, the first,
narrow, subsutural, second and third above the periphery, generally
confluent, fourth immediately below the periphery; spire low conic,
apex obtuse; sutures impressed; whorls 4?, regularly increasing,
the last scarcely wider than the antepenultimate, but near the aper-
ture somewhat dilated, then strongly constricted and deeply deflexed;
first whorl not striate, very minutely granulate, nearly smooth; the
following more or less coarsely obliquely irregularly striate, the
strife and intervening spaces generally marked with extremely mi-
nute spiral impressed lines, and the whole surface irregularly gran-
ular, especially below ; the body-whorl at its beginning is angular
and rather compressed ; its last third is rounded, inflated, and gib-
bous below; aperture very oblique, rounded trigonal, white within;
peristome reflexed, much thickened, its margins converging, the upper
angularly arched, outer margin bearing an obtuse small dentiform
callus, generally inconspicuous, upon its face, lower margin straight-
ened, with a rather heavy subtruncate callus within, forming an angle
at junction with outer lip. Diam. 23, alt. 14 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

H. adansoni Webb et Berth, and H. pouchetl Mabille are syn-
onyms.
H. DESCULPTA Mousson, 1872.

Imperforate, conic or depressed-subglobose, with smooth (not in-
cised nor granulate) costulose stria?, destitute of color or cuticle;
spire convex, wide-conic, aperture obtuse, suture impressed, simple;
whorls 5, slightly convex, the last not abruptly descending, a little
inflated and constricted, w^ll rounded, not angulate, somewhat in-
flated below; aperture very oblique, small, coarctate, transversely
obtusely triangular; peristome thickened, broadly reflexed, margins
not approaching, joined by a callus, the basal subelongate, flatly
expanded and adnate at the insertion, joining the outer lip at au

angle. Diam. 21, alt. 16 mill.

Ins. Fuertaventura, Canaries.

A subfossil form, said to be intermediate between H. pouchet and
H. plicaria.

H. MODESTA Ferussac, 1819. PL 50, figs. 62-64.

Imperforate, solid, depressed, dark olivaceous or brown above,
shading into light yellow on the base, frequently with obscure ill-

168 HELIX.

defined darker bands, four or five in number; spire depressed convex-
conic, apex rather obtuse, obsoletely granulate; whorls 4%, coarsely
obliquely, irregularly striate, the last rudely, obviously malleate, at
its origin angulate, its last third rounded, inflated, widened in the
immediate vicinity of the aperture, then constricted, gibbous below,
deeply deflexed anteriorly; aperture very oblique, rounded trigonal;
peristome broadly reflected, pinkish gray, labiate with darker, its
ends converging and joined by a scarcely perceptible callus ; upper
margin well arched, subangular in the middle ; lower margin straight,
adnate, with a thick white lamella within, and joining the outer lip
at an angle. Diam. 19, alt. 12 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

H. paivana Lowe is a synonym.

May be separated from H. pouchet and other allies by the rude
rnalleation, and the lack of spiral impressed lines.

H. IDIOTRYPA Mabille, 1883. PL 48, figs. 12, 13.

Iinperforate, convex, depressed subglobose, solid, opaque, scarcely
shining, uniform whitish green, irregularly malleate and rugose,
plicate-striate ; spire convex, apex rugose, obtuse, decorticated,
unicolored ; whorls 5, first 3 flat, slowly increasing, the remainder a
little convex, rapidly widening, separated by linear suture, impressed
on last whorl; body-whorl large, subacutely angled, becoming
turgidly rounded toward the aperture, obliquely subdilated, scarcely
constricted, abruptly descending, flattened and shining below ;
aperture oblique, lunate, subquadrate-oval ; peristome a little
thickened, white-labiate within, acute, flatly expanded, margins
subcou verging, the columellar straightened, excavated, adnate.

Diam. 20, alt. 9i mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

H. MALLEATA Ferussac, 1821. PL 49, figs. 42, 44.

Imperforate, globosely-depressed, somewhat dilated transversely,
strong and solid, olivaceous brown, base lighter, generally with five
dark spiral bands, the second and third coalescent, the lower one
narrow 7 and faint ; spire somewhat conic, obtuse ; suture moderately
marked ; whorls 4j, regularly increasing, the first one or two reddish,
apparently nearly smooth, but finely granulate under the lens, the
balance irregularly obliquely striate, microscopically granulate,
rather finely and very regularly malleate; body-whorl angular at
its origin, but rounded and with very gibbous base on its last third,

ii LUX. 169

very abruptly deflexed at aperture, and grooved behind the peri-
stome ; aperture irregularly triangular-trilobate, the peristonu: white,
at the upper angle produced downward into a lobe or tooth, the
outer lip with a similar but narrower tooth, columellar margin
substraightened, thickened within, adnate to the gibbous base.

Diam. 20, alt. 14 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

Lamarck published this species asH.bidentalis before the descrip-
tion ofmalleata was published. But since the species is universally
known by the latter name it is scarcely advisable to change.

A well known and easily recognized species, quite variable in the
development of the peristome and in size ; extreme specimens meas-
ure: Diam. 24, alt. 16 mill., and forma minima, diam. 12 mill.

Var. NIVARI.E Wollaston.

Larger than the type ; body-whorl not keeled, less deflected
anteriorly ; aperture more triangular, peristome more thickened,
more reflexed, margins less converging, the basal more straightened,
the upper margin with the teeth nearly obsolete.

Diam. 22, alt. 13 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe.

H. GLASIANA Shuttle worth, 1852. PL 49, tigs. 40, 41.

Imperforate, depressed globose, solid, above grayish yellow, more
or less streaked and suffused with the dark coffee color of the bands,
which are five in number, the upper ones generally interrupted,
often broken into oblique streaks, the peripheral and lower bands
wider, usually continuous, base dull yellow; spire conic-convex, apex
obtuse; suture well marked; whorls 4-4^, the first minutely granu-
late, the following densely granulate, irregularly obliquely striate,
the stria? mostly broken into coarse granules, below the periphery
almost smooth; body-whorl not angular, well rounded, the last third
very gibbous below, widened toward the aperture, somewhat deflexed,
lightly constricted; aperture oblique trigonal,, subtrilobate; peri-
stome much thickened, narrowly reflected, bearing on the upper
outer margin an obtuse tubercular tooth, base adnate, wide, with a
a callous lamella within. Diam. 18-22, alt. 14-16 mill.

Ins. Grand Canari/.

H. pellis-lacerti Reeve (fig. 40.) and H. malleata var. b. Pfr., are
synonyms.

170 HELIX.

H. GLYCEIA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 78.

Imperforate, subglobose-depressed, thick, irregularly striate some-
times obscurely granulate; spire obtuse conic, apex mamillated
smooth; whorls 5, depresso- convex, sensibly increasing, separated
by linear sutures, the last large, angulate-rotund, abruptly, shortly
deflexed and obliquely dilated at the aperture, turgid below; aper-
ture oblique, lunate, irregularly subquadrate; peristome thick,
revolute, thickened within and without, margins not approaching,
joined by a thin callus, outer margin angularly curved, middle
tuberculate, the columellar margin longly appressed, thick, callous
at its insertion, and provided with a long lam'ellose tooth inside.

Diam. 26-30, alt. 15* mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, near the lighthouse of Anaga.

H. EMPEDA Mabille, 1883. PL 47, fig. 81.

Imperforate, opaque, striate-costulate ; spire conic, apex mamillate,
obtuse, puuctulate; whorls 5, convexly sloping, regularly, rapidly
increasing, separated by impressed sutures; body-whorl large, ro-
tund-inflated, obscurely angular at the periphery, at aperture com-
presso-declivous, slightly constricted, rapidly descending, turgid
below; aperture very oblique, lunate, irregularly rounded; margins
distant, peristome thick, somewhat reflexed, labiate within, external
margin obliquely subdeutate in the middle, angularly curved, base
arcuate, slightly excavated, feebly dentate; columella short, cover-
ing the umbilicus with a strong callus. Diam. 25, alt. 16 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Grand Canary.

Allied to H. glasiana and H.fritschi; from the former its greater
size, the elevation of its conical spire, and the thicker, more oblique
peristome distinguish it; from the latter, the curved base (straight
in H.fritschi}, and different armature of same, separate the present
species.

H. FRITSCHI Mousson, 1872. PL 50, fig. 91.

'Imperforate, globose or subdepressed globose, densely minutely
costulate-striate, the costulse subundulating, subgranulate, base
smoother; grayish green, paler beneath, with four violet-brown
bauds and scattered elongated small white spots ; spire obtusely
convex, apex flattened, corneous, rapidly increasing, minutely
granulate-rugose; suture lightly impressed, subirregular ; whorls 4,
the last large, rounded, rapidly descending, slightly subinflated and
subconstricted, below somewhat tumid ; aperture oblique, rounded-

HELIX. 171

triangular, showing the bands within ; peristome a little thickened,
shortly subreflexed, sublabiate within, margins not approximating,
the upper arcuately descending, sometimes with a small tubercle,
the basal, rather flattened, subcallous, straight within, expanded
and appressed at the insertion. Diam. 17-24 mill, alt. 13-18 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries.

The peristome usually bears traces of the teeth which are so
prominent in the preceding forms. From them, the globose, thin
shell at once separate it.

H. CONSOBRINA Ferussac, 1819. PI. 50, figs. 87, 88.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, yellowish brown, Avith five dark
brown bands, the upper ones generally interrupted with light flam-
mules ; spire depressed conic, sutures slightly impressed ; whorls 4^,
upper ones scarcely convex, the first shining, light brown, micro-
scopically granulate, as is the whole shell usually ; last whorl wide,
becoming wider toward the aperture, finely reticulate-malleate,
irregularly striate, smoother below, not angulate, the last third
gibbous below, above descending rather abruptly to the aperture,
scarcely contracted behind the peristome ; lip more or less widely
reflected, its face thickened, rounded, white or pinkish, microscop-
ically granulate, the margins converging, joined by a thin or inoder-
ate callus ; upper margin arched, outer margin with an obtuse
subobsolete tooth-like callus upon its face, lower margin broad,
flattened, bearing inside a dentiform callus.

Diam. 19-23, alt. 11-14 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

I am not satisfied with the synonymy of the consobrina group ; for
I believe that several of the following forms are merely varieties of
that species. It is impossible however, to work the species out with
the meagre material before me.

A var. vetnsta Mouss., is more depressed, suture less impressed,
last whorl subangulate, and aperture smaller than the type.

H. EVKKdAsTA Mabille, 1882. PL 48, figs. 100, 101.

Imperforate, subglobose-conic, solid, sub-shining yellowish rufous,
with four conspicuous brown bauds, irregularly costulate-striate and
with very dense decurrent lines, visible only under a lens, giving
the shell a peculiar granulose appearance; spire conic, prominent,
apex minute, obtuse, coiicolored, rugose; whorls 5, slightly convex,,
regularly increasing, separated by subimpressed sutures, accompanied

172 HELIX.

a very narrow white zone, and perceptibly creuulated ; body-
whorl large, rounded-sloping, subangulate, gently descending at the
aperture and very strongly constricted ; aperture very oblique,
irregularly lunate-oval, peristome not reflexed, broadly, flatly ex-
panded, white within, yellowish without, margins approximating,
joined by a white callus, the columellar a little straightened, denticu-
late, aduate at the appressed umbilical callus.

Diam. 234-25, alt. 14-15 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

A very distinct form, remarkable for the regularly conic spire,
brilliant peristome, and incised decurreut lines.

H. CACOPERA Mabille, 1883. PL 49, fig. 34.

Imperforate, thick, opaque, irregularly striate, dull purplish, very
irregularly malleate, especially upon the last whorl, under a lens
very finely granulate, the upper whorls smooth ; spire depressed-
conic, little elevated, apex punctulate, shining, obtuse, concolored ;
whorls 5, rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures ; body-
whorl large, angulose-rotuud, flattened and impressed in the centre
beneath, toward the aperture regularly descending, subconstricted
and slightly gibbous ; aperture oblique, lunate, transversely trian-
gular ; peristome flatly expanded, not reflected, the margins subdis-
tant, columellar margin straightened, thick, white, excavated,
lengthily adnate, briefly appressed at insertion, joining the broadly
arcuate outer lip at an angle. Diam. 21, alt. 10 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries.

Differs from H. consobrina in the more compact coiling of the
whorls, the last one simply rounded, not inflated ; the peristome
is slightly thickened, flat, angular at the junction of the columellar
and outer margins, not reflexed and callous as in H. consobrina.

H. BATHYCLERA Mabille, 1885. PI. 49, figs. 23-25.

Imperforate, convex-depressed, solid, opaque, slightly shining,
rudely striate, obscurely malleate, yellow reddish, with five sub-
evanescent blackish bands, interrupted with yellow; spire convex,
apex shining, purplish, punctulate; whorls 5, regularly, rapidly in-
creasing, separated by impressed sutures; body-whorl large, inflated
above, concave below, subdilato-compressed toward aperture, sud-
denly shortly deflexed and a little constricted behind the peristome;
aperture lunate, oblique, irregularly triangular-ovate; peristome

IIKLIX. 173

thick, reflexed, margins converging, the basal appressed, obscurely

subdentate, with a adnate callus.

Bufadero, Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries,

This species is more depressed than the H. consobrina, the last
whorl is without trace of angulation, is not gibbous toward the
aperture nor sensibly constricted, but is more deflected ; the striation
is stronger, and the surface is not granulate.

H. THANASIMA Mabille, 1883. PI. 47, fig. 74.

Imperforate, conic-depressed-globose, striate, irregularly malleate,
minutely granulate; spire convex-conic, apex smooth, obtuse; whorls
4-5, the upper rapidly, the following very rapidly increasing, separa-
ted by subim pressed sutures; body-whorl large, distinctly carinated
at the periphery, toward the aperture gibbously dilated, narrowly,
superficially constricted behind the peristome, obliquely dilated
beneath; aperture oblique, lunate, transversely subquadrate; peri-
stome thickened, revolute, obtuse, margins subapproximating, joined
by a callus; the outer margin markedly sinuous, tuberculate in the
middle, basal margin concave, excavated, adnate and impressed at
insertion. Diam. 23, alt. 14 mill.

Quaternary deposit at Anaga, Teneriffe.

H. EPHORA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 72.

Imperforate, subglobose-turbinate, thick, solid, opaque, costulate-
striate, all over minutely malleate-punctulate ; spire moderately
prominent, apex obtuse, smooth ; whorls 5, regularly, rapidly increas-
ing, separated by impressed suture; the last large, angulate, toward
the aperture compressed-rotund, constricted; aperture oblique, lunate,
subovate-triangular; peristome thick, reflexed, margins approximat-
ing, the outer sinuously subdentate, the columellar arcuate, appressed,
closing the umbilicus with a moderate callus.

Diam. 19*, alt. 11 mill.

Quaternary deposit at Anaga, Teneriffe.

Intermediate between consobrina and invernicata.

H. CARDIOBOLA Mabille, 1882. PI. 47, fig. 73.

Imperforate, depressed-subconic, destitute of cuticle and color,
thick, indistinctly striate, striae now and then punctate ; spire de-
pressed-conic, apex obtuse, minute ; whorls 5, subdepressed, rapidly
increasing, especially the last, separated by impressed sutures;
body-whorl large, from above appearing dilated near the aperture,
below inflated ; aperture oblique, subovate, peristome thick, slightly

174 HELIX.

reflexed, labiate, margins subremote, the outer bidentate, columellar
subexcavated, longly adnate, covering the umbilicus by a wide
expansion. Diam. 22-23, alt. 12 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Teneriffe, at the lighthouse of Anaga.
The slightly dilated last whorl, not constricted, well developed
peristome and irregularly triangular small aperture separate this
form from its allies.

H. GUAMARTEMES Grasset, 1857. PI. 50, figs. 81-83.

" Imperforate, subglobose, reticulato-malleate, color very variable,
yellowish or brown, sometimes with five deep brown subinterrupted
bands ; whorls 4J, slightly convex, the last anteriorly deflected ;
aperture ovate-lunar ; peristome reflexed, subrnargined. shining,
thick, flesh-tinted. Diam. 20, alt. 12 mill." (Grasset,')

Ins. Grand Canary.

H. manriqidana Lowe, and If. guartemes Martens are synonyms.

Specimens of this form before me are thinner and of lighter text-
ure than H. consobrina. They are frequently unicolored ; and the
peristome is not (generally) so heavy ; its upper margin is highly
arched, subangular ; and the whole shell is finely granulose, as in
the allied species.

H. INVERNICATA Mousson, 1872. PI. 50, fig. 86.

Imperforate, depressed subglobose, striatulate, irregularly mal-
leate, obsoletely microscopically granulate, very bright, brownish
yellow, with four or five brown bands, streaked and maculated with
yellow; spire obtusely convex, regular; apex minute, brownish purple,
smooth; sutures simple, subimpressed, whorls 4J, rather rapidly in-
creasing, slightly convex, the last large, descending, rounded, inflated,
slightly constricted, below lighter colored, and slightly impressed in
the center; aperture oblique, subample, transversely irregularly oval ;
peristome acute, moderately reflexed, thickened within, margins
subconverging, the upper subsinuately incurved, basal margin
slightly curved, nearly straight, thickened, at the insertion, adnate.

Diam. 21, alt. 12 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

The original description is translated above. Of this species
Wollaston says : "I cannot feel absolutely satisfied that it is more
in reality than a smaller and ungranulated race of the consobrina,
in which the transverse lines of growth are a trifle less evident and
the malleations a little more so, and in which the surface is altogether

HELIX. 175

more glossy and shining, and the color of a more uniform ochreo-
olivaceous brown speckled with small irregular angulated blotches
and fragmentary reticulations of yellow. It is generally smaller
than the H. consobrina.

H. MAUGEAXA Shuttleworth, 1852. PL 50, fig. 94; PI. 48, figs.
14-16.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, in young shells very thin and
transparent, in adults solid, yellowish brown or brownish yellow,
not shining, lightly striate and irregularly reticulate-malleate, under
the lens densely finely granulate, four or five fasciate, the bands
sometimes interrupted, the second and third frequently coalescent ;
spire conic, apex minute, purplish, shining, minutely rugose ; suture
distinct; whorls 42-5, the last rapidly increasing, large, rounded
tumid, toward the aperture somewhat gibbous, slightly constricted ;
base rather convex, slightly impressed in the centre ; aperture
oblique, lunate, oblong-oval, margins subparallel, subapproximating ;
peristome slightly thickened, reflexed, violet tinted, basal margin
adnate, thickened within, whitish. Diam. 20, alt. 11 mill.

Environs of Saint Croix, Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

It is H. gaudryi of Reeve, and, in part, of Pfeiffer. There has
been some doubt as to the precise form described by Shuttleworth,
and the confusion is increased by the fact that he assigns no habitat
nearer than " Canaries " in his description. I have accepted
Mabille's identification.

The species is quite variable in the development of the bands, and
the intensity of the color.

H. DISTENSA Mousson, 1872. PI. 50, figs. 89, 90.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, rather thin, striate, obsoletely mal-
leate, not granulose, rather shining, reddish brown or yellowish,
unicolored or with five brown bands interrupted with white; spire
very obtuse, convex, subirregular, apex minute smooth, flattened ;
suture impressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the inner gradually,
outer rapidly increasing; body-whorl well rounded, not gibbous nor
constricted, base convex, subinflated, in the centre impressed; aper-
ture oblique, transversely elongate-oval and angulose, showing the
bauds within; peristome acute, narrowly expanded, not reflexed,
within labiate with white, broadly margined with white without,
margins not converging, subparallel, the basal margin slightly

176 HELIX.

arcuate, within straightened, flattened, adnate, thin, subexcavated
and impressed at the insertion. Diam. 16J, alt. 11* mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries.

Of this little-known form Mabille says: A species intermediate
between H. guamartemea and H. perraudieri. It is much more
globular than the latter; its whorls, particularly the last are inflated ;
the ornamentation consists of a nearly effaced malleation, with traces
of granulation visible only under a strong lens.

H, HEDYBIA Mabille, 1882. PL 48, figs. 9-11.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid, striatulate, under a lens
punctulate or irregularly malleate-crispate, not shining, rosaceous;
spire globose-convex, apex obtuse, smooth, unicolored; whorls 5,
convex, rapidly increasing, especially the last ; suture impressed ;
body-whorl rounded, abruptly descending, toward the aperture
angularly dilated, not gibbous; aperture oblique, transversely ovate,
margins subcon verging; peristome acute, white, thickened within,
columellar margin subconcave, planulate, adnate, joining the outer
lip with an obtuse angle. Diam. 18-20, alt. 91-10 mill.

Canaries.

Spire more elevated than in the H. distensa, more acute, not
mamillated, last whorl more obviously angled, more descending,
etc. From H. perraudieri the large size, globular form, solidity and
different sculpture will separate it.

H. PERRAUDIEREI Grasset, 1857. PL 50, figs. 70-72.

" Imperforate, globose-depressed, regularly and minutely malleate,
yellowish, apex blackish ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the penultimate
angulate, the last descending; aperture subangulate-lunar, peri-
stome reflexed, thick, white margined within and without, columellar
margin callous, subexcavated at the base. Diam. 16, alt. 9 mill."

(Grasset.) Ins. Hierro, Canaries.

The body-whorl is subangular at its origin. The peristome is
generally yellow more or less procounced.

H. HIERROENSIS Grasset, 1857. PL 50, figs. 57-59.

' Imperforate, subglobose, striate, minutely granulate, below yel-
lowish green, above with four very faint brown bands ; whorls 5, a
little convex, the last anteriorly descending; aperture wide lunar;
peristome reflexed ; thickened, white, columellar margin callous.
Diam. 21, alt. 13 mill." (Grasset.)

Ins. Hierro. Canaries.
H. valverdensis Lowe is a synonym.

iiici.rx. 177

" It is much smaller than H. r/<>iiii'n.'iixix and rather more globose
in contour; but in color and sculpture it has much in common with
that species. It is however, more opaque above (the minute sand-
like granules with which it is closely beset being perceptibly coarser
and more defined) ; and its color is of a dull olivaceous coffee-brown,
rather than of a reddish castaneous." (Wbllaston.}

H. INDIFFKKKNS Moiisson, 1X72. Uhfigured.

Imperforate, depressed globose, striate, in part obliquely undulate-
rugnlose, irregularly granulose, destitute of color; spire obtuse sub-
conic, regular, apex obtuse; suture impressed; whorls 5, moderately
incre.asiiig, convex, the last not dilated, well rounded, rapidly a
little descending, subgibbous and subconstricted, below convex,
turgid in the center; aperture very oblique, regularly wide-oval,
not ungulate; peristome briefly expanded and retlexed, the margin-
not converging, joined by a callus, upper and lower equally carved,
the latter with a rounded subthickened callus at its insertion, adnate
to base, with a minute tubercle on the columella.

Diam. 21, alt. 14 mill.

Ins. Hierro, C<ui r'n s.

An unfigured fossil species, described from a single specimen, and
said to be intermediate between H. hierroensis and H.

H. GUADRYI d'Orbigny, 1839. PI. 50, figs. 75, 76.

Imperforate, thick, convex orbicular, spire slightly elevated, apex
reddish, last whorl rounded, angular at its origin, abruptly descend-
ing and slightly gibbous at its termination, and strongly constricted
behind the peristome, more or less irregularly striate, malleate and
covered with a very fine granulation, visible only under a len>:
bands five, slightly interrupted; aperture oval, peristome thick,
callus, reflexed, labiate; basal margin callous, with a lamella inside,
covering the umbilicus with a well developed callus.

Diam. 22, alt, 15 mill.

In*. Gomera (d' Orbigny); (ir<u/<l <'mi<iry.

Two varieties are described by Mabille: Var em-iiitu, differing
from the type in the very depressed dull shell, and less thickened
peristome, and var. gaii<li-ijni>xix remarkable for its small size, solid
shell, and more marked augulatiou. A small form is figured (pi.
5(1, figs. 77, 78) of which Pfeiffer says, "evidentur direr.-'" tpeci <*.--.'"
but which may be identical with the second of Mabille's varieties.
12

178 HELIX.

H. GRANOMALLEATA Wollaston, 1878. Unfigured.

"Imperforate, depressed globose, rather thin, obliquely plicate-
malleate, the folds very irregular, subconfluent, and minutely very
densely granulate with sand-like grains; above opaque, base smoother
and shining in the center, grayish yellow, with four or five castane-
ous bands, the subsutural more or less interrupted or indented
around its anterior margin, either one or two below the periphery,
and a broader band (perhaps composed of two) immediately above
it; spire obtuse; suture simple, impressed; whorls 5, slightly convex,
the last large, inflated, obsoletely carinated at its origin, anteriorly
deeply deflected ; aperture large, lunate-oval ; peristome acute but
little expanded and reflexed, superior and-basal margins subequally
arcuate, simple, not dentate within, the terminations distant, but sub-
converging, joined by a callus.

Diam. 25 mill." ( Wollaston.}

Los Souces and Barranco de Herradura, Ins. Palma, Canaries.

H. VERMIPLICATA Wollaston, 1878. Unfigured.

Partly covered umbilicate, orbicularly depressed, rather thin, very
densely and coai'sely vermiculate-plicate, the folds very irregular,
submalleate-confluent, and very minutely granulate, subopaque,
grayish white, with four or five obsolete cloudy bands, one or two
below, one or two immediately above the periphery, and one just
below the suture; spire obtuse; suture impressed; whorls 5, the last
large, inflated, but with a minute carina, descending anteriorly;
aperture lunate-rounded, terminations of the peristome remote.

Diam. 19 mill.

"Llanos" af the Banda, West side of Ins. Palma, Canaries.

Described from immature examples. Wollaston says: "I feel
almost confident that the character of 'semiobtecta perforata' will
be found to hold good during all periods of growth ; and such being
the case, its affinities, which at first sight are not readily apparent
will perhaps be ascertained to lie amongst the forms around the
H. planorbella, though, at the same time, the species has evidently
something in common with the (equally Palmau) H. granomalleata.
Not to mention this peculiarity of the umbilicus, the present species
is smaller than H. granomalleata, and it is also rather more depress-
ed both abpve and below, and it has a fine thread-like though minute
keel which is traceable even down to the very aperture. It is not
much malleated, its sculpture consisting mainly (apart from the
excessively minute sand-like granules) of extremely irregular and

HELIX. 179

densely-packed, coarse, subconfluent oblique ridges, or subundulating
vermiform folds; and in color it would seem to be of a dingy oliva-
ceous-white, suffused with a darker tint in consequence of the four or
five obsolete bands which are indistinctly indicated."

Mabille considers this form a variety or monstrosity of H. planor-
bella.

H. AMBLASMODON Mabille, 1883. PI. 48, figs. 17, 18.

Imperforate, depressed-orbicular-convex, thick, solid, scarcely
shining, yellowish fulvous, with four dark black-spotted bands,
irregularly costulate-striate, here and there, especially below, with
dectirrent lines, under the lens all over finely granulate ; whorls 5,
very rapidly increasing, separated by rather deep suture ; body-
whorl large, compressed-rotund, rapidly descending and slightly
gibbous at aperture, scarcely gibbous at aperture, scarcely constric-
ted ; aperture oblique, lunate, irregularly oblong, peristome thick,
reflexed, acute, violaceous, margins subapproximating, joined by a
very thin violet callus, basal margin straightened, lengthily adnate,
with a strong impressed umbilical callus, tortuous columella, and a
white, saliant, tortuous lamina inside. Diam. 26, alt. 13 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

Resembles Macularia balearica somewhat in the maculated bands.

H. ZORGIA Mabille, 1883. PI. 49, figs. 27-29.

Imperforate, solid, depressed-orbicular-subglobose, slightly trans-
parent, yellowish, with four brown bands, interrupted with yellow,
irregularly costulate-striate, under the lens finely granulate and
very superficially malleate ; spire depressed-convex, apex minute,
rugose, rufous ; whorls 5-5-1, rapidly increasing, separated by linear,
obscurely margined sutures; body-whorl slightly angled at its origin,
becoming rotund, a little turgid at the aperture, lightly constricted,
subabruptly, rapidly descending ; aperture oblique, lunate, oblong-
rhomboid, margins subapproximating; peristome violet-tinted,
subthickened, reflexed, obtuse, basal margin straightened, adnate,
with a prominent white lamina inside, and a wide impressed callus
over the umbilical tract. Diam. 24, alt. 12 2 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

The more prominent characters are the very solid shell, yellow
ground color, with wide, frequently interrupted, reddish-brown
bands, the thick violet colored peristome, and strong basal tooth.

180 .HELIX.

H. PLANORBELLA Lamarck, 1822. PI. 61, figs 5, 6.

Vmbilicate, orbicularly depressed, costulately striate, the costse
arcuate, acute, smooth, thinner on the base, pale yellowish corneous,
trifasciate with gray, the first baud subsutural, the second double,
just above, the third just below the periphery; spire slightly convex,
regular, apex flattened ; suture slightly impressed ; whorls 4'>, slightly
convex, subtumid near the suture, the last abruptly briefly de-
scending, obtusely angulate, constricted at the aperture, convex,
subinflated below, whitish in the umbilicus; aperture very oblique,
circularly-oval; peristorne subncute, slightly reflexed, thickened
with white within, the margins much converging, joined by a thin
callus, the right margin arcuate, basal much thickened, appressed
in the middle outside, sub-straight within, columellar margin wide
and flatly callously reflexed. Diam. 20, alt. 10 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe and Gom.cn i, ( 'nnnries.

H. .-'tr i<jnt a var. ft, Fer., and //. vi literal I d'Orb. (pi. 64, figs. 6-8)
and of Keeve ? (pi. 61, fig. 12,) are synonyms.

"According to Mousson, H. p/anorbella presents two totally dis-
tinct forms, one of them peculiar to (iomera, with the cost a- simple
or uugranulated, which he believes to correspond with the Lam-
arckian type, and the other, which is more depressed and keeled,
and has the ridges distinctly sculptured, to Teneriffe. This latter
phasis, figured by Pfeiffer as the normal state of the If. planorbella,
Mousson treats as a Var. incisogranulata (pi. 61, fig. 7-10), and de-
fines it thus: 'umbilicus slightly narrower; plicae less numerous,
minutely granulate by transverse incised lines; basal margin less
adnate, less thickened, distinctly convex within.' ' (Wollaston^)

I have followed Moussoii's identification of this species, and as I
have no specimens, have taken my description from his. Mabille,
however, whose work on Heniici/r/n is more exhaustive than any
other,, and who \x j><ir excellence, analytical m his methods, considers
the "var. indsogranulata" the true planorbella.

His note on this point, (under H. quadrieincta, Nouv. Ardi. <lu
Mas. d'Hist. Nat., 1885, p. 24,) is as follows: "Dans le planorbella,
lesstries costulees sont iucisees exactenient comme celles du plicaria ;
le caractere que signale M. Mousson n'est reel qu'autaut que 1'ou a
en vue une variete de cette espece a cotes lisses, variete qui nous
semble assez rare, et pourrait peut-etre, lorsqu'elle aura ete suflisam-
ment etudiee, constitutuer une espece distincte" I am unable to de-
cide upon the identity of a species upon which specialists on this
fauna hold such diverse opinions.

HELIX. 181

H. INUTILIS Mousson, 1872. PI. 50, figs. 3, 74.

Umbilicate, convex-orbicular depressed, strongly obliquely costate,
the ribs cut into granules by incised lines, interstices striate, pale
brownish, unicolored, lighter below; spire obtuse conic, apex stnatu-
late, suture impressed, not margined ; whorls 4'., subconvex, scarcely
turgid near the sutures the last abruptly descending, transversely
inflated and strongly constricted, with an evanescent angle, rounded
below; aperture very oblique, rounded-oval, white; peristome acute.
broadly flatly reflexed, sublabiate within, the margins scarcely
separated, joined by a thin callus, the basal straightened in the
middle, not adnate, sub-duplicate within. Diam. 17, alt. 9 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, Canaries.

Resembles H. pUc<o-i in sculpture and aperture, but with an
umbilicus like H. p!nn.<>r/>r//<i.

H. PLUTONIA Lowe, 1861. PI. 61, figs. 1, 2.

Partly covered umbilicate, subglobose-depressed, solid, above
striate and with oblique series of granules (like bair scars and rather
sparce), brownish, periphery obtusely angular, in the young acutely
carinated, subciliate, below nearly smooth, whitish; spire slightly
elevated, apex minute, very finely granulate-rugose; suture carinato-
marginate, impressed at the last whorl; whorls 6, the upper flattened,
the last somewhat descending, slightly convex below the suture,
moderately convex below; aperture oblique, lunate-oval, submargari-
taceus-white within ; peristome slightly thickened, white, its margins
remote, sub con verging, parietal callus slight or absent, the upper
narrowly, the basal strongly reflected, dilated near its insertion, half
covering the umbilicus. Diam. 25, alt. 12-13 mill.

Ins. Lanzarote and Fuertaventura, Canaries.

H. SEMITECTA Mousson, 1872. PI. 61, figs. 98, 99.

Partly covered perforate, convex orbicular-depressed, strongly
irregularly striate and granulate, shining, whitish, with four brown
bands, three above, one below the periphery, interrupted by angular
white maculations, nearly destitute of cuticle; spire depressed-conic?
apex flattened, finely rugose-granulate; suture subimpressed, sub-
irregular; whorls 5, slightly convex above, the last somewhat
depressed, not angulate, briefly descending anteriorly, slightly gib-
bous and constricted, base not granulate in the middle, rounded
toward Ihe umbilicus, which is one-ninth of the diameter; aperture
very oblique, small, rounded oval; peristome obtuse, a little ex-

182 HELIX.

panded and reflexed, its margins subcon verging, equally curved,
the lower appressed in the middle, not impressed at the insertion,
callous, half covering the umbilicus. Diam. 23, alt. 14 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries.

A species allied to H. planorbella, but without trace of angle on
the body-whorl. It has been found only in a fossil state.

H. PAIVANA Morelet, 1864. Unfigured.

Umbilicate, orbicularly depressed, obliquely granulate-striate,
yellowish or greyish brown, with four interrupted bands; suture
impressed; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last carinate above, de-
flexed anteriorly, turgid below ; aperture very oblique, transversely
oval, expanded slightly within, columellar margin dilated ; umbilicus
half covered. Diam. 24, alt. 11 mill. (Morelet.}

Ins. Gomera, Canaries.

This is not the paivana of Lowe (1861) which=fT. modesta Fer.
On account of this preoccupation, Mabille proposes the name
paivanopsis for this species.

"The H. paivana is a rather depressed but obtuse shell there be-
ing no indications of a regular keel; its spire is only slightly raised,
but somewhat blunt and dome-shaped ; and its umbilicus is partially
visible, it being only half closed-over (or perhaps rather more) by
the reflexed peristome. It is somewhat thin in substance, tumid
beneath, and of a yellowish brown hue, paler below but ornamented
with four narrow and regularly interrupted darker bands, which
give a somewhat freckled appearance to the whole upper side ; and
the surface is beset with coarse tubercles (which become obsolete
toward the nucleus, and gradually disappear on the umbilical area),
caused by the breaking-up of the densely-packed oblique lines of
growth." ( Wollaston.}

H. QUADRICINCTA Morelet, 1864. PL 53, figs. 24-26.

Umbilicate, depressed, lenticular, acutely carinate, costulate or
plicate striate, yellowish corneous, with four castaneous bauds, one
peripheral, another below, the balance upon the upper surface;
whorls 5, slightly convex, the last anteriorly deflexed, base subturgid,
aperture very oblique, transverse oval; peristome thickened, white,
outer margin expanded, columella dilated, appressed, subdentate;
umbilicus small, pervious, half covered. Diam. 19, alt. 8 mill.

(Morelet}

Ins. Gomera, Canaries.

HELIX. 183

The very depressed, lenticular form, convex base, conspicuous
but not compressed nor filiform carina, and smooth, regular costa-
tions, readily separate this species from its allies.

H. SAPONACEA Lowe, 1861. PI. 50, figs. 65-67.

Covered perforate, orbiculate-depressed, solid, striate and densely
minutely granulate, shining, above yellowish corneous, narrowly
trifasciate with brown, smoother and paler below, umbilical tract
whitish, spire slightly convex, apex minute granulate, suture lightly
impressed; whorls 4%, rather slowly increasing, the last depressed,
obsoletely angulaie at periphery, constricted and abruptly falling
anteriorly, somewhat convex below; aperture very oblique, sub-
quadrate-lunar, livid within; peristome heavily white-labiate, margins
.subparallel, remote, hardly converging, basal margin straightened,
widely reflexed and adnate, covering the umilicus.

Diarn. 17-18, alt. 8-9 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

H. PSATHYRA Lowe, 1861. PI. 50, fig. 79.

Imperforate, depressed, thin, fragile, obliquely striate, brown or
corneous-greenish, with four or five ill-defined brownish bands; spire
slightly elevated, apex obtuse, suture impressed, submarginate ;
whorls 5, rather flattened, regularly increasing, the embryonic
minutely granulate, the last with fine irregular incremental strise
and faint malleations, periphery obsoletely angulate, anteriorly sub-
inflated and profoundly deflexed; aperture very oblique, subdeltoid-
oval ; peristome thin, fragile, broadly expanded, the margins sub-
converging, basal reflexed, rather straightened, dilated at the inser-
tion, and broadly aduate above the axial region.

Diam. 22-24, alt. 12-14 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

H. THESPESIA Mabille, 1882, PI. 48, figs. 19, 20.

Imperforate, depressed-suborbiculate, thin, a little shining, under
a lens broadly costulate-striate and irregularly crispate-malleate,
corneous-reddish or greenish; spire subdepressed, apex subacute,
obscurely punctulate, reddish; whorls 4g-5, slightly convex, sub-
regularly, rapidly increasing, suture impressed, obscurely albo-
marginate; body-whorl at its origin angulate-rouuded, becoming
rotund, slightly descending, a little inflated beneath; aperture
oblique, lunate, transversely oblong-ovate, margins subdistant ; peri-
stome acute, briefly reflexed, thickened with white within, margins

184 HELIX.

subparallel, the columellar lengthily adnate, broadly expanded,
covering the umbilicus with a white callus.
Diam. 18-19, alt. 10 mill.

Canary Is.

Allied to H. saponacea, but distinguished by the less depressed
form, more elevated spire, more rapid increase of the whorls, less
developed peristome, etc.

H. BITUMIXOSA Mabille, 1883. PI. 48, figs. 96, 97.

Depressed, subglobose,thin, subfragile, slightly shining, irregularly
costulate-striate, especially on the last whorl, and superficially
malleate, all over, under a lens minutely punctulate, intensely black,
the apex reddish ; spire a little convex, apex minute, rugose granu-
late; whorls 5-6, regularly increasing, separated by a slightly
impressed suture, the last large, convex-rounded, obscurely angled
at the periphery, toward the aperture gibbous, briefly descending,
slightly constricted behind the peristome; aperture wide oblong-
ovate, oblique, lunate, fauces violaceous, margins subconverging ;,
peristome thin, vivid violaceous, labiate, outer margin well arched,
columellar subconcave, with a slightly prominent white lamina.

Diam. 23-25, alt. 13, 14 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

H. MERITA Mousson, 1872. Unfigured.

Imperforate, convex-orbiculate, rather distinctly moderately
striate and obscurely rugulose, irregularly granulate, shining, yellow-
ish-white, trifasciate with brown; spire obtuse, depressed conic,
apex flattened, very finely rugulose; suture subimpressed, not
marginate; whorls 4^-5, the upper flattened, rapidly increasing,
carinate, the last abruptly descending, subturgid at sutures, convex
below, subangulate, the angle disappearing on the last portion, which
is subgibbous and constricted ; aperture oblique, transversely sub-
quadrate-rounded, corneous; peristome obtuse, briefly expanded,
margins distant, scarcely converging, joined by a callus, the basal
straightened, elongate-subdentate in the middle, appressed and
adnate. Diam. 27, alt. 16 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries.

Form more conic, and at the same time more depressed than its
allies. Only found fossil.

liKUK. 185

H. HARMONICA MoUSSOll, 1872. 1*1. (51, fig. 11.

Imperforate, subglobose-depressed, rut her solid, widely costulate-
striate, very minutely and indistinctly elongate-granulate, yellowish

whitish, deeper colored above, bifasciate with pale bro\vn below;
spire obtuse, somewhat convex, nucleus flattened, minutely granu-
late, corneous; suture slightly impressed narrowly margined with
white; whorls 4j-5, the last depressed rotund, a little descending .
subinflated below; aperture very oblique, showing the bands within,
lunate wide-oval; peristome obtuse, white, shortly reflexed, the
margins a little converging, the basal less curved than the upper,
appressed to the base. Diam, 22, alt. 14 mill.

Ins. Hierro, Canaries.

H. GOMERENSIS Morelet, 1864. PI. 61, figs. 3, 4.

Covered perforate, depressed, thin, subtranslucent, corneous brown,
with three dark bands, one near the suture, one above, the other
below the periphery; spire depressed conic, obtuse; suture well
marked; whorls 4, apex planulate, nearly smooth, whorls gradually
increasing except the last, which widens very rapidly, especially
toward the aperture; sculpture of very minute granules all over.
and fine irregular oblique strife; body-whorl angular at its origin,
becoming rounded and somewhat tumid below toward the aperture,
gradually descending anteriorly; aperture very oblique, large, trans-
versely oval, slightly lunate; peristome thin, acute, its margins
converging, the upper and lower equally arched, columella scarcely
thickened within, rounded, reflexed and adnate on base, with a
white callus over the indented umbilical region.

Diam. 21, alt, 12 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries-

H. THORYNA Mabille, 1882. PL 46, figs. 66, 67.

Imperforate, convexo-depressed, subfragile, thin, subopaque, not
shining, greenish tinged with rufous, with three faint bands of the
same color; spire convex, apex yellowish, obtuse, punctulate, whorls
5, flatly sloping, subregularly increasing, suture distinct, body-whorl
large, subacutely carinated, rounded toward the aperture, the carina
evanescent, and a little gibbous, very slightly constricted; aperture
oblique, lunate, oblong-rotund; peristome subthickened within, acute,,
expanded, the margins converging, outer margin sinuous, well curved.

186 HELIX.

columellar somewhat thickened, appressed, concave, very decidedly
callous at 'its insertion. Diarn. 21-23, alt. 10 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe Canaries.

Smaller, thinner, more fragile than H. hedeia, aperture shorter,
larger, peristome thinner.

H. HEDEIA Mabille, 1882. PL 49, figs. 35, 36.

Shell imperforate, wide depressed-subglobose, opaque, thick, not
lustrous, rufous brown, with one to three faint brown bands, striate,
the strise granulose ; spire subdepressed convex, apex obtuse, large,
smooth ; whorls 5, subi'egularly increasing, the first flattened, balance
convex, separated by impressed sutures; body- whorl large, rounded,
with a salient line at the periphery, compressed at the suture,
obliquely turgid before the aperture slightly constricted, abruptly
descending; aperture oblique, lunate, transversely suboblong; peri-
stome thick, labiate within, well expanded, external margin arcuate,
concave, appressed, with a long lamelliforni scarcely salient tooth
inside, strongly callous at its insertion. Diam. 25, alt. 12 mill.

Ins. Teneriffe, in forests at the feet of trees.

H. BERKELEII Lowe, 1861. PI. 53, figs. 22, 23.

Closed perforate, depressed, sublenticular, acutely carinated, rather
thin, obliquely irregularly rugose-striate, and asperate Avith large,
irregular tubercles, last whorl rough, cinnamon colored, the granules
light-colored, with two superior and one inferior brown band; spire
slightly or scarcely elevated, apex minutely granulate ; suture im-
pressed; whorls 4-4J, the last rather flattened, abruptly deflexed
anteriorly, base somewhat flattened, lightly granulate; aperture
nearly horizontal, lunate-oval, shining and granulated within ; peri-
stome thin, white or brownish, the margins subparallel, slightly
converging, the upper widely expanded, basal broadly reflexed,
dilated and adnate over the umbilical tract.

Diam. 19-20, alt. 7 mill.

Ins. Grand Canary.

H. berkeleyi of Wollaston and of Mabille is the same.

The affinities of this rare species are with H. quadricincta Morelet,
-etc., not with Iberus, with which it has been grouped by authors, a
;subgenus which is not represented in the Canary archipelago.

H. DIGNA Mousson, 1872. PL 62, fig. 38.

Covered perforate, robust, depressed-conic, arcuately widely
jplicate-costulate, very minutely asperate, destitute of cuticle and

HELIX. 187

color; spire depressed-conic, regular, apex obtuse, white, suture not
impressed, closely submarginate above ; whorls 4J, sub-rapidly
increasing, the upper slightly convex, smooth, the following plane,
plicate, the last large, abruptly descending, subdilated, slightly
convex, encircled by a scarcely undulating carina, more convex
below, subinflated, smoother; aperture very oblique, angulate-ovate ;
peristome subacute. slightly labiate within, the margins converging,
the basal deeply arcuate, briefly reflexed, columellar very short,
broadly expanded over the umbilicus. Diam. 33, alt. 19 mill.

Ins. Gomera, Canaries.

This fossil form has no near allies. It has been placed by various
authors in Leptaxis, Lampadia and Iberus. Mabille, however,
groups it with H. cuticula, a form bearing even more resemblance
to Lampadia. (=- Mitra Albers.)

Section VI. PLEBECULA Lowe, 1852.

This section is confined to the Madeira Is. Its more prominent
characters are the globose form and profound sutures. Helicomela
Lowe, 1854, is a synonym.

H. PUNCTULATA Sowerby, 1824. PI. 51, figs. 1-4, 98, 99.

Nearly covered perforate, globose, rather thin, chestnut colored,
Avith a light corneous peripheral band, base corneous ; with rather
coarse incremental wrinkles, the whole surface covered with minute
setigerous granules, base smoother ; spire conic, slightly turreted ;
sutures impressed ; whorls 5, the apical nearly plane, rugose, convex,
the last inflated, rapidly widening, slightly descending anteriorly ;
aperture slightly oblique, narrow-lunar ; peristome scarcely thick-
ened ; columella white, dilated and partly appressed over the
umbilical chink. Diam. 15, alt. 13 mill.

Madeira Group, Ins. Porto Sancto and Southern Deserta.

The reddish brown color is sometimes suffused over the entire
surface of the shell. Specimens nearly white are also found. The
thinner more elevated form found on the little island of Southern
Deserta (or Bugio) has received the name of var. avellana Lowe.

H. BOWDICHIANA Ferussac, 1819. PI. 50, fig. 97.

Large, globose, covered subimperforate, solid, destitute of cuticle
and color; the whole surface irregularly wrinkled, base smoother,
above finely granulate ; whorls 5, separated by profound sutures,

188 HELIX.

the last descending; aperture small, narrow-lunar; peristorue
slightly expanded and thickened. Diam. 23, alt. 23 mill.

(Quaternary of Madeira^

H. vargasiana Pfr. is a synonym.

Peristome more thickened than in H. punctulata, and form more
globose. These characters, together with the larger si/e and much
heavier texture seem sufficient cause for the specific separation of
the two forms.

H. NITIDIUSCULA Sowerby, 1824. PI. 51, figs. 33-35, 19.

Narrowly umbilicate, depressed globose, rather thin, yellowish
corneous or whitish, with three rich brown bands above: finely,
irregularly wrinkled and minutely granulate, smoother below; spire
low-conic, subacute; suture deeply impressed; whorls 5, convex,
the last rapidly widening, slightly descending anteriorly; aperture
oblique, rounded-lunar ; peristome simple, its ends converging, joined
by a light callus, columellar margin subrefiexed, white, slightly im-
pinging upon the umbilicus. Diam. 13, alt. 10 mill.

Ins. Madeira and Porto Sancto.

H. vulgata Lowe, is synonymous.

Var. GIRAMICA Lowe. PI. 51, fig. 35.

Slightly larger than the type, with the two upper bands confluent,
or the whole surface uniform dark brown.

H. anaglyptica Reeve (fig. 19), is a synonym.

H. CANICALENSIS Lowe, 1852. PI. 52, figs. 72-74.

Narrowly umbilicate, depressed conic, destitute of cuticle or color,
rather thickened, with fine, irregular incremental wrinkles, and
somewhat, though very minutely, rugose; spire elevated, conic, the
apex subacute; suture profound ; whorls 5, convex, the inner gradu-
ally, the last rapidly increasing, descending anteriorly; aperture
small, contracted above, oblique; peristome scarcely thickened, the
terminations converging, the columellar margin about half conver-
iiig the umbilicus. Diam. 11-12, alt. 10 mill.

Quaternary of Canical, Madeira.

Allied to the preceding, but more conical, with smaller umbilicus
and aperture; found only subfossil.

H. LURIDA Lowe, 1851. PI. 51, figs. 25-27.

Narrowly umbilicate, depressed, rather thin, brownish, with
(usually two) subobsolete spiral bands of dark brown, light mere-

HKI.I.X. I Sit

mental stria' and verv minutely, densely granulate ; spin- low-conic ;
suture impressed ; whorls 5, convex, the inner gradually, the last
rapidly widening, slightly descending anteriorly; aperture slightly
olili<|ue, wide lunar; peristome scarcely thickened, rather abruptly
shortly deflected above, ends approaching; columellar margin
briefly retlexed, white, impinging upon the umbilicus.

Diam. <>, alt. 0] mill.

Ins. Porto Sit,i<-t<>.

More depressed than any of the preceding forms.

-H. iiARTi-xiii Albers, 1x.V_>. PI. 51, figs. 20-22.

rmbilicate, subdepressed, striatulate, slightly shining, white,
spire subelevated, apex minute, corneous; suture smooth, whorls
.")', slightly convex, the last wide, rotund, sensibly descending
anteriorly ; umbilicus narrow, pervious, equalling ! , the entire diam-
eter ; aperture oblique, depressed rotund ; peristome labiate within,
the margins converging, joined by a thin callus, the upper straight,
basal subreflexed, the columellar dilated. Diam. 10, alt. 5 mill.

In*. Porto Xiiiir/o.

I have not seen this species. It is evidently nearly allied to the
preceding, but differs (perhaps) in the sculpture. My description
is from Pfeiffer.

Section VII. LEPTAXIS Lowe, 1852.

Leptaxis inhabits the more outlying Atlantic islands, Madeira,
the Azores and the Cape Verdes. There is considerable diversity
of form among the species ; and this has caused a part of them to
be considered as belonging to Hemicycla, (a group restricted to the
Canary Is.) and the remainder to be divided into several subsections,
three of which I retain for convenience in identifying specimen >.

K<ito*toni Lowe, 1864, and C>-ypt<i.ci* Lowe, 1864, with Lainj)<t<l!<t
Lowe, 1854, ( : - Mitra Albers, 1850) are synonyms.

***

Leptaxis s. sir. Axis imperforate ; columella entering, or ex-
panded at origin ; whorls not acutely carinated nor widening with
great rapidity.

-4. Species icttli rounded periphery.

(Species of the Mmlrirn Jxtiuxfe.')
H. UNDATA Lowe, 1831. PI. 51, figs. 11, 12; pi. 52, fig. 75.

Imperforate, depressed turbinate, rather thin, uniform dark brown
scarcely striate, but all over densely and very coarsely wrinkled,

190 HELIX.

the wrinkles more or less irregular, wavy, shining, more obliquely
descending than the lines of growth ; spire conic, more or less de-
pressed, apex nearly smooth; suture well impressed; whorls 5 \ T
convex, the inner gradually, the last rapidly widening, deeply de-
flexed anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, regular rounded-lunar,
wide ; peristome slightly subexparided and labiate, margins con-
verging, the columella entering, briefly expanded and appressed
over the umbilical tract. Diam. 24-30, alt. 16-20 mill.

Madeira,

H. corrugata (Soland. MSS.) Lowe, H. groviana Fer., and H.
scabra Wood are synonyms.

H. VULCANICA Lowe, 1852. PI. 50, figs. 95, 96; pi. 52, fig. 76.

Imperforate, depressed-conic, thin, greenish yellow, with two (sub-
sutural and supra-peripheral) dark brown bands frequently interrup-
ted by the lighter color; obliquely sculptured with coarse irregular
wrinkles, base much smother; whorls 5, the inner gradually, the
last rapidly widening, convex, apex slightly rugose; body whorl
rather flattened, descending anteriorly; aperture oblique, regular
rounded lunar; peristome slightly expanded and labiate, its ends
converging, the columellar margin directly entering, slightly ex-
panded. Diam. 23, alt. 14 mill.

Northern and Central Desertas, Madeira Is.

This species and the next are separated from H. undata by their
variegated coloration and the much less coarse currugation of the
surface, which, however, as in the undata is as obvious inside as
outside, on account of the thin shell.

H. LEONINA Lowe, 1852. PI. 51, figs. 23, 24'; pi. 52, fig. 77.

Like H. vulcanica, but more globose and turbinate, the base
more convex, mouth rounder, coloration deeper, the bands scarcely
or not interrupted. Diam. 26-30, alt. 18-20 mill.

Southern and Central Desertas, Madeira Is.

Scarcely distinct from the last species.

H. NIVOSA Sowerby, 1824. PL 51, fig. 18; pi. 52, figs. 78-80.

Imperforate, globose-turbinate, yellowish-brown, generally with
broad dark spiral bands, and a narrow light peripheral fascia, the
whole surface sculptured with rather coarse oblique whitish wrinkles,
and an excessively minute granulation ; spire conic, subacute ;
suture well-marked ; whorls 5, the last rapidly widening, full and
well-rounded toward its termination, and deeply descending; aper-

HELIX. 191

tare very oblique, rounded oval ; peristome simple, the terminations
converging, the upper extended into a white callus, columellar
dilated, straightened inside, pinkish. Diam. 15, alt. 12 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto*
H. phlebophora Lowe and H. exalbida Wood are synonyms.

Var. CRATICULATA Lowe.

Smaller than the type, and darker, with very coarse corrugations.
There is also a depressed form (/9. planata Lowe) in which the
body whorl is frequently carinate at its origin.

H. PSAMMOPHORA Lowe, 1852. PI. 51, fig. 32.

Imperforate, turbinate-conic, destitute of cuticle or color, elegantly
sculptured with irregular incremental wrinkles cut into rounded
granules by fine and very numerous spiral impressed lines; last
whorl very deeply detiexed anteriorly ; aperture small, very oblique,
rounded oval. Diam. 12, alt. 10 mill.

Quaternary of Ins. Porto Sancto.

Allied to the preceding, but distinguished from that and all other
forms by the peculiar sculpture. The revolving lines are not suf-
ficiently shown in the figure.

H. ERUBESCENS Lowe, 1831. PI. 52, figs. 81-83.

Imperforate, globose, elevated or depressed, rather thin, whitish
corneous, with oblique streaks of clear corneous, and usually spiral
bands or series of blotches of rich dark brown; sculptured with
incremental wrinkles and oblique anastomosing currugations; spire
conic, elevated or depressed; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last
convex below, indented at the center and descending anteriorly;
aperture oval or rounded truncate, very oblique; peristome expanded,
labiate with white; columella inserted nearly vertically, simple;
umbilical tract covered by a white callus.

Diam. 14, alt. 10-14 mill. Madeira Is.; St. Miguel, Azores.

H. simia Fer., (pi. 51, fig. 28) is synonymous.

This species may be known under all its forms by the simple,
thin deeply entering columella.

"The -fiT. erubescens passes through an almost infinite number of
changes both in outline and hue, as regards the latter scarcely two
specimens being precisely alike. Sometimes the volutions are
elegantly bunded, at others some of the fasciae are obsolete, and at
others the latter are more or less broken up into tessellated frag-
ments; while many individuals are coucolorous, being entirely
devoid of markings. The ground-color varies chiefly from a pale

192 HELIX.

pinkish-l>ro\vn and yellowish-white into a dusty yellowish-gray ; and
there is generally (though by no means always) a rosy tinge about
the peristome." (Wollaston.') The St. Miguel specimens were
probably introduced.

Yar. HYJKNA Lowe.

Large, coarsely sculptured, pale yellowish brown, the bands much
broken. Diam. 20 mill.

Southern Deserta, Madeira Is.

The other varieties recognized by Wollaston, fwrto-sancti and
advenoides are scarcely distinct enough for names. The former may
be the same as H. siuiia Fer.

H. FURVA Lowe, 1831. PI. 51, figs. 15-17.

Imperforate, depressed globose, thin, yellowish, with a peripheral
interrupted dark brown band, roughened by incremental stria? and
irregular reticulations or malleations, whorls 5, but slightly convex,
separated by scarcely indenting sutures, gradually increasing, the
body-whorl angular at its origin, becoming rounded, with tumid
buse, and descending anteriorly; aperture round-lunar, oblique;
peristome simple ; columella entering .deeply and nearly directly.

Diam. 17-22, alt. 12 J mill. Madeira.

Aperture less oblique and less deflected above than in H. erubes-
cens, body-whorl angular at its origin, and coloration different.

(Species of the Cape Verde Islands.)

H. ADVENA Webb et Berthelot, 1833. PI. 50, figs. 92, 93; pi. 52,

figs. 84, 85.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, rather thin, shining corneous with
(about) five dark brown bands the upper ones wider, frequently
eoalescent, and interrupted by oblique light streaks densely irregu-
larly sculptured with oblique stria?, and with almost obsolete spiral
impressed lines; whorls 4, slightly convex, rapidly increasing the
apex obtuse, dark, smooth; body-whorl gently and slightly descend-
ing anteriorly; aperture rounded lunar, oblique; peristome slightly
expanded, its ends converging, the columella arched, and dilated
and appressed over the umbilicus. Diam. 16, alt. 11 mill.

SI. Antno ' in d St. Vincente, Cape Verde Is.

This species has been confounded by some authors with H. embes-
cens, but is most readily separated by attention to the sculpture and
the character of the columella, which has a wholly different in-
sertion from that species. The spiral sculpture, is shared with the
following species; but in advena is so obscure as to be easily over-
looked. The species never has so warm a color as H. erubescens.

IIKI.IX.

II. SERTA AllK>i-s, l*.->4. IM. 50, figs. 84, xr>.

Similar to the preceding, but less strongly striate, and with much
more variegated coloration ; the brown bunds arc narrow, very ir-
regular, much interrupted by patches and articulations of cream
color. Diam. 1(>, alt. 11 mill. St. Nicola*, ('<i/>e Verde I*.

II. FOGOENSIS Dohrn, 1869. Unjigurf.

"Covered umbilicate, subglobose, striatulate, shining, corneous
yellow, with four brown bands, the first and second with central
line of white ; spire obtuse, cuuic; suture impressed; whorls 5, con-
vex, the last rounded, descending anteriorly ; aperture diagonal^
lunate-rotund ; peristome white, slightly expanded, margins converg-
ing, connected by a thin callus, columella reflexcd over umbilicus,
thickened. Diam. 17, alt, 14 mill."

Fogo and Brava, Cape Verde Is,

The following quotation from Wollaston may aid in the identifi-
cation of the present, species, which I have never seen.

"In its rather globose outline, dull hue, and uninterrupted bands,
this Helix has somewhat the prima fastie aspect of the (nevertheless
totally dissimilar) Porto-Sanctan H. punctulata Sow.; though in
reality it belongs to an altogether different group. It is indeed
closely allied to the II. visgeriana, as is evident, not merely from
its ^eneral plan of coloring and from its umbilicus not being com-
pletely closed over, but likewise from the presence of the minute
spiral lines which (under a high magnifying power) are everywhere
visible on its surface. Specifically however, it is quite distinct, it
being not only larger and more globose, and of a uniformly duller
tint, but likewise with the minute spiral lines (which look more like
indistinct subundnlating scratches) more irregular and obscure, and
with the oblique transverse costie well-nigh obsolete, and (such as
they are) concolorous with the rest of the surface, the entire shell
appearing comparatively smooth and unsculptured. Its umbilicus
too, is a little less closed over, and its suture is very deeply im-
pressed."

H. VISGERIAXA Dohrn, 1867. PL 66, fig. 80c.

Covered perforate or nearly so, globose depressed, shining, corne-
ous, with four or five narrow dark brown bands of which two are
below the periphery, and which are frequently interrupted by reg-
ular strong oblique whitish stris? ; revolving impressed lines visible
chiefly in the interstices of the stria?; whorls 3 ', slightly convex.
13

194 HELIX.

rapidly increasing, the last rounded, slightly descending anteriorly ;
aperture rounded lunar, oblique ; columella well curved, expanded
over the umbilicus. Diani. 12-15, alt. 8-10 mill.

St. lago, Cape Verdes.

The present species differs from all the preceding in possessing
stronger sj>Ir<tl as well as incremental stme.

H. MYRISTICA Shuttleworth, 1852. PL 52, figs. 61-63.

Imperforate, depressed globose, shining, thin, brownish corneous
with four narrow brown bands, which are frequently interrupted
with light streaks and spots; sculpture as in H. visgeriana, com-
posed of incremental strias and very numerous delicately impressed
spiral lines ; aperture rounded, the columella straighter than in H.
visgeriana: peristome thin, narrowly expanded, its columellar ter-
mination expanded and appressed over the umbilicus.

Diam. 18, alt. 13 mill. St. lago. Cape Verdes.

This species has not before been figured. I am not sure of the
relation it bears to H. jogoensis, (see above), but from the other
larger species of the Cape Verde group, advena and serta, the much
greater development of the spiral sculpture and the more globose
form will separate it.

I am inclined to refer to this species as a variety, a form figured
on pi. 52, fig. 64. It is different in coloration, lacking the narrow
articulated brown bands of the type. Probably this is the H. arn-
joi (or arangoi) Dohru, a form never described or figured, and re-
ferred by Pfeiffer to If. advena. My figure indicates that it is cari-
nated; this is not the case.

H. BOLLEI Albers, 1854. PL 51, figs. 53, 54.

Imperforate, depressed subglobose, thin, shining, subtranslucent,
brownish, corneous, finely obliquely striate and covered ivith an ex-
cessively minute granulation; spire low, sutures scarcely impressed ;
whorls 4-j, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last carinated at
origin, the carina nearly disappearing toward the aperture, the base
convex and slightly indented in the centre, above descending a lit-
tle anteriorly ; aperture oval lunar, oblique ; peristome labiate with
white, its columellar termination deeply entering, the axis covered
by white callus. Diam. 11-13, alt. 7-8 mill.

St. Vincente and St. Nicholas, Cape Verde*.

Separated from all the preceding Cape Verdes species by the
sculpture. The fragile texture and keel stretched around the pe-
riphery are also peculiar.

HELIX. 195

H. LEPTOSTYLA Dohrn, 1869. PI. 66, fig. 80b.

r Phis species has the form, sculpture and aperture of the preceding ;
but is thicker, larger, and has a tendency to be brown banded, the
bands broad, faint, and minutely flecked with white. The periph-
eral keel is more obsolete, and indeed scarcely apparent save in
front of the aperture. The body-whorl is somewhat more deflexed
anteriorly. Diam. 13-15, alt. 10-12 mill.

St. Antao, Cape Verde Is.

If. milleri Dohrn mss. is a synonym.

H. PEIMJEVA Morelet, 1873. I 'n figured.

Perforate, depressed turbiuate, corrugated with large oblique folds;
spire conoidal ; whorls 4, convex, the last inflated, rounded, not de-
flexed ; suture impressed ; aperture ovate-lunar.

Diam. 18, alt. 11 mill. (Jiiati'niary of In*. .SW, Cape Verdes-

The peristome was imperfect on the specimens from which More-
let's original diagnosis (above translated) was drawn. He com-
pares the species to H. undata of Madeira.

H. ATLANTIDEA Morelet, 1873. Unftgured.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, densely and regularly costulate-
striate; spire convex, smooth toward the aperture; whorls '!',
slightly convex, separated by impressed sutures, rapidly increasing,
the last dilated, obtusely angulate, not deflexed; aperture ovate-
lunar, ends of the peristome joined by a callus, the upper margin
straight, the columellar callous, dilated, appressed.

Diam. 13, alt. 8 mill. Quaternary of Ins. Sal, Cape Verdes.

Somewhat similar to H. ehrysomela, but a little more depressed,
and with one and one-half whorls less than that species. The
peripheral angle, which is quite pronounced at the origin of the
body-whorl, is gradually lost on approaching the aperture.

s

H. SUBROSEOTINCTA Wollaston, 1878. Uttfigiired.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, scarcely subcarinate, a little shin-
ing, whitish, sometimes subfuscous, or very obsoletely almost sub-
roseous, obsoletely and irregularly, (especially at the suture) streaked
or smeared with sublacteous, the young subpellucid ; whorls ."">,
slightly convex, the last slightly descending anteriorly ; peristome

196 HELIX.

acute, distinctly rosy, margins separated ; columella substraight
oblique, forming a slight angle at its junction with the basal lip.

Diam. 10-12, alt. 8 mill. Ins. Brava, Cape Verdes.

" The H. subroseotincta in its small size and totally ungranulated
surface has more in common with the H. bollei than it has with the
leptostyla. Nevertheless, it is thicker, whiter and more calcareous ;
its peristome has nearly always a faint rosy tinge (indeed the entire
shell is often suffused with a faint rosy brown); its volutions, the
lia-al one of which is not quite so perceptibly keeled, are a trifle
more tumid, and the suture consequently somewhat more impressed ;
its columella is just appreciably straighter, forming somewhat of an
angle at its junction with the lower lip ; and its entire surface has a
tendency to be irregularly blotched, or freckled, with very obscure
paler, frequently confluent patches." ( Wollaston')

(Species of the Azores Islands')

H. AZORICA Albers, 1852. PL 51, figs. 5-8.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, very thin, transparent, faint gold-
en, speckled with dots and short oblique marks of opaque whitish
buff, and generally with traces of brownish faciation about the per-
iphery, very delicately striate ; spire short; suture moderately im-
pressed ; whorls 5, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last glo-
bose, convex, gently deflected anteriorly ; base slightly indented at
center; aperture rotund-lunar, as long as wide, oblique ; peristome
slightly thickened with white, ends remote ; columella thin, deeply,
vertically entering, well curved. Diam. 11-13, alt. 7-8 mill.

St. M'irui mid San Miguel, Azores.

H. CALDEIRARUM Morelet et Drouet, 1857. PL 51, figs. 39-41.

Differs from azoriea in being of thicker texture, more decidedly
striate, with more depressed body-whorl, and more conical spire.
The surface is nearly free from opaque white markings ; the whorls
number nearly 6, and the increase in width is very gradual ; the
aperture is broader than long, the peristome labiate with white, the
the collumella much more oblique than in H. azoriea; the base is
rather flattened, and decidedly indented in the center.

Diam. 11, alt, 7 mill.

San Miguel, Azores.

H. NIPHAS Pfeiffer, 1857. Unfigured.

Imperforate, globose-conic, solid, plicate-striate, white; spire con-
vex-conic, apex obtuse; whorls 5*, slightly convex, gradually in-

IIKUX. I'.'T

creasing the last not descending; base slightly convex; aperture
ol)li(|iio, lunar, peristome straight, margins remote, the right short,
simple, the basal sensibly thickened toward its insertion, and briefly

ascending. Diam. 11, alt. 8 mill.

<SV. ^f it/in'/, Azores.

None but the original specimens (communicated to Pfeiffer by Mr.

Cuming) are known. It seems to be near H. rn/ilr/runim in furm,
but differs from all Lepbixis of the Azores in the solid texture.
Pfeiffer's description is translated above.

H. TERCEIRAXA Morelet, 1857. PI. 51, figs. 3638.

Imperforate, depressed-conoid, slightly solid, densely, rather rude-
ly striate, and covered with an excessively minute granulation, cor-
neous brown, variegated with maculations and streaks of opaque
pale yellowish ; whorls 6, somewhat convex, with well marked su-
tures, slowly widening, the last obtusely augulate; base somewhat
flattened, indented in the center, anteriorly briefly descending ; aper-
ture oblique, ovate-lunar, peristome straight, margined within, slight-
ly expanded, livid; outer margin acute, colnmellar callous, flatten-
ed, entering. Diam. 12, alt. 7 mill.

Ins. Tercel i-d, Azores.

Allied to H. cfildeirarnm, but less diaphanous, more coarsely and
roughly striate, and the columellar margin, toward its insertion, is
broader, owing to the larger umbilical perforation covered by its
expansion.

H. DROUETIAXA Morelet, 1800. PL 51, figs. 29-31.

Imperforate, globose-conic, somewhat solid, rugose-striate, yellow-
ish, variegated with corneous radiations and a blackish interrupted
peripheral fascia; spire conic, apex rather acute; whorls 6, slightly
convex, the last briefly descending; aperture ovate-lunar, marbled
with white within ; peristome obtuse, labiate, the superior margin
scarcely expanded, the columellar flattened, entering.

Diam. 13, alt. 9 mill.

Jit*. I''<ii/nl, Azores.

In this form the corneous surface is almost covered by the opaque
yellowish-white markings (which in H. uzoflat only speckle the >!iell i,
the spire is conic, as in H. caldeirarum, and the shape of the base.
Avhich is indented in the center, is very similar to that species; the
aperture is broader than long, and the peristome livid in color. The
variegated appearance reminds one of 77. erubescens; and the illu-
sion is increased by a very slight malleation.

198 HELIX.

H. EXORNATA Deshayes. PI. 51, figs. 13, 14.

Subglobose, somewhat depressed, smooth, pale yellow, with white
zones, ornamented with two black undulate-angular zones at the
periphery ; spire short, obtuse, convex : whorls 4, slightly convex,
wide, rapidly increasing, the last large, convex, slightly depressed
below, imperforate, obliquely deflexed at the aperture ; aperture
large, oblique, rotund-lunar ; peristome white or yellow, thickened
within, reflexed, the base marked with a wide rosy spot.

Diaui. 14, alt. 10 mill.

Habitat unknown.

This form is known only by the description of Deshayes which is
translated above, and the original figures, copied on my plate. I
follow Pfeiffer in referring it to Leptaxis; but of course any subgen-
eric reference, without more information than we possess regarding
it, is little better than guess-work.

(B. Species with carinate periphery.^)

H. CHRYSOMELA Pfr., 1848. PI. 51, figs. 50-52.

Imperforate, depressed, destitute of cuticle, chalky white, with
wrinkles of increment, rugose, malleated; whorls 5, flattened, grad-
ually increasing, the last angled at its origin, becoming almost round-
ed, very briefly but abruptly descending anteriorly ; aperture very
oblique, slightly contracted, truncate-oval, the upper and lower mar-
gins subparallel, peristome reddish orange colored; columellar mar-
gin very obliquely descending, broad, straight within.

Diam. 10, alt. mill.

Quarternary of Porto Sancto.

H. cenostoma Lowe is a synonym.

Var. FLUCTUOSA Lowe, 1852. PI. 52, fig. 86; PL 51, tigs. 9, 10.

This form differs from H. chrysomela in being larger, more acute-
ly carinated, and with whorls less rounded above. The peristome is
white, and is less thickened internally on the columellar margin than
in the type. Diam. 14 mill.

H. VETUSTA Morelet et Drouet, 1857. PL 66, fig. 80u.

Imperforate, conic, rather solid, cretaceous white, (or rarely varie-
gated with corneous) with two reddish brown bands, usually inter-
rupted or subobsolete, obliquely striate, and with a tendency to be
still more obliquely, finely undulate ; whorls 6-65, carinate in the
middle, slowly widening, flattened above, the last a trifle more con-

IIKI.IX.

v<'\ above, acutely carinated, briefly deflexed anteriorly ; base some-
what convex, not indented in the center; aperture very oblique,
slightly broader than long, truncate oval; peristome labiate inside,
])ink-tinted, its terminations not converging; columellar margin
thickened, somewhat flattened, appressed ; parietal wall covered by
a pinkish callus. Diam. 1-1-1!), alt. 11-12 mill.

Quarternary of Sta. Mm-in, Azores.

This species seems to most nearly allied to the H. chrysomela of
Porto Sancto, but may be readily seperated by its sculpture, large
size, conical spire and acute peripheral carina.

II. WOLLASTONI Lowe, 1852. PI. 51, figs. 59-60.

Imperforate, depressed conic, rather solid, carinate, dark yellowish
or olivaceous-brown, with, usually, two spiral darker bands ; oblique-
ly plicate-stiiite, and covered with a minute granulation ; spire usu-
ally depressed, the apical whorl smooth ; whorls 5, nearly planulate
the last 2 rapidly widening ; body- whorl acutely carinated, deeply
descending anteriorly; base convex, not indented at the center;
aperture transversely oval, angular at the extremities, very oblique ;
peristome a little expanded, usually pinkish, nearly continuous over
the parietal wall; columella somewhat dilated, flattened, entering.

Diam. 22, alt. 11 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto.

Probably more nearly allied to If. itivosa than to the species with
which on account of its carinate periphery, it is here associated.

Var. FORKXSIS Wollaston.

A smnfler form than the type, in which the aperture is rounded
at the outer margin, scarcely modified by the peripheral keel ; the
parietal wall is traversed by a very heavy callus which joins the lips;
and the inner two or three whorls of the spire usually are prominent,
as if mamillated. Diam. 17, alt. 9.1 mill.

Described as a species by Mr. Wollaston, but the specimens before
me are too similar to icollastoni to be separated.

**

2. Pgeadocampyla-iiPfi-. Axis umbilicate ; aperture oval, the lips
expanded, converging.

H. PORTOSANCTANA Sowerbv, 1824. PI. 52, figs. 87-89.

Umbilicate, depressed, rather strong, corneous yellow, with three
brown bands, the upper two generally broad, often coalesceut ; sur-
face marked with rather strong, irregular incremental wrinkles, all

200 HELIX.

over minutely punctate; whorls 5-}, convex, the inner smoother,
gradually, the outer more rapidly widening; body-whorl depressed,
rounded at the periphery, flattened above, deeply deflexed anteriorly ;
aperture very oblique, perfectly oval ; peristome expanded, brownish,
continued as a heavy callus over the parietal wall/its basal portion
subreflexed, partially concealing the umbilicus.
Diam. 23-80, alt. 13-15 mill.

Ins. Porto

H. LOWEI Ferussac, 1835. PI. 52, fig. DO.

Differs from the preceding (of which it may be a variety) in the
much larger size, the less obviously punctate surface, less oblique
aperture and narrower revolving bands, of which there are but two,
and these very slender. Diam. 45-55 mill.

Porto Sancto.

This largest of the Atlantic species is quite abundant in thequar-
ternary deposits of Porto Sancto, but according to Wollaston, only
a single specimen has been found alive. It seems to be replaced in
the living fauna by the very similar but much smaller H. portosanc-
tana.

3. Lampadia Lowe. Imperforate ; vitrina-shaped, the whorls
thin, carinate, and very rapidly increasing; aperture very large.
311 tra alb., preoc., is a synonym.

H. WEBBIANA Lowe, 1831. PI. 51, figs. 55, 56.

Imperforate, depressed, carinated, very thin, uniform olivaceous
brown, lighter below, with oblique irregular incremental striae and a
rather coarse granulation which is confined for the most part to the
central portion of the whorl, above and below the carina, and to the
neighborhood of the aperture, and which, although usually quite
obvious to the naked eye is frequently suhobsolete; whorls 3, very
rapidly widening, scarcely convex above, the last convex below,
bearing a compressed carina at the middle, and slightly descending
anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, oval, slightly angled at the place
of the carina; peristome expanded, thin, its extremities not connect-
ed, columellar margin thin, entering, slightly retlexed and appress-
ed at the axis. Diam. 1M, alt. 10 mill.

Porto 8<mcto, Madeiras.

Vitrinabocagei Paiva (pi. 51, figs. 57, 58) is a young shell of this
species.

HELIX.

H. MEMBRANACEA Lowe, 1852. PI. ">1, figs. 4", 46.

Impcrforatc, depressed globose, excessively thin, flexible, pellucid,
yellowish or greenish corneous, usually more or less variegated with
opaque whitish flecks and reticulations, which sometimes form ;i
stripe at the central keel; whorls 4, rapidly increasing; spire low,
obtuse; body-whorl acutely carinalcd at the middle, the carina be-
coming obsolete toward the aperture ; not deflected anteriorly ; aper-
ture large, broad oval lunar, oblique; peristome simple, thin, end-
scarcely converging; columella simple, arcuate.

Diam. 10, alt. 6 mill.

Madeira.

The excessively thin, easily indented substance of this species will
distinguish it from any of its allies. The last whorl is not so acute-

o /

ly carinated as in H. webbiana.

H. CUTICULA Shuttleworth. PI. 51, figs. 47-49.

Irnperforate, depressed-conic, very thin and fragile, with a silky
lustre, light green, costulate-striate ; spire low, conic, apex prom-
inent; suture impressed ; whorls '!, rapidly increasing, convex below
the sutures and on base, but concave above and below the prominent
peripheral carina; body-whorl large, depressed, carinated to the
aperture, not deflected anteriorly, indented at the axis ; aperture
transversely oval, angulate at position of carina ; peristome acute,
membranous; columella deeply, vertically entering.

Diam. 7, alt. 4' mill.

Tencriffi' and PU/IIHI, (Wym/'/Y.--.

Section VIII. IUERUS Montfort, 1810.

Helices of the section I her us are very numerous, both in species
and individuals in central and southern Italy, and in Sicily ; and
curiously enough, there have been a few trans-Mediterranean spe-
cies discovered in recent years. Then- is great lattitude of opinion
concerning the synonymy of the group, arising from the fact that
transition forms between many of the " species " render any hard-
and-fast lines of demarkation between them wholly arbitrary; and
the subject has been still further complicated by a number of diag-
noses of" new species," without figures, each of which admits of be-
ing applied to several forms.

The Sicilian species form a perfect series of gradations between
the carinate flattened forms and the globose elevated ones. They

-'02 HELIX.

differ from most of the peninsular species in being marked with
minute spiral impressed lines. The Italian species are generally
more depressed, and more deeply colored.

Montfort's type of Iberus is not H. muralis as I stated on p. 122
(following Albers and v. Martens) but H. gualteriana of Spain.
There may be two subsections recognized : Iberus, s. sir. and Levan-
litin. Kobelt, the latter comprising the large forms of Asia Minor.

The synonymy includes Murella Pfr., and, in part, Crenea Albers.
Pfeiffer and other authors have included, also, a number of Canary
Island species, which in this work are placed in Hemicyda.

IBERUS, s. sir.

***

A. Iberus of depressed and carinated, or rounded globose form,
the base convex, imperforate. Sicilian, African and Spanish species.

H. GUALTERIANA Linn., 1767. PI. 53, figs. 6-8.

Covered perforate, carinate, flattened above, convex below, solid,
reddish or brownish white, dull, decussated with oblique and spiral
coarse rough sculpture; spire flat or slightly elevated, the apical
whorl smoother; whorls 4, rather rapidly widening, with an acute
compressed carina; body-whorl very convex below, turgid at the
center, more or less deeply deflexed anteriorly; aperture angulate-
ovate, transverse, oblique, wider than long; peristome expanded,
reflexed and appressed over the umbilicus. Diam. 40, alt. 17 mill.
Provinces Cadt.c, Aimer ia, Granada, Marcia, Spain.

H. obversa Born is synonymous.

Var. LAURENTII Bourguignat. PL 53, figs. 9-13.

Differs from the type in the smaller size, elevated spire, less dis-
tinct keel, less rude sculpture and smaller aperture.

Sierra Elvira, at Granada.

H. SULTANA Morelet, 1880. PI. 63. figs. 40-42.

Covered perforate, rather thin, wide conoidal, depressed, micro-
scopically granulate and obliquely sculptured, near the keel marked
with a few spiral lines, dirty white, lusterless, spire obtuse, apex
corneous; whorls 4-i, exserted, nearly flat, the last turgid below,
briefly and suddenly deflexed ; aperture very oblique, subtrapezoidal,
acutely angled; peristome thin, the margins approaching, the upper

HELIX. 203

straight, lower dilated, reflexed, more or less concealing the perfora-
tion. Diam. 28, alt. 13 mill.

-1//N. of TertiKin, Morocco.

If. snbscabriitscula Bourg., published before iwlt<nn,t, but with nei-
ther description or figure, is a synonym.

H. LEACHII Ferussac, 1821. PI. 03, figs. 26-28.

Nearly covered perforate, carinate, convex-lenticular, sculptured
above and below with numerous pliciform costse, which are parallel
with the aperture, pale grayish yellow or whitish, opaque; whorls
4, scarcely convex, the last with a keel which becomes obtuse toward
the aperture, very convex below, suddenly deflexed anteriorly; aper-
ture very oblique, transversely subovate; peristome dilated, expanded,
white, the upper and lower margins stibequally curved, converging,
joined by a distinct shining wide callus, (v. Martens.*)

Diam. 17-19, alt. 10-12 mill.

Tarhuna ^fts. Trij>/i.

H. tripolitana Wood is synonymous.

H. SCABRIUSCULA Deshaves, 1830. PL 53, figs. 19-21, 14-16.

Covered perforate or nearly so, depressed, carinated, low-conic
above, convex below, solid, whitish unicolored or with several spiral
cordons of reddish blotches, more or less strongly obliquely striate,
and covered with a microscopic granulation ; whorls 4-4 J , moderately
increasing, flattened on the upper surface, with a compressed exserted
median keel ; body-whorl gibbous below, rather suddenly and deeply
deflexed anteriorly; aperture oblique, transversely oval, acutely
angled at the termination of the carina; peristome expanded, termi-
nations sub-converging, the basal margin frequently subdentate,
appressed over the umbilical perforation. Diam. 24, alt, 10 mill.

Western Sid/;/.

H. eri/cina Jan. is synonymous.

Var. SELINUNTINA Philippi. PI. 62, figs. 28-30.

Differs from the type in the interrupted reddish bands; carina
not exserted, stria? simple.

Var. SEGESTANA Philippi. PL 53, figs. 1-5, 17, 18.

Umbilicus generally slightly open; sculpture consisting of eleva-
ted anastomosing wrinkles; keel crenulated.

204 HELIX.

Var. PACINIANA Philippi. PI. 55, figs. 36-38.

Rather thin, coarsely sculptured with white anastomosing wrinkles;
columella concave, not callous; keel becoming obtuse or obsolete
toward the aperture. Diam. 10 mill.

H. vieta Rossm. (pi. 62, figs. 32-34.) is synonymous.

There is & for in ft major, measuring 20 mill. diam. (pi. 55, fig. 34,
35). This form may be distinct from scahrinxnila; the specimens
before me have a more distinct aspect than the other varieties'.

Var. EXPLAXATA Benoit. PI. 62, fig. 31.

Half-covered perforate ; spire planate ; whorls above subconcave,
exserted at the carina, the last very turgid beneath.

Var. DEMISSA Benoit.

Small, subperforate, striate, spire subplane, whorls a trifle exserted
at carina.

Var. DREPANENSIS Huet. PI. 62, figs. 26, 27.

7 O

Small, elate-turrited, whorls scalariform, acutely keeled, sculpture
of coarse white wrinkles on a livid ground.
Var. scalariformis Ben. is a synonym.

H. SARDONIA Martens, 1884. Unfigured.

Perforate, carinate, depressed, rugose-striate, whitish, maculate
with brown above, with a single interrupted band below; spire
slightly prominent; whorls 4, above flattened, with a more or less
exserted carina, the last rather convex below, distinctly descending
anteriorly; aperture very oblique, axe-shaped ; peristome white, mar-
gins approximating, the upper expanded, the basal reflexed, concave,
arcuate, partly covering the perforation. ( Mm-trn*. i

Diam. 21, alt, 101 mill.

Dorgali, Surd in iu.

Very similar to the Sicilian H. scabriuseula Desh. and If. segestonu
Phil.; but the rib-striae are finer and more regular, the columellar
margin more strongly concave. In the intensity of the brown mark-
ings, which generally are above arranged into two interrupted bands,
the covering of the umbilicus by the peristome (i-i), the exsertion
of the keel of each succeeding whorl, and the absolute size, there is
great variation among various specimens. (Martens.)

The above descriptions and comments, translated from v. Martens,
contain all the information published regarding this species, which
is, apparently, quite distinct.

UK MX. 20">

Var. noiKJAi.iKNsis Malt/an.

Differs from the type in the higher spire, thickened, decidedly
ivtlexed peristome, its terminations joined by a distinct callus.

Diam. 20, alt. 10! mill.

II. (;i;oii.MANN'[ Philippi, l<S:>li. PI. ">4, figs. 7, X.

Covered perforate, orbiculate- depressed, carinate, subtly striate,
white, with three or four spiral series of brown blotches; whorls 4-j,
subplanulate, the last subdetlexed anteriorly; aperture lunar axe-
shaped, dark banded within; peristome simple, the upper margin
subexpanded, the basal appressecl, subdilated and reddish at the
columella. (Pfeiffer). Diam. 21 alt. !:M mill.

Palermo, Sicily.

Benoit considers this a form of H. serpentina, a very probable
supposition.

H. MUKATJS Miiller, 1778. PI. 02, figs. :-5r>-37.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, solid, opaque, whitish, with spiral
bands of blotches or large patches and irregular strigations of dark
brown, the base light; surface marked with coarse oblique, w'avy
irregular wrinkles, obsolete below, and a secondary microscopic
sculpture of delicate undulating growth-lines, decussated by fine
.spiral impressed lines; spire low-conic, obtuse; whorls 4-4'-, the
inner rather flattened, apex smooth, the body-whorl wide, well-
rounded, sometimes obtusely subangular at its origin, convex below,
indented around the axis, anteriorly suddenly, rather deeply de-
scending; aperture very oblique, dark within, oval-truncate; peri-
stome white, expanded, margins subapproaching, the basal somewhat
straightened within, appressed at the axis. Diam. 18, alt. 10 mill.
Sicily; Italy; southern France and Spain; Balearic Is.

The following are synonyms: H. orgonensis Philbert, (pi. 60, figs.
71-73.) H. abromia Bourg., H. abraea Bourg.

Var. RUCiOSA Ziegl. PL 62, figs. 42, 43.

Very rudely sculptured above, the wrinkles white on a dark
ground; body- whorl often more or less keeled at its origin.

Sicily.
Var. COSTULATA Benoit. PL 62, figs. 40, 41.

Depressed; sculptured with strong ribs; peripheral keel extending
to the aperture. Western Sicily.

206 HELIX.

Var. CRISPATA Benoit. PL 60, figs. 68-70.

Strongly sculptured with radiating ribs, which extend to the axis
below; periphery not keeled. .~\f<trsala, Sicily.

Var. ALUTACEA Paul. PL 62, figs. 44-48.

Shell smooth, leather-colored. Calabria.

Var. INSULARIS Benoit.

Depressed; below interruptedly unifasciate with rufous, above or-
namented with series of zigzag raMiating strigations ; axis marked,
with a brown spot; radiating sculpture subobsolete.

Maretimo.

Var. UNDDLATA Michaud. PL 62, figs. 38, 39.

Whitish, with radiating undulating or zigzag brown strigations
above, and one or more cordons of square or arrow-shaped blotches
below the periphery.

Provence; Italy; Sicily.

H. serpentina var. communis Benoit is synonymous.

H. TIBERIANA Benoit, 1859. PL 64, figs. 21, 22.

Covered perforate, pyramidal or slightly depressed, costulate-
rugose, the costulre becoming evanescent on the base, scarcely shining,
rather solid, bluish white, sometimes a little maculate or interrupt-
edly fasciate with brown; spire exserted, apex obtuse; whorls 5,
subplanulate, carinate, the carina upon the spire lying in the suture;
last whorl becoming rounded toward the aperture, profoundly and
abruptly descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, ovate-lunate, peri-
stome white, the margins converging, the upper expanded, the basal
reflexed, base callous, sometimes subdeutate, dilated at the insertion,
appressed, covering the umbilicus, axis with a brown spot; fauces
brown. Diam. 21, alt. 12-13 mill.

Scupedda, nenr Calatafimini, north coast of Sicily.

Separated from its allies by the straight, conical spire; the surface
generally exhibits the same microscopic granulation that is found
in H. scabriuscula, mural is, etc.

H. GLOBULARIS Ziegler, 1838. PL 38, figs. 82, 83.

Imperforate, depressed-conic-globose, solid, finely striate; whorls
4], slightly convex, the last rounded, descending anterior]) 7 ; aper-
ture oblique, oval-lunar; peristome expanded, the margins converg-
ing, the basal margin callous, flattened, appressed for half its length

HELIX.

to the turgid base, brown spotted and covering the umbilicus at it-
insertion. Diani. 14-19, alt. 9-13 mill. Sicily; Tarento.

H. f rival ds/cyi Calcara is synonymous.

"Helix ghihiitnri?; forms a natural transition between muralis and
platychelt; it is generally more elevated and globular than the
in urn /!*, and has the peristome more expanded, whilst in the plulij-
chcla it is reflexed. The main difference from i>u<r<i/ix lies in the
aperture, of which the basal margin appears more extended, callous,
provided with a fold or even a tooth, which is very rarely the case
with nirn/ !*." (Kobelt.)

The species is variable in form, size and color, and sometimes very
difficult to separate from If. HI tint?!*.

Var. CONSPICUA Benoit. PI. 38, figs. 84, 85.

Large, globose, marked with four maculose interrupted bands.

Palermo.
Yar. COSSURENSIS Benoit,

Small, spire less elevated, ornamented with close wide macula-
tions.

Var. UNDULATA Kobelt. PL 62, figs. 49, 50. Palermo.

Var. ACHATINA Benoit.

Whitish, without bands or maculations. Palermo.

Var. TARENTINA Kobelt. PL 62, figs. 51, 52.

Whorls more planulate than in the type, and base of the aperture
not dentate. Tureato.

H. MELITENSIS Ferussac. PL 54, figs. 24-26.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, more or less conoidal, solid, whit-
ish, or obscurely strigate or subfasciate with light brown, marked
with rather irregular oblique growth-lines and microscopic rather
distant spiral engraved lines, which are frequently subobsolete, and
usually wanting on the base; spire more or less depressed-conic, apex
obtuse; whorls 4-4 i, slightly convex, the upper ones obtusely sub-
angulate, the body-whorl convex, abruptly and deeply dehVxed
anteriorly; aperture truncate-oval, very oblique, rather small, dark-
colored within; peristome expanded, white, the upper and lower
margins subparallel, not converging, the basal callous and sub-
straightened, sometimes subdentate within, with a brown spot at its
insertion. Diam. 19-21, alt. 12-15 mill.

X

HELIX.

This form is allied to H. rjlobularis, and especially to If.platychela,
but may be separated by several characters from both of these Sicilian
species. The peristome is nut so broadly expanded as in platychela,
nor is it so decidedly dentate as is usual in that species; and there
is not so obvious a flattening of the upper whorls as in the more
depressed forms (which are nearest to melitensis) of platychelt.

Yar. CARUASLT: Pilsbry. PI. 62, fig. 54-56.

Spire elevated, conoidal; aperture small and very oblique ; colora-
tion usually of zigzag brown strigations sometimes broken into
obscure bands above, and a narrow cordon of blotches below the per-
iphery.

Malta.

H. PROVINCIALIS Benoit, 1842. PL 64, fig. 19, 20; pi. 60, figs. 74,

75.

Imperforate, depressed, slightly shining, solid, white, unicolored
or marked with four cordons of pale brown spots, irregularly
obliquely striate, and with microscopic spiral incised lines above,
less striate below; spire low conoid, blunt, but the apical whorl
slightly projecting, corneous; whorls 4^-5, the upper ones somewhat
flattened, the body-whorl depressed, (more so than in either the
.several preceding or following species) sub-angulate at its origin,
abruptly and deeply descending at the aperture, generally a little
indented around the axis below; aperture small, very oblique, trun-
cate-oval, slightly darkened and often fasciate within ; peristome
expanded, outer and basal margins reflected, terminations not con-
verging, baso-columellar portion appressed, callous and straightened
within, but not at all dentate. Diam. 17-19, alt. 12-14 mill.

Sicily.

H. saracena Benoit mss. is the same.

The small oblique aperture, not dentate below (not even so much
as is shown in figs. 74, 75 of pi. 60) but callous, and the depressed
body-whorl will enable one to distinguish this species. There is
usually a faint brown spot at the insertion of the columella.

H. RAGUS.E Kobelt, 1884. PL 68, fig. 17-19.

Imperforate, depressed trochoidal, the base inflated, solid, slightly
shining, irregularly striate, under the lens showing spiral impressed
lines, grayish white, with obscure traces of bands of maculations;
whorls 5, the first !] smooth, convex, the apex a little exserted, sub-
mamillate, the following planulate, distinctly carinate in young

HELIX. I'll! I

specimens, slowly increasing, with moderately impressed suture;
body-whorl subinflated, angulated at the periphery, the angle be-
coming evanescent toward the aperture, base subgibbously inflated,
anteriorly deeply descending; aperture oblique, transverse lunate-
oval; peristome white, thickened, broadly expanded all around, and
refiexd, ethe margins subconverging, not connected, the basal margin
callous, distinctly plicate-dentate, with a brown spot at the insertion
of the columella. (Kobelt.) Diam. 22 i, alt. 14 mill.

Western Sicily.

Allied to H. provincialis, but with much more broadly reflected
peristome than that species.

H. PLATYCHELA Mcnke, 1830. PL 54, figs. 1-6.

Imperforate, globose, or somewhat depressed, solid, whitish, some-
times unicolored, usually with four rather narrow bands composed
of (generally faint) brown spots, rarely subcontinuous; lightly,
rather irregularly obliquely marked with growth-lines, and with
spiral microscopic incised lines; spire pyramidal, the apex obtuse;
whorls 55-.!, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the sutures moder-
ately impressed ; body-whorl subglobose or somewhat depressed,
generally well rounded, deeply deflexed anteriorly, convex below ;
aperture rounded oval, very oblique, slightly darkened and usually
showing bands within: peristome broadly expanded, outer margin
reflected, basal margin reflexed, adnate to the body toward the axis,
broad, flattened, with a truncated lamella or tooth within.

Diam. 24-20, alt. 16-23.

Sicily.
H. prcetextu Jan is a synonym.

An exceedingly variable form, easily distinguished typically by
the broad peristome and elevated form. There are however depress-
ed varieties which approach globularis, etc. A small form measures
diam. 15, alt. 12 mill.

Var. ROSALIA Benoit. PI. 62, fig. 53.

Usually larger than the type, whorls of the spire planulate, cari-
nate, the last rounded ; base more convex ; peristome less broadly
expanded and reflexed. Diam. 26, alt. 19 mill.

Palermo.
Var. i PARI A Benoit. PI. 64, figs. 23, 24.

Depressed ; whorls of the spire planulate ; body-whorl more or
les.- keeled.

Palermo.
14

210 HELIX.

H. ASCHERJE Kobelt, 1880. PI. 62, figs. 57-60.

Subdepressed-turbinate, rather thin, striatulate, imperforate, whit-
ish, rarely unicolored, or with four girdles of small rufous-brown
spots; whorls 5J, regularly increasing, the upper ones slightly con-
vex, penultimate and last whorl convex, with impressed suture ;
body-whorl subdilated, inflated below toward the aperture, anterior-
ly strongly and abruptly deflexed, and sub-constricted behind the
aperture; aperture very oblique, lunate-rotund; peristome reflexed,
strongly albolabiate ; fauces brownish, showing the bands; margins
converging, the basal arcuate, sometimes callous, dilated and wholly
covering the umbilicus, brown-spotted at the insertion. (Kobelt.)

Diam. 224, alt. 16 mill.

Trapani, Sicilij.

"The upper whorls are quite flat, like those of plutychela; and it
would appear as though young examples were keeled ; the suture is
not at all impressed. The penultimate whorl first begins to be more
convex, and the suture deeper ; the last whorl is somewhat widened,
rounded at the periphery, the base tumid as it approaches the mouth,
very deeply deflexed, and somewhat constricted." (Kobelt.)

Very closely allied to some forms of H. platychela.

H. RID ENS Martens, 1884. Un figured.

Covered perforate, subglobose-depressed, white, marked with four
dark brown bands, the upper interrupted, striatulate below the sut-
ure, shining, whorls 4?. the first convex, grayish-brown, unicolored,
the following subangulate, body-whorl rounded, convex 'below,
deeply descending anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, wide-ovate >
peristome white, rather broadly reflexed, the margins approx-
imating, arcuate above and below, the columellar margin dilated and
appressed. Diam. 17, alt. 11 mill.; aperture, diam. and alt. 9 mill.

(Martens.')

Dorgali, Sardinia.

" Some specimens exhibit a small umbilical fissure, but in the
greater number this is closed by the expansion of the columellar
margin. A very minute spiral striation is visible upon the upper
surface of most specimens, with a lens of moderate power."

"This species is comparable to the Sicilian H. globular is Ziegl.,
and the more flattened forms of If. platychela Mke. By the broad-
er aperture, more strongly concave columellar lip, without trace of
a tooth, it may be distinguished from these." (Martens.)

The following variations are described :

HELIX. 211

Var. SPLENDENS Maltzan.

Differs from the type in the distinctly conoidal shell, last whorl
subcompressed, trifasciate, aperture narrower.

Diam. 17, alt. 11 mill. Dorgali, Sardinia.

Var. MINOR Maltzan.

Shell much smaller. Diam. 14'., alt. 9J mill.

Dorgali, Sardinia.

H. PLATYCHELOIDES Kobelt, 1881. PI. 54, figs. 9-12.

Covered umbilicate, conoid, spire exserted, striatulate, scarcely
shining, solid, white or encircled by five castaneous bands ; whorls
5, somewhat convex, separated by linear, distinct sutures, regularly
increasing, the last inflated, anteriorly abruptly deeply deflexed ;
aperture very oblique, irregularly ovate, slightly lunate; peristome
labiate with white, the margins considerably converging and joined
by a distinct callus, upper margin expanded, outer and basal re-
flexed, basal margin wide, distinctly expanded above the umbilicus,
armed with a straightened callus or subdentiform fold within.

Diam. 24, alt. 17 mill.

Mts. of Beni Hosemar, Morocco.

This species sustains the same relation to H. sicanoides that the
Sicilian platychela bears to sicana. It differs from platychela (to
which many examples are very similar in outline) in the constant
presence of an umbilicus, the less reflected peristome and the pecu-
liar apex. (Kobelt.)

H. BOETTGERI Kobelt, 1881. PL 54, figs. 27-29.

Covered rirnate, depressed conoid, solid, striatulate, microscopic-
ally granulate, but not so distinctly spirally striate as If. tetuanenxis,
whitish, or yellowish-green, variously painted with bands and flam-
mules of brownish ; whorls 5, the first two forming a projecting
apex, the following less convex, the last somewhat inflated, deeply
deflexed anteriorly ; suture linear, impressed ; aperture very oblique,
transverse-oval, the peristome acute, thin, strongly labiate with
white, the margins converging, and joined by a thin callus, the
upper expanded, outer slightly and basal distinctly reflexed over
the rimate umbilicus, bearing inside a straight or dentiform callus.

Diam. 20-21, alt. 13* mill.

Mt#. Beni Hosemar, near Tetuan, Morocco.

212 HELIX.

This form, which inhabits the more western mountains, is in gen-
eral shape scarcely to be distinguished from many forms of the Sicil-
ian H. globularis, but may be readily recognized by the sculpture
and the columellar lip, which is not appressed. To the H. tetuan-
ensis it holds about the same relation as globularis to platychela.

(Kobelt.)

H. GYROSTOMA Feruss^c, 1821. PL 54, figs. 20, 21.

Covered perforate, globose, lightly obliquely striatulate, whitish-
gray (bleached ?) with numerous small opaque white flecks, and
larger, more translucent grayish markings ; this gray is above form-
ed into flam mules somewhat, and below into two narrow bauds ;
and upon these translucent tracts the white flecks are principally
distributed ; whorls 4, the first relatively large, the second and third
flatter, appearing decidedly carinated in the suture, the last inflated,
well rounded, very strongly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture very ob-
lique, comparatively small, circular, the terminations of the peristome
joined by a thick shining white callus, its margins briefly expanded,
white. (Martens.) Diam. 19s, alt. 12^ mill.

Tripoli.

In the early part of the century this Helix Avas found in Tripoli,
and communicated by Dr. Leach to Ferussac; and again in 1879 a
single example was taken by Dr. Erwin von Barry, in the first
range of the Tarhuna Mountains.

PI. 50, figs. 55, 50 are copied from the original figures of Ferussac.

H. SCHERZERI Zelebor, 1868. PI. 60, figs. 86-88.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, rather thin, striatulate, whitish,
with sparsely scattered corneous points or also with five continuous
brown bands; spire slightly elevated, apex obtuse; whorls 4?,
slightly convex, the last inflated, anteriorly profoundly deflexed ;
aperture very oblique, subcircular, peristome albolabiate, the mar-
gins approximating, joined by a callus, briefly reflexed, the columel-
lar obsoletely unidentate within, dilated and appressed above the
axial region. (Pfei/er.) Diam. 20, alt. 11 mill.

Gibraltar.

This species is distinguished from the preceding and the following
species, to which it stands nearest, by the entirely closed umbilicus.
The columellar reflection is however perfectly sharply defined, and
distinctly visible. From the H. marmorata, with which it lives, it
may be separated always by the white lip. (Kobelt.)

HELIX.

H. TETUANENSIS Kobelt, 1881. PI. 54, figs. 30-3:1

Covered perforate, globose conoidal, beautifully undulately gran-
ulate under the lens by the decussation of distinct incremental
striae and very fine spiral impressed lines; rather thin, lustreless,
unicolored dirty yellow or with brown bands, sometimes coalescent ;
whorls 5, well rounded, separated by impressed sutures, the first
forming a projecting apex, the last inflated and briefly, deeply de-
flexed anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, lunate-rounded ; peristome
acute, labiate with white, the margins converging, and joined by a
callus, upper margin a little expanded, outer and basal margins
reflexed, columellar lip expanded over the perforation, and bearing
a strong dentiform fold inside. Diam. 20, alt. \1\ mill.

Mts. Beni Hosemar, at Tetuan, Morocco.

Closely allied to If. bottgeri.
H. SICANOIDES Kobelt, 1881. PI. 54, figs. 17-1 H.

Very slightly but always sensibly rimate, globose-subcouoid, apex
exserted, rather thin but solid, unicolored whitish or yellowish, or
with brown or blackish bands of various widths, striatulate ; w-horls
5, separated by distinct linear suture, the upper ones flattened, the
following more convex ; body-whorl inflated, abruptly descending
at aperture; aperture very oblique, rotund-lunar ; peristome labiate
with white, slightly reflexed on the base, margins converging, joined
by a light callus ; columella with a strong callus, sometimes denti-
form below. Diam. 21, alt. 16? mill. (Kobelt.)

Mts. Beni Hosemar, near Tetuan, Morocco.

Very nearly allied to the Sicilian H. sicana, says Kobelt, but
constantly separated from that species, after an examination of sev-
eral hundred examples of each, by the umbilical rimation, of which
sicana never has any indication, by the peculiar apex, and the less
reflected peristome.

H. SICANA Ferussac. PL 54, figs. 13-16.

Imperforate, globular or bullet-shaped, thin but rather solid,
whitish, unicolored or with three or four nairow brown or corneous
subcontinuous bands, delicately opaquely striate, the surface decus-
sated by numerous fine incised spiral lines, base nearly smooth;
spire more or less elevated conic, obtuse ; suture linear, but well
impressed and distinct; whorls 5-5 -j, those of the spire somewhat
flattened, gradually increasing; body-whorl globose, rounded, very
convex below, somewhat constricted behind the aperture, rather
deeply deflexed anteriorly; aperture small, rotund-lunar, very ob-

214 HELIX.

lique ; peristome white, narrowly reflexed, its margins converging,
the columellar with a short callus plate inside, frequently truncate
or subdentate at base. Diam. 21, alt. 18-21 mill.

Near Palermo, Sicily.

H. soluta (Ziegl.) Phil, is a synonym.

Although quite variable, this species need be confounded with no
other Sicilian shell. The imperforate base, strong spiral sculpture,
small aperture and narrow peristome, as well as the globular form
will distinguish it.

B. The following group of Iberus contains shells with rounded
periphery, generally rather smooth surface, and depressed form, the
base usually indented at the center or perforate. They are charac-
teristic of peninsular Italy and the Continent, rather than of Sicily.

H. NICIENSIS Ferussac. PI. 64, figs. 14-18.

Covered perforate, depressed, slightly shining, thin but rather
solid, whitish, encircled by four or five spiral spries of brown or
corneous spots, sometimes coalescent into irregular blotches above ;
surface striatulate, and with sparse interrupted spiral lines above :
spire low conic, obtuse ; whorls 5, the first forming a slightly salient
apex, the following a little flattened, the last rapidly widening, de-
pressed, rounded at periphery, slightly indented in the center of the
base, rather deeply deflexed anteriorly ; aperture rounded-lunate.
oblique, lilac colored within ; peristome labiate with the same color,
slightly expanded, the margins subapproaching ; basal margin flat-
tened, with a callus lamina within. Diam. 22, alt. 13 mill.

Central France; Italy.

H. nicceensis of Risso and of Rossmaessler is the same.

H. SERPENTINA Ferussac. PL 60, figs. 59-65.

Covered perforate, depressed, rather solid, opaque, somewhat shin-
ing, lightly obliquely striatulate, whitish or yellow tinged, painted
in innumerable patterns with deep chestnut, the markings generally
more or less formed into narrow spiral interrupted zones, of which
three (one subsutural, indistinct) are above, two (the outer more
distinct) below the periphery ; or radiately maculate and strigate
above, sometimes with the whole ground-color deep chestnut, upon
which are zigzag white vermiculations and strigations ; spire de-
pressed conoid, the apex subplanulate, corneous ; whorls 4 ?-5, the
inner gradually, the outer rapidly widening ; body-whorl depressed,

IIKLIX. 215

rounded at periphery, subflattened below, and indented in the cen-
ter, anteriorly slightly deflexed ; aperture broadly semioval, oblique,
whitish within, not showing the bands prominently ; pcristome nar-
rowly expanded, slightly albolabinte, its upper and lower niar^in-
subparallel, not converging ; columellar margin reflexed, appressed
over the axis, dark colored, especially toward the umbilical callus ;
parietal wall chestnut colored. Diam. 18, alt. 10 mill.

Southern France ; Italy ; Corsica ; Sardinia.

An excessively mutable form, which has been divided by authors
into numerous species and varieties, the chief objection to which is
the extreme difficulty of distinguishing them, even with the aid of
good figures.

The Marchesa Paulucci has made a critical study of the group
(Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., viii) and, except in considering hospitans,
carce, etc., subspecies instead of species, I have not departed from her
arrangement of the forms.

Var. ISILENSIS (Villa) Mabille. PL 63, figs. 29-31.

A pallid depressed form which is considered by the Marchesa
Paulucci to be a variety or local race of the H. serpentina, the prin-
cipal character of which is the total want of color. There are also
individuals with dark dots or spots. Diam. 20-21, alt. 10-11 mill.

Sardinia ; Corsica.

Var. JASPIDEA Moq.-Tand. PL 61, figs. 20-22.

Larger, bands not distinct above, marbled ; colors bright.

Bonafacio, Corsica.

Var. ISAR.E Paulucci. PL 61, figs. 23-25.

Shell more rugose than the type, the interrupted zones paler ; no
umbilical or parietal macula; columellar margin brown-punctate.

Diam. 20, alt. 12 mill. Sardinia.

Subspecies HOSPITANS Bonelli. PL 54, figs. 22, 23.

A form differing in its rather larger more globose form from the
typical serpentina. " The coloration varies from a whitish ground,
all covered with dots of dark or pale brown disposed in series like
interrupted zones, to a milk-white, without trace of markings. The
spot which ornaments the base at the insertion of the columella,
however, always remains constant, but even this is subject to great
mutation as well in the intensity of its color as in the size. As for
the form, the modifications are still more obvious ; for, whilst the

216 HELIX.

type is rather globulose, the last whorl comparatively inflated, there
occur with it forms almost angulate, and others actually carinated."

(Mme. Paulucci.}

Sardinia.

The synonymy includes, according to Mine. Paulucci, H. inag-
nettii Cantraine (non magnettii Mabille) and H. carte Kobelt (non
carce Cantraine).

The following form is described by the Marchesa Paulucci as a
variety of IT hospitans, which is considered by her a species distinct
from H. serpentina, although connected with the latter by transition
forms.

Var. ALABASTRINA Paulucci. PL 61, figs. 17-19.

' Differs from the type by the more globose, more solid shell ; the
last whorl less dilated ; the brown umbilical and parietal maculation
wanting ; columellar margin thick, alabastrine ; aperture small."

Diam. 20, alt, 14 mill.

Another form inhabiting Cape St. Ellas, has been called by Mme
Paulucci mutation (or variety) porphydica. Its differential char-
acters are found in the entire absence or great reduction of the spot
at the insertion of the columella, and the coloration of the surface-
which consists of small crowded maculations, which frequently have
a tendency toward violaceous, instead of brown.

Subspecies CAR.E Cantraine. PL 64, figs. 9, 10.

Imperforate, orbiculate-convex, somewhat depressed, smooth, shin-
ing, yellowish marbled and vermiculate with dirty white, ornament-
ed with five brown interrupted zones ; spire prominent but subplane ;
aperture ovate-lunate, white, as w.ide as high ; peristome reflexed ;
umbilical callosity bordered yellowish. Corsica; Sardinia.

H. halmyris Mabille is synonymous.

Var. ADJACIENSIS Paulucci. PL 64, figs. 11-13.

Smaller, more globose, spire elevated, umbilical tract with a brown
spot, columellar and parietal margins brown.
Diam. 21, alt, 15i mill.

Subspecies CENESTINENSIS Crosse et Debeaux. PL 60, figs. 94, !)">.
Imperforate, turbinate-depressed, somewhat solid, slightly shin-
ing, scarcely striate, whitish, encircled by spiral rather wide regular
deep chestnut zones, variegated with white; spire subdepressed,
apex obtuse, smooth, pale violet; suture^ impressed ; whorls 4^,

HELIX. "2 1 t

slightly convex, the last slightly descending,' below bifasciate; aper-
ture oblique, wide lunar, livid whitish within ; peristome labiate,
the margins distant, nearly sub-parallel, the columella (and umbili-
cal tract) deep brown, subdilated basal and outer margins whitish.
(Crosse et Debeaux.) Diam. 19, alt. 11 mill.

Corsica.

May be distinguished from its allies by the regular disposition,
width and deep color of the bands.

Var. SUBURBANA Paulucci.

More convex, conic and solid, and more striate ; the last whorl
less globose ; aperture broader and shortened.

Diam. 19 L>, alt. 13 mill. Sassari, Sardinia.

H. OBERNDOERFERI Kobelt, 1882. PI. 60, figs. 96, 97.

Imperforate, depressed-conic, rather solid, densely sub-costate-

striatulate, whitish gray, with five interrupted bands or series of
maculations of chestnut, which are more distinct and continuous
toward the aperture, and marked from the upper to the lowest band
with clear corneous zigzags and flecks, as in If. serpentina; base
whitish, unmarked, or at most with a few streaks; whorls 5, convex,
the apex obtuse, regularly increasing, suture linear, moderately im-
pressed ; body-whorl scarcely dilated, subinflated, convex below,
and impressed in the umbilical region, deeply deflexed anteriorly ;
aperture ovate-rotund, deeply lunate, the margins distant, the upper
slightly expanded, outer a little reflexed, the basal thickened, sub-
dentate, scarcely dilated. (Kobelt.') Diam. 20, alt. 14 mill,

Palma, in Mallorca, Balearic 1*.

Lacks the spot at the insertion of the columella, which is so char-
acteristic of H. serpentina.

H. PUDIOSA Paulucci, 1882. PI. 63, figs. 32-34.

Imperforate, orbiculate, depressed convex, opaque, striatulate,
slightly malleate, white, ornamented with five interrupted brown
zones ; spire subprominent, apex obtuse, smooth, corneous ; whorls
4J, scarcely convex, (the first slowly, last rapidly increasing), sep-
arated by an impressed suture; the last subcompressed, convex be-
low, anteriorly toward the aperture abruptly deflexed, not dilated ;
aperture oblique, ovate-oblong, whitish ; peristome lightly labiate
within, the margins converging, approximating. (Paulucci.)

Diam. 16, alt. 9i mill.

Sassari, Sardinia.

218 HELIX.

H. VILLICA Paulucci, 1882. PL 63, figs. 51-53.

Somewhat umbilicated, orbiculate, depressed-convex, opaque, ru-
gose-striate, whitish, ornamented with four interrupted zones, formed
of brown maculations, spire subprominent, apex minute, mamillate,
violaceous; whorls 4^-5, slightly convex, (the inner regularly, last
rapidly increasing) separated by impressed sutures; the last whorl
subcompressed, subinflated below, anteriorly at the aperture sudden-
ly deflexed, not dilated ; aperture oblique, subcircular, the margins
approaching ; peristome thin, reflexed ; columellar margin dilated,
partly closing the umbilical perforation. (Paulucci.')

Diarn. 19, alt. 11 mill. Sardinia.

H. TETRAZONA Jan. PI. 64, figs. 25-27.

Depressed, umbilicate, transversely striate, whitish, with four
brown zones ; aperture lunate-rotund ; peristome subreflexed, sub-
margined. (Christ et Jan.) Diam. 18, alt. 9 mill.

Abruzzi.

H. intermedia, var. ft, Pfr. is'a synonym.

H. STRIGATA Miiller, 1773. PL 66, figs. 92a, 92b.

Umbilicate, depressed, white, with four chestnut bands, the upper
three interrupted, narrow ; upper surface striate, whorls 4, rather
flattened, the last deflexed anteriorly ; aperture rounded oval, ob-
lique ; peristome reflexed, sublabiate, white, the margins converging.

Diam. 19, alt. 8-} mill.

Central Italy.

Var. UMBRICA Charp. PL 64, figs. 30,31.

Moderately umbilicate ; periphery subangulate ; surface strongly
costate.

Umbria.

Var. SURRENTINA (A. Schmidt) Martens. PL 65, figs. 50, 51

Shell almost covered perforate, subdepressed, very subtly striate,
slightly pinkish white, with four pale chestnut interrupted bands ;
whorls 4J, slightly convex, the last descending, aperture very oblique,
oval ; peristome reflexed, patulous, sublabiate, pinkish brown, the
margins approximating, the basal arcuate ; with a brown umbilical

spot. (Martens^) Diam. 16, alt. 7 mill.

Naples.

In part H. carseolana of authors. It is not according to Mme.
Paulucci, the surrentina of Kobelt, (Icon, v, t. 123, f. 1172, 1173)
which is var. fuscolabiata Rossm.

HELIX. 219

Var. FUSCOLABIATA Rossm. PI. 64, figs. 32-34.

Somewhat larger than the type, sometimes bandless, usually with
the lower band absent, the others so interrupted that the shell ap-
pears above to be radiately streaked with white and brown ; aperture
and peristome clear brown. Sorrento; Capri; Pcestum.

Var. POSIDONIENSIS Tiberi. PI. 60, figs. 66, 67.

Large, decidedly widened, especially the last whorl ; depressed
and sharply sculptured. Pcestum.

Yar. SICULA Benoit.

Sharply costulate above ; aperture more rounded, fusco-labiate.

Var. APULA Blanc. PL 64, figs. 28, 29.

Sculpture more distinct; aperture more rounded, less oblique.

Taranto.
Var. POLITA Paulucci.

This pretty variety is distinguished by its relatively almost smooth
shell, as well as by the row of little spots scattered along the suture,
a character which is completely absent in all the typical individuals.
I have received this variety from Engineer Molteni, of Foligno
(Umbria), mingled with a number of H. gtrigata. It appears quite
common. (Paulucci.}

H. CARSOLIANA Ferussac. PI. 65, figs. 42-44.

Almost closed perforate, globose sub-depressed, thick, opaque
white, with three narrow interrupted chestnut bands, spire slightly
prominent, composed of 5 whorls, flattened and narrow, the last wide,
very convex, with a very narrow umbilical perforation ; surface ir-
regularly striate, the stria? more prominent at the suture, becoming
obsolescent below ; aperture small, very oblique, oval, a little wider
than high ; peristome thickened within, narrowly reflexed, columel-
lar margin oblique, dilated at the insertion. (Fer. et Desk.)

Diam. 18*, alt. 84 mill.

It is H. carseolana Auct. and H. marracina Tib., (pi. 66, figs. 84
xii. )

Central Italy.

Mine. Paulucci (Materiaux, etc., p. 34) says : "The type of this
species, as it is represented in the work of Ferussac corresponds exact-
ly with Mt. Maiella specimens which I have received from Dr. Tiberi
under the name of H. marrudna (PI. 66, figs. 84-86). It is a shell
with the umbilicus wholly closed, with pale bands, so interrupted as

220

HELIX.

to be reduced to elongated points, widely separated from one another.
A variety usually smaller, more depressed, and consequently with
wider aperture, and having a faint brown spot at the insertion of
the columella, has been described by Dr. Westerlund under the
name of H. recondita. I have had the types of the species from
Mr. Westerlund; they are identical with mine. It seems to me im-
possible to separate H. recondita specifically."

; A second variety, more like the type in general form, and ap-
proaching H. recondita in the columellar spot, has been named by

me var. CONTAMINATA this variety frequently has

the umbilicus partly open ; the coloration is like that of the type,
but with the maculations or points more intense. It has below a
more or less interrupted chestnut band."

' The third variety, which I have called UZIELLIANA (pi. 60, figs
76-80) is relatively very depressed, the columellar margin dark, the
umbilicus decidedly open. It is the form which authors have look-
ed upon as the type of the species, and called H. carseolana."

Var. PERSIANII Tiberi. PI. 65, figs. 39-41.

Large, umbilicate, spire flatter, columellar margin rufous-maculutc
Diam. 25, alt. 12 mill.

Var. UNIARMATA Paulucci. PI. 65, figs. 35, 36.

Differs from the typical carsoliana of Ferussac by the somewhat
larger shell, somewhat compressed below, the umbilicus nearly clos-
ed ; aperture widened, the margins subparallel, the lower strongly
callous or dentate, with a brown spot at its insertion.

Diam. 21, alt. 13 mill.

Var. MILKTTIAXA Paulucci. PL 65, figs. 37, :>,s.

Differs from the type in the much larger conic shell, the last whorl
wider, much inflated ; columella callous, widely brown-maculate ;
peristorne brown. Diam. 22, alt. 15 mill.

M. Miktto.
H. NEBRODENSIS Pirajno. PI. 60, figs. 83-85, 89-91.

Covered perforate or umbilicate, depressed-globose solid, opaque,
shining, white, encircled by two to four, usually three deep chestnut
bands, the lower two subcontinuous, sometimes unicolored white, very
lightly irregularly obliquely striate and with numerous microscopic-
spiral impressed lines, especially obvious near the aperture, spire low
depressed conic, apex corneous, blunt, the first whorl convex, the
following lightly convex, but with a flattened appearance; whorls

HELIX. L'lM

4 j-5, the la*t rather wide, convex, its last third rather inflated below,
abruptly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture oval, wide, oblique, yellowish
flesh-color within, showing- the bands; peristome expanded, white,
thickened sonu'what within, the upper and lower margins subparal-
lel, somewhat converging, the upper straightened, the basal margin
rather straight, moreor.less thickened, sometimes even subdentate
within, and appressed to the base for a short distance, the expanded
columellar margin partially covering the umbilicus, at its insertion
slightly brown-tinged.

Diam. 25, alt. 18 mill; diam. 26, alt. 16' mill.

Miidonian Mts. Northern Hiri/ti.

/

A forma minor (pi. 60, h'gs. 89-91) measures: diam. 20, alt. l'-\
mill.

A more flattened form from Castelbuono is figured by Kobelt (pi.
6."), figs. 52-56.)

The spiral sculpture will separate this form from the preceding
peninsular species.

H. EUGENIA Pfeiffer, 1853. PL 65, figs. 48, 49.

Partly or wholly covered perforate, subdepressed globose-conic,
opaque, solid, cretaceous, shining, white, with fine incremental stria'
and microscopic decussating spiral lines, sometimes subobsolete;
spire depressed conic, apex corneous, prominent, but blunt ; suture
lightly impressed, linear ; whorls 4?, the apical convex, the follow-
ing flattened, moderately increasing; body-whorl subangular at the
periphery, suddenly deflexed above ; aperture rounded oval, very
oblique, yellowish flesh-color inside ; peristome obtuse, its ends con-
verging, the baso-columellar margin reflexed and appressed, thick-
ened within, expanded over or partly over the umbilicus, and with a
brown spot at its union with the parietal wall. Diam. 14, alt. 9 mill.

Ficuzza, near Palermo, Sicily.

H. vigenia Parr, (in sched.) and JET. calypso Benoit are identical.
First discovered by Benoit, but the name of Pfeiffer has priority.

Var. HUETIANA Benoit. PL 65, figs. 45-47.

Double the size of H. eugenia, more depressed, and usually slight-
ly malleate ; aperture dark within ; carina often obsolete on last
whorl. Diam. 21, alt. 12 mill.

Monte St. Giuliano.
H. hueti Pfr. is synonymous.

HELIX.

H. MARIANNE Kobelt, 1880. .PL 60, figs. 92, 93 ; pi. 65, figs. 57,
58.

Of this species, which was at first identified with the long-lost H.
circumornata of Ferussac. Dr. Kobelt says : My examples show three
bands of square reddish brown markings, which have their longer
dimension in the direction of the incremental striae ; the middle ones
are much wider than the two outer, and often formed by the co-
alescence of the second and third. The arrangement of the markings
is remarkably regular, as the figure of Ferussac indicates. The
sculpture is like that of If. carseolana and also the form of the whorls,
except that these are more raised, 'and no angulation is visible. The
aperture more widely rounded, and relatively shorter than in the
typical carseolana ; the terminations of the peristome are much less
approaching, and the basal margin is less thickened by the callus.
The peristome, too, is of a rather bright reddish-brown color, and
only its very edge is white. (Icon. 1. u. suss. iv. Moll. Eur., etc.,
v.,p. 77.)

Separated from H. surrentina by the greater elevation, and the
inflated whorls, which are shouldered at the suture; from H. carse.
olana by the closed umbilicus and the brown peristome. Its home
is eastward from the Appennines, in that Apulian outlier of the Ap-
pennines known as the Murgie. (Kobelt in Icon, etc., vii, p. 9.)

This is the H. circumornata of Kobelt, (1877), not of Ferussac.

Var. PEUCETANA Kobelt. PL 65, figs. 59, 60.

Nearly unicolored yellowish-brown above, the whitish ground-col-
or of the type wholly lost; markings wholly coalescent, except for a
dark subsutural zone and the second and third bands visible behind
the aperture ; fourth band sharply defined.

H. OIKCUMORNATA Ferussac. PL 60, figs. 81, 82.

Imperforate, globose-depressed, glabrous, white, encircled by a sin-
gle central fascia, and three series of orange-brown spots ; whorls
four, planulate, the last inflated ; aperture lunate-elliptical, brown
within ; peristome subreflexed. (Fer. et Desk., Hist., i, p. 122.)

Diam. 17, alt. 9 mill.

The original figures of Ferussac are copied on my plate. The
species has not been satisfactorily identified with any of the Italian
Iberus. Dr. von Martens has described and figured specimens of
an Iberus similar to H. mariannce as this species ; but the correct-
ness of his identification is extremely doubtful. See Conch. Mlttheil.,
i, p. 19.

HELIX.

H. SIGNATA Ferussac. PL 65, figs. 61-65.

Covered perforate, subdepressed globose, white, ornamented with
(usually) three interrupted chestnut bands ; substriate ; whorls 5, a
little flattened, the last descending; aperture very oblique, lunate-
rotund ; peristome patulous, brown, albolabiate, the margins subcon-
verging, the columellar callous, with a brown spot at its insertion.

Diam. 22, alt. 13 mill. (Pfei/er.)

Monte Cassino.

H. ficuum Miihlf. (and If. circumornata Mart.?) are synonyms.

H. ARGENTAROLJE Paulucci, 1886. PL 67, figs. 4-6.

Perforate or partly covered perforate, rather thin, sub translucent,
densely striate and malleate, whitish flesh-color, ornamented with a
wide, (sometimes interrupted) brown band below, and three zones of
varying intensity and width, composed of flecks of the same color
above ; globosely depressed, spire convex, slightly elevated, apex mi-
nute, acute; whorls 5, the inner regularly, last rapidly increasing,
separated by impressed sutures; body-whorl wide, rotund, inflated
below, abruptly greatly deflexed and descending anteriorly ; aper-
ture wide, ovate ; peristome thin, briefly reflexed, the columellar
margin expanded, partly covering the umbilicus, brown-maculate.

Diam. 25?, alt. 15 mill. (Paulucci.}

Promontory of Argentaro, Italy.

A very distinct species.

H. FORSYTHI Paulucci, 1886. PL 65, figs. 66-68.

Subcovered perforate, conico-depressed, solid, opaque, regularly
densely striate bluish white, with three to four interrupted chestnut
hands; apex acute, smooth ; whorls 5, declivous, slowly increasing,
the last large, inflated below, deflexed at the aperture ; aperture ob-
lique, subeircular, pale chestnut within, the margins approximating,
the basal arcuate, brown-maculate at the insertion, the peristome
somewhat reflexed. Diam. 18, alt. 11 mill. (Paiilucci.*)

Promontory of Argentaro.

H. forsythi is somewhat intermediate between swrentina and *///-
f/ata var. fuscolablata. From surrentina the bluish-white color, less
rounded, more sloping form, the body-whorl more swollen below,
rougher sculpture, different color pattern, and especially the more
circular aperture distinguish it. From fasco labiate, it is separated
by the more sloping form, narrower last whorl, rounder, more oblique
aperture and notably diverse sculpture.

224 HELIX.

Var. OKTA Paulucci, PI. 65, figs. 69, 70.

Larger, conic-globose ; whorls 5, rather convex, the last especially
inflated. Diam. 21, alt. 14 mill.

H. SAXETANA Paulucci, 1886. PI 66, figs. 75-77.

Subcovered perforate, subglobose-depressed, solid, shining, coarsely
and irregularly striate, flesh-colored, with four interrupted chestnut
bands ; apex minute, corneous, smooth ; whorls 5, slightly convex,
the inner regularly, the last rapidly widening, much inflated below
strongly descending anteriorly, separated by impressed sutures ;
aperture nearly circular ; peristome reflexed, pinkish brown sub-
labiate, margins approximating, the upper straight, the lower deep-
Iv arcuate, with a chestnut umbilical spot. Diam. 20, alt. 13 mill.

Promontory of Argentaro, Italy.

A small form, diam. 15, alt. 9, and a smaller, diam. 12, alt. 8
mill., are also noted by Mine. Paulucci.

This species is most nearly allied to H. mariannve. It has one-
half of a whorl less than the latter species, is more depressed, the
last whorl is smaller and more inflated below, the mouth more cir-
cular, and the superior margin of the peristome is straight. From
If. carsoliana, var. milettiana which is also allied, the number of
whorls (lesser by one), the less elevated form, flatter whorls, larger,
rounder aperture etc., will separate saxetana.

Unfigured and unidentified species of Iberus.

H. THERESA (" Benoit") Martens, 1861.

Narrowly umbilicate, depressed, obliquely rugose, whitish, with
four interrupted yellowish brown bands; whorls 4-] ; slightly con-
vex, the last descending ; aperture very oblique, ovate-rotund ;
peristome patulo-reflexed, sublabiate, the margins moderately con-
verging, columellar arcuate ; no umbilical spot, (von Martens.^)

Diam. 18, alt, 8 mill.

Sicily.

May be a synonym of H. strigata. There is an H. teresce Benoit,
1845, but it is the same as H. flavida Ziegl. It is not unlikely that
some confusion of specimens caused von Martens to describe the
above Iberus as "H. therescf Benoit."

H. UMBRICA (Charpentier) Mabille, 1868.

Moderately umbilicated, orbiculate-depressed, above convex-
mamillate, whitish lutescent, a little shining, opaque, solid, orna-
mented with lamelliform costa?; spire subdepressed-subconvex, apex

HELIX. 22~>

obtuse, yellowish corneous, smooth ; whorls 4-5, the first regularly,
last rapidly increasing, subconvex-depressed, separated by moderate-
ly impressed sutures ; body-whorl large, depressed, obscurely cari-
uated at the periphery, gently descending and suddenly deflexed ;
aperture oblique, lunate, ovate, the margins approximating ; peri-
stome somewhat acute, a little expanded, white, sublabiate within,
reflexed at the umbilicus, the columellar margin appressed, slightly
thickened. Diam. 17, alt. 8 mill. (Mabille.')

^fonte diSommn, J'mbria.
May be a synonym of H. strit/tttn Fer.

H. TIBKKII (Parr.) Martens, 1860.

Covered perforate, conic-depressed, obliquely rugose-striate, de-
cussated by microscopic spiral strire, bands four, interrupted, the
upper three confluent, marbled ; aperture very oblique, transversely
oval, brown within; peristome white, sublabiate, superior margin
straight, columellar margin straightened, callus, subdentate, ap-
pressed. Diam. 21, alt. 10 mill. (Minienx.)

Sicily.

I can learn nothing of the species.

H. HUKLOWI Malt/can, 1886.

Entirely covered, or very slightly rimate, depressed, nearly lentic-
ular, acutely carinated, solid, irregularly rugose, under a lens show-
ing very subtle spiral lines, grayish white, quadrifasciate with brown
maoulations ; whorls 5, the apical slightly convex, smooth, the fol-
lowing planulate, with a margined carina at the suture ; body-whorl
convex above and below, with a submedian prominently compressed
carina, anteriorly abruptly, deeply deflexed ; aperture very oblique,
angulate-ovate, somewhat lunate, the margins converging, but scarce-
ly connected, the upper at first subinflexed, then patulous, the low-
er reflexed, with a white shining callus, distinctly tuberculate in the
middle within, a brown spot at its insertion.

Diam. 22-1, alt. 12 mill. (MaUznn.)

Gape San Vito, Sicily.

Differs from H. xrnhrtiixputtt in the median carina, and the re-
flexed, strongly dentate basal margin.

H. KOLLKI Maltzan, 1886.

Depressed, rather solid, rather smooth, under a lens irregularly
striatulate, shining, whitish, ornamented with brown strigations
above, which tend to form three bands, and with an interrupted
15

226 HELIX.

brown band or series of spots below ; whorls 4^, a little convex, reg-
ularly increasing, separated by regularly, moderately impressed
suture ; body-whorl slightly dilated, subplane above, convex below,
briefly deflexed anteriorly ; aperture oblique, ovate-rotund, slightly
lunate ; peristome a little refiexed, labiate within, the margins ap-
proximating,, connected by a very thin brownish callus, the basal
margin at the insertion dilated, closing the umbilicus, in adults,
with a brownish callus. Diam. 20, alt. 10 mill. (Maltzi/n.)

Maret'uno.
All the information given by Maltzan appears above.

H. CIOFALOI Cafici, 1885.

This Sicilian species was described by Cafici in II Naturalista
Sidliano, 1885, p. 151. It is not figured, but is compared with H.
<ibra'a (Bourg.) Mabille, a form which has not been, probably can-
not be, identified with certainty. Under these circumstances, and
in view of the extreme difficulty of distinguishing the species of
Iberus, even when figured, If. ciofnloi had better be Jeft in obscurity
until its claims to specific distinction are made more patent.

H. SILVESTRII Cafici, is the name given to the form figured by
Kobelt (Iconographie, figs. 1848-1850) as a depressed variety of H.
nebrodensis. Figs. 53-56 of my plate 65 are copies of these fig-
ures of Kobelt, See //. Nat. fiicil., 1885, p. 152. Cafici gives no
diagnosis.

H. SUBSTRIGATA (Bourg.) Mabille, 1868. Sicilij.

Another unfigured Silician Iberus, probably a synonym of H.
strigata.

H. ABROMIA (Bourg.) Mabille. Lombardy.

H. ABJEA (Bourg.) Mabille. Lombard^.

Have been identified by Kobelt with H. muralis.

LEVANTINA, Kobelt, 1871.

H. SPIRIPLANA Olivier, (1801 ?) PI. 55, figs. 45, 46 ; pi. 66, fi>.
71, 72.

Umbilicate, depressed, solid, dull above, brownish white lightei
below, with five indistinct light brown girdles composed of elongated
or arrow-shaped blotches; strongly, obliquely striate above, the base
smoother; spire very low conic, obtuse; whorls 4i , rather rapid Iv
widening, the apical convex, smooth, save for a microscopic granula-
tion which is more or less visible all over the shell, the following

IIKLIX. 'I'll

whorls tiat, carinated, the carina fitting into the suture; last whorl
convex, rounded at the periphery, indented around the umbilicus,
rather abruptly deflexed anteriorly; aperture oval, very oblique;
peristome expanded, white, sublabiate, the margins arcuate and
converging, joined by a white parietal callus; basal margin reflexed,
not aduate, partially concealing the umbilicus.

Diam. 36, alt, 1!> mill.

Crete; Rhodes; Pa/r.<fi//<.

The typical form is the small island variety of Crete. The large
form found about Jerusalem has been called var. hierosolyma Boiss.

Var. C.KSAREANA Parreyss. PI. 61, figs. 100, l()0a, IGOb.

This form may be distinguished by the usually completely closed
umbilicus, the keel on the body whorl distinct, at least at its origin.

Var. MALTZIANA Parreyss. PI. 55, figs. 53, 54.

Subcovered umbilicate, sul (depressed, solid, obliquely arcuately
rather roughly striate, opaque, whitish, marked with interrupted
brown bands; spire subconoidal, apex obtuse; whorls 4 to -U, the
inner ones carinated, the last depressed, subangulated, (the angle
becoming evanescent toward the last), anteriorly deflexed, the base
not inflated ; aperture very oblique, suboval, dull flesh-colored
within; peristome white, the margins joined by a light callus, the
right margin expanded, columellar broadly reflexed, almost entirely
covering the umbilicus. Diam. 28, alt. 13-i mill. (Pfeijfer.')

Rhodes.

H. ccesareana var. nana Mouss. is synonymous.

Var. MASAD.E Tristram, 1865. TJnfiyured.

Umbilicate, depressed, solid, whitish, transversely regularly and
deeply striate above and below; ornamented with evanescent brown
white-interrupted zones ; whorls 5, the upper carinated, plane, pro-
duced at the sutures, the last deeply deflexed ; aperture oblique,
rounded ; peristome reflexed, expanded, frequently concealing the
umbilicus.

Diam. 30, alt, 14 mill. Diam. of aperture 13, alt. 11 mill.

Sebbeh (formerly M<i*<ida) Palestine, and the most barren and
sterile mountains from there to Jebel Usdum, the salt-mountain.
The deep and regular striation of this shell at once distinguishes it
from H. spiriplann, for a small variety of which (such as that which
Conrad has described under the name H. lithoplmga) it might other-
wise be mistaken. (Tristram.)

1>-J,S IIKLIX.

Yar. LITHOPIIAGA Conrad, 1852.

Depressed convex, moderately thin ; volutions 5, those of the
spire flattened ; .suture margined by a carinated line; base convex ;
umbilicus rather large, but more than half covered by the lip, which
is widely reflected; color whitish varied with pale-brown irregular
angular spots in series of revolving lines, four on the large whorl ; base
without colored markings. (Conrad.) Diam. 32, alt. 18 mill.

Wady en-Nar, below Deir Mar Saba.

Remarkable for its habit of penetrating limestone rocks.

The species seems to me to be a synonym of H. spiriplami.

Var. MEDIA Mousson, 1874. Unfigured.

( 'arina evanescent; elegantly marked with zigzag white lines.
Diam. 32-35 mill.

Basin of Haleb.

H. (tiviTATA Olivier, (1801 ?J PL 55, Hgs. 51, 52; pi. 66, fig. 73,

74.

Imperforate or covered perforate depressed globose, solid, opaque,
rather dull, fleshy whitish, with from two to four spiral girdles of very
obscure brownish spots ; obliquely striate, rather coarsely above ;
smoother below ; spire slightly convex, obtuse at summit, apex
rather large, smoother and more shining than the following whorls,
which are almost plane, and until the last, with linear sutures ;
whorls 5, the last more rapidly increasing without trace of keel, even
at its origin, deeply deflected anteriorly, scarcely indented in the
center below ; aperture transversely truncate-oval, very oblique,
showing livid bands within; peristome in every part reflected, white,
the basal margin straightened, callous, subdentate, expanded and
almost or completely covering the umbilicus at the insertion, the
terminations somewhat converging, and joined by a shining white
callus. Diam. 3, alt. 22. mill.

Mesopotamia.

The italicised passages in the above description will enable one
to separate this species from all of the preceding forms.

Kobelt gives as the measurements of this form: diam. 28-38, alt.
15-20 mill.

H. DscHULFKNsrs (Duboisj Bourg., 1857. PI. 55, figs. 42-44; pi.

66, figs. 81-83.

Covered umbilicate, or imperforate, more or less depressed, solid,
but thin and rather translucent, colored like H. gttttata, irregularly

HELIX. >!

striate, whorls but little elevated, but convex ; apex flat, minutely
rugose; whorls 4 or slightly move, much more rapidly increasing
and more convex than in typical guttata, the last quite rounded, and
very rapidly widening ; aperture very oblique, more circular than
in gidttit<(, its margins converging, but not joined by a callus ; peri-
stome expanded, not thickened within, white ; its columellar margin
arcuate, slightly thickened, expanded over the umbilicus.

Diam. 30, alt. 17 mill.

Armenia.

Described as H. dschulfensii. II. tljiitfi'itti* Muuss. is the same.
There are in this species, as in H. f/ntt<it<t, fine impressed spiral lines
below the suture ; these are, however, sometimes almost obsolete.
The figures on pi. 55, (copied from v. Martens), are broader and
more depressed than the specimens I have seen which are better rep-
resented by the figures on pi. 66.

H. MAZEXDERANEXSIS Nevill. PI. 63, figs. 43-4").

Umbilicate, depressed, thin but strong, finely, regularly striate'
excessively minutely granulate, but not spirally striate ; spire de-
pressed conoid, with large smooth blunt apex ; suture distinct ; whorls
about 4, regularly increasing, rounded, the last widened, strongly
striate above, smooth below, and indented around the umbilicus, sud-
denly and deeply deflected anteriorly^; aperture very oblique, ovate ;
peristome simple, sharp, thickened with white, the ends converging.
joined by a thin translucent callus ; coloration extraordinarily hand-
some for the group Lennitina, consisting of a yellowish white ground-
color, darker above, upon which revolve five chestnut bands; the
fourth and fifth are most intense in color, sharply defined, but here
and there with paler six its ; the first and third are less intensely col-
ored, narrow and interrupted; the bauds are visible within the aper-
ture, Diam. 35, alt. IS mill.

ProruK-i' ';/' Mezanderan.

This brilliantly colored species is related to H. </Wm//r^>/x, per-
haps is only a variety of that form. The description and figures are
from Kobelt.

H. MICIIOXIAXA Bourguignat, 1S(>4. PI. 55, fig. 50.

Imperforate, depressed, solid, subtranslucent, coarsely striate. cov-
ered with a yellowish corneous, very deciduous cuticle, encircled by
two irregularly interrupted chestnut colored /ones; spire convex,
apex very obtuse, corneous, smooth, quite mamillate ; whorls 5, con-

230 HELIX.

vex, rapidly increasing, separated by impressed sutures, the last large
rounded, deeply descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, slightly
lunate, wide transverse-oblong ; peristome thickened with white, ex-
panded, the coluraellar margin nearly straight, but a little curved,
broadly reflexed and appressed over the umbilicus, the margins con-
verging, approximating, united by a strong callus.

Diam. 35, alt. 21 mill. (Bourguignat.}

Mts. of Northern Mesopotamia <tn<] Kurdistan.

H. Kiirdistana var baschkira Pfr. is synonymous.

Kobelt considers this form a thin-shelled local variety of H. gut-
taia. It differs from H. dschulfeuxis in the greater number of whorls.

H. KURDISTANA Parreyss, 1861. PI. 55, figs. 39-41.

More or less covered umbilicate, subturbinate-depressed solid, ir-
regularly arcuately striate, and marked with minute impressed spiral
lines, bluish ashen colored, with obsolete spiral brown bands; spire
a little elevated, the apex wide, obtuse ; sutures submargined with
white ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last wide, subdepressed, deflex-
ed anteriorly ; aperture very oblique, lunate-rotund, fleshy-brown
within, shining; peristome labiate with white, broadly expanded,
concentrically striate without, the margins converging, joined by a
callus, eolumellar margin declivous, dilated over the umbilicus.

Diam. 44, alt. 24 mill. (Pfeiffc,: >

Kurdistan.

Of this rare form Kobelt says : " It is the largest form of the H.
guttata scries, and recalls in many respects, as Pieiffer truly remarks,
a certain variety of H. codringtoni. From ni'n-lionntnd and dschul-
f ens is, to which it stands nearer than to the type, it is distinguished
by the larger size, and especially by the spiral lines ; other essential
differences I do not find. "

H. ESCHEKIANA Mousson, 1864. PI. 55, figs. 47-4!'.

Umbilicate, subdepressed, rather thin, strongly arcuately striate,
with a whitish-yellow deciduous epidermis, and encircled by four
narrow brownish bauds, interrupted by arrow-shaped white markings,
(one below, one peripheral, the rest above); spire rather depressed,
regularly increasing, apex purplish corneous ; sutures subimpressed ;
whorls 5, the inner more convex than the following, the last subdi-
lated, suddenly strongly deflexed anteriorly; aperture very oblique,
nearly horizontal, broad-oval nearly circular; peristome shining,
white, broadly expanded and reflexed, not appressed, slightly labiate

HKI.IX. 231

within, the terminations connected by a nearly free, sometimes ad-
nate, parietal callus. Diain. 29-32 alt. 14-16 mill.

Mesopotamia.

Bears much the same relation to H. guttata that Mncii/ui-iti. cam-
docs to

H. BELLARDII Mousson. PI. 66, figs. 87-89.

Covered umbilicate, globosely depressed, rather solid, and smooth,
scarcely striate, brownish gray or whitish, with five brown bands in-
terrupted with white zigzag markings; whorls 4-', the upper well
rounded, sutures subimpressed, the last deeply deflexed anteriorly,
subterete ; aperture oblique, rotund ; peristome broadly expanded,
flattened, white lipped, its margins converging, joined by a thick
callus, columellar margin half covering the umbilicus.

Diam. 33, alt. 20 mill. (Mowxnn I.

Between Xtroxiu mid Cerliio, Ins. Cyprus.

H. GIIILAXICA Mousson, 1876. PI. 67, figs. 2, 3.

Openly umbilicate, very depressed, rather thin, striatulate, nearly
smooth, whitish, with four series of pale brown maculations ; spire
scarcely elevated, apex plane, pale corneous; suture scarcely im-
pressed ; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the first sljghtly convex, the
following I? plane, carinate and marginate at the sutures, the last
wider, more descending, rounded, not angulate, at the periphery,
the base flattened-convex ; aperture very oblique, large, transversely
oval ; peristome white, broadly expanded, acute without, slightly
labiate within, the margins briefly separated, joined by a thin callous
lamina ; basal margin broadly reflexed, more or less impinging upon
tin 1 umbilicus, but not closing it. Diam. 27, alt. 12 mill. < Mousson).
Province of (ihilnn. Persia, on the Southern shore of the ( '<ixj>!<ni.

Allied to JL dschulfensis. The depressed form, wide umbilicus,
and sharp keel shown by the second and half of the third whorl, will
distinguish this form.

H. CERATOMMA Pfeiffer, 1 *">">. PI. 66, figs. 90-92.

Imperforate, depressed, rather solid, finely obliquely striate and
under a lens, decussated with spiral lines, with a silky luster, bluish-
white, obscurely fasciate with brown ; spire slightly elevated, apex
corneous, obtuse ; whorls 4, sensibly increasing, rather convex, the
last depressed-rotund, deeply deflexed anteriorly, subplane below ;
aperture nearly horizontal, rounded lunar ; peristome simple, the

HELIX.

margins subconverging, the right scarcely expanded, basal plane,
broadly reflexed, much dilated over the umbilical region.

Disim. 28, alt. 13 mill. (Pj'ei/er).

Caucasus.

The original figures of this little-known form are given.

H. TEiioi'ixoinKs von Maltzan, 1884. Un figured.

Open uiubilicate, depressed or depressed trochiform, solid, irregu-
larly striatulate, and under a strong lens minutely granulate ; spire
depressed ; whorls 5, first two smooth, the following plane, very dis-
tinctly carinated, regularly increasing, the penultimate and last
whorls somewhat convex, obtusely angulated, the angle almost eva-
nescent toward the aperture ; body-whorl subterete, descending ante-
riorly ; aperture very oblique, ovate rounded, in adults scarcely lu-
nate, with thickened, subduplicate peristome ; the margins continued
by a rhick heavy callus, in young specimens aperture distinctly lu-
nate, peristome acute, thin, labiate with white a distance within the
aperture, margins converging, joined by a thin porcellanous callus ;
greenish yellowish brown, sutural carina white.

Diam. 25i alt, 12-13} mill.

( '<ipe fiidero, Ins. Crete.

This species, one of the rarest of the European fauna, has the spire
of H. 8pii'i}t/>i(i, and evidently belongs to this group. From below
it has the appearance of an Aegopina. Very few living examples
were found, (v. Maltzan}.

9

Section IX. POMATIA Beck, 1837.

This section, like the preceding groups of Pentatcenia, is wholly
Palsearctic in distribution, and is especially characteristic of south-
western Europe and the adjacent portions of Asia. I have no hesi-
tation in separating from the section the Australasian and American
species which Pfeiff'er groups here ; as 1 believe that their resem-
blance to the European types is merely superficial.

The arrangement of species here adopted is substantially that of
Kobelt's Catalogue.

The large, globular form separates Poinatni from the allied subgen-
era : it is subject to but slight modification in the various species,
which are all, indeed, in general appearance very similar.

The species of Poittutiti frequently exhibit sinistral monstrosities,
and scalarit'oriu or partially uncoiled specimens are also not infre-
quently found. Artificial monstrosities have been produced by in-
serting the young Pomutiti into the aperture of an empty shell, such

HELIX.

as Linmcea stagnatis ; as the growth of the Helix proceeds, a normal
globose variegated body-whorl is added to the artificial spire, and
becomes solidly attached to it.

That snails have more intelligence than is usually ascribed to
them is shown by the following interesting paragraphs on the In-
stinct of orientation in Helix aspersa by F. d'A. FURTA i><> :

"In a house which I inhabited at St. Michael's one of the Azores,
there was a veranda with a flight of steps leading to a little court
or garden. Above this was a second veranda supported by a stone
column, which rested on the wall of the lower veranda. At the
foot of the column had been set a flower-pot with a young banana
bearing two or three leaves.

"One morning I noticed a snail (Helix axpersa) lodged between
the pot and the column, as if waiting for night to attack the plant.
A leaf had already been gnawed; and to stop further depredations
I threw the snail into the court. It was not much Ihe worse for the
fall, as it chanced to light upon a small manure-heap. Next morn-
ing I was surprised to find the snail in precisely the same position
as before, between the pot and column. I knew it by its size and
color, as well as by a curious covering of spiders' webs which it
bore. It was evident that the snail possessed a remarkable sense
of direction, which enabled it after a violent shock, to make its
way back over a distance of at least six metres in a very short
time. In order to get at the bottom of the matter, I threw the snail
back to the heap and watched the result, which was as follow :

"June 10, 1884 At about !) A. M. the snail was resting, completely
retracted within its shell, on the rail of the stair-case, having travelled
nearly 4 metres. In the evening it resumed its march, but so
slowly that by 10 o'clock it had only reached the top of the rail,
where it stopped again, having traversed a metre in two hours.
Twenty minutes after midnight it began to travel along the balus-
trade of the veranda, taking at first a very undecided course, but as
soon as it reached the edge of the balustrade making straight for
the banana. Halfway it was turned aside by some fish-scales, which
no doubt indicated that the surface was contaminated; but it soon
regained its previous direction. Near the column it fell in with a
grooved washing-board, which it seemed to remember; for it reared
its head and tentacles towards it, while still two centimetres oil'. So
far two metres had been traversed in twenty minutes. The snail
now advanced resolutely from the board to the flower pot, as if over

234 HELIX.

known ground (the board had lain in the same place for several
days). I watched its movements by a lamp set far off so as to give
only a faint light; but when it reached the pot the animal became
shaded by weeds which grew there, and I found it necessary to
bring the lamp near in order to observe the movements of the
snail's lips and tentacles. It climbed the pot rapidly, mending its
pace as it got nearer; then it examined the rim with care, and at
last crawled over the mould. For a quarter of an hour it wandered
among the weeds in the pot licking them frequently. When I saw
it explore the soil with its lips and larger tentacles, while the re-
productive orifice seemed to open from time to time, I thought that
it was seeking a convenient spot to lay its eggs. At last it came up
to the banana, mounted it, and began to gnaw the leaf previously
attacked, exactly where it had left off before. I was standing a
little way off to avoid disturbing the snail, but could readily detect
the peculiar odor of the gnawed leaf. Very likely the snail could
perceive, even in an uninjured leaf, that scent which only became
apparent to me when the leaf was bruised or cut, and this may
have helped to guide its course. Scent alone, will not, however, ex-
plain all the movements of the animal. At. 2 p. M. I left it feeding.

"June 11.- At 10 A. M. very little of the leaf had been devoured.
The snail was comfortably established, as before, between the col-
umn and the pot.

"After this I noticed the snail wandering over a vine which trailed
about the column and upper veranda. Finding that it was disposed
to escape to the next garden, I opened it on June 17th, to see whether
it was ready to lay eggs. There was not a single egg in the oviduct.

"These observations seems to show that a land-snail may possess
an instinct which enables it to choose its abode and return to it at
pleasure. We have here the same love of home and topograph-
ical knowledge which have been observed, and noted with wonder,

in the limpet,"

#,#

:]:

Three subsections may be distinguished :

POMATIA, s. sir., of which Helix pomatia may be taken as the type.

CRYPTOMPHALUS Moq.-Tand., 1855. Imperforate; last whorl de-
scending at aperture; peristome in every part expanded. Type H.

( ' \ NTAiir.rs Kisso, 1826. Imperforate, thin, globular, the spire
short, aperture large, peristome and columellar arcuate, thin, sim-
ple. Luceiia Hartm., Tapada Gray and Cantharew Agassiz are
synonyms.

Pointifiii and ( 'iiiitureiii? have calcareous, and Cryptomphatus mem-

HELIX. 285

(jryptomphalus Moq-Tand., 1855.

II. ASPERSA Miillcr, 1778. PI. 58, figs. 81-38.

Imperforate, globose or globose-conic, rather strong and shining,
yellowish or russet, with five hands, varying from light chestnut to
nearly black, more or less interrupted by irregular or xigxag longi-
tudinal light streaks, the second and third bands generally confluent,
sometimes all confluent or all absent; obliquely coarsely substriate,
all over finely malleate ; whorls 4, verv rapidly increasing, tin- apex
blunt, apical whorl shining, smooth ; body-whorl very large, globose,
deeply deflexed at the aperture ; aperture quite oblique, oval-truncate;
livid within, and prominently fasciate ; peristome well expanded all
around, white, the margins converging, basal and columellar mar-
gins reflexed, adnate over the very narrow round perforation of the
axis ; columellar insertion vertical. Diam. 25-40, alt. 20-40 mill.

Southern and Wcxtrm Europe; England ; Syria; Northern Afri-
ca; Jiitrniliirril iiitu ('(unifies, Azores and Madeira 7x. ; Jirazi/ ;
. 1 i-griitiit<' ; ('liifi; Guiana; Cape of Good Hope; Mauritius;
Xiir Sniith Wal<-.-<; Xeir Zr/i/unit; Haiti; Cuba; Xortli America
at Charleston, S. ('.. X>'ir Ort<'anx, La., Lox Angeles, Sta. Barbara
ami San Ji>*i\ ('af., Xvra Scotia, rfc.

The following are synonyms ; H. grisea L., variegata Gm., hortcn-
.W.< Penn., fein-orum I'ult., xermula Costa., finnnnensis Lang, adspersa
Beck and Npuiit<>.*a Lowe.

A species of very wide distribution, and great variation in color
and form. The principal color mutations are figured, the figures
82, 84 and 8<> representing the more usual patterns.

II. MA//ri,Lii Jan. PL 59, figs. 54-57.

Imperforate; similar in form to H. aspersa, but more conoid,
elongated and slender in the spire ; the apical whorl shining, smooth,
the following very sharply crispate-striate ; aperture rounded, less
broad than that of axjin-xa, the lip narrowly expanded, thin, acute,
jidnate at the axis; color yellowish russet, plain, or five fasciate
with deep brown, the band.- narrow, subcontinuous, second and
third often confluent. Diam. 83, alt. 35 mill.

Sicily.

The following are synonyms: H. c-rixpata Costa ( nun Fi'r. ), ritir-
/'_'//> (Mke. ) Cantraine, rugosa ^liihlf. (teste Beck), H. eoxtir Benoit.

This Sicilian modification of the aspersa stock is subject to great
variation in sculpture and form. In the typical mazznllii the diam-

236 HELIX.

eter and altitude are about equal, and the sculpture is very j-harp ;
but forms also occur with less rough surface and traces of the mal-
leation of H. aspersa. Bourguignat has called the banded form var.
zonata ; and has given the name of H. quincaycensis to the very narrow
elevated form shown in my fig. 57. An Algierian form of H. asperan
is intermediate between H. m<iszuUii and H. aspersa in form and
sculpture.

H. SUBPLIC-ATA Sowerby, 1825. PI. (i7, tig. !>!),

Iinperforate, globose-conic, thin and rather fragile (fossil exam-
amples heavier) yellowish brown, the upper two whorls deep dull
reddish brown ; upper whorls densely minutely granulate ; the last
la- coarsely corrugated in the direction of the growth lines ; spire
conic, very obtuse, the first !} whorls disproportionately large; sut-
ure deeply impressed; whorls 3', the last large, globose, gently de-
flexed anteriorly ; aperture oval, oblique, its margins converging
and joined by a slight (or in fossil examples very heavy) parietal
callus ; peristome slightly thickened, scarcely expanded, reflexed
and adnate over the axis. Diam. 32, alt. 32 mill.

Ins. Porto Sancto, Madeiras.

A curious form, very distinct from all others in the large, clumsy
apex, granulate surface, etc.

* * *

Poinatia Beck, s. str., 1837.
H.POMATIA Linn., 1758. PI. 58, figs. 30-41.

Perforate or umbilicate, globular, strong, opaque, yellowish brown
or whitish, indistinctly marked with four darker /ones of variable
width; coarsely, irregularly obliquely striate. decussated with mi-
croscopic impressed lines; spire short, conoid, apex blunt, apical
whorl smooth, shining; sutures well impressed : whorls 4'., convex,
the last very large, globose, -rapidly widening, indented around the
umbilicus, scarcely deflexed anteriorly; aperture oblique, oval-
lunate ; peristome slightly expanded, somewhat thickened, the col-
umellar margin reflexed above the umbilicus; parietal wall, interior
of aperture and columella white or light flesh color.

Diam. 45, alt. 45 mill.

Miifdfe mid Xorthent Europe.

The synonymy includes the following names: H. antiquorum
Leach, jii>iii<irin Miill., scn'luri* Mull., xj>lt<rru/i.-< Hart in., (ucorinii
Studer, ntittt Hartm. and inftata Hartm.

IIKIJX. 237

Var. GKSNKKI Hartinann. PL 6*, fig. 1 1.

Elevated, thick-shelled, with hands or unicolored. Siril:rr/<nnl.
H. pi/ri/i<i P>ourg. is synonymous.

Yar. ursTK'A Ilartniann.

Covered umbilicate, globular, inflated, strongly, irregularly striate,
whorls 5, rapidly increasing; sutures deej) : mouth oval, peristome
somewhat thickened, reddish or violaceous hro\vn ; color yellowish
or reddish brown, with brown bands. Diam. 44, alt. 42 mill.

Switzerland, S<>ui/n'i-n. Itunirin, rf<-.

Scarcely distinct from' the type.

Var. PULSKYANA Hazay, PL 68. fig. 15.

Elevated, perforate, rough-sculptured, aperture brown lipped.

Islands of the Danube ; Budapest.

Var. SABULOSA Hazay. PI. 68, figs. 8, 10

Small, globose, variable in coloration. Diam. 33, alt. 33 mill.

Hungari<i.
Var. HAJNALDIANA Hazay. PI. 68, fig. 9.

Thin ; whorls strongly convex ; aperture circular, the peristome
all around reflexed and white; no traces of bands. Hioir/iiria.

This is var. haynaldiana of Kobelt's Iconographie.

Var. COMPACT A Hazay.

Large, globose very thick and strong-shelled ; yellowish or whit-
ish brown with four broad dark brown bands; whorls 5?, aperture
higher than broad, the peristome strongly thickened, coluinellar
margin scarcely half covering the umbilicus, flesh-colored ; interior
reddish-violet. Diam. 55, alt. 55 mill.

Htoigaria.
Var. SOLITARIA Hazay.

Depressed globose, covered umbilicate, more depressed than the
type, and broader than high ; bands four, very narrow ; whorls 4.
Diam. 38, alt, 34i mill.

Hungary.
H. etisarcosoma Servain is synonymous.

Var. PICKATA Gredler.

A form which is said to have the appearance of the Italian H.
or of a cross between pomatia and cinda ; frequently deep

HELIX.

blackish brown, unicolored ; the umbilicus covered; with fine
radiating more or less distinct striation.

Southern Tyrol.
Var. briiiini'ii Porro is synonymous.

/ ti

Var. LEDNICENSIS Brancsik.

Globose, very thick shelled ; peristome very thick, reddish violet or
flesh-colored ; columellar lip broadly reflected, the umbilicus almost
wide open; whorls 4-42, regularly increasing; ground color in
young examples yellowish-brown, with slightly marked bands, old
specimens lighter colored with very faint bands or without them,
but with several reddish or yellowish brown streaks, in the direction
of growth-lines, and touched with reddish around the aperture.

Alt. 38-40 mill.

Lednicz, Hungaria.
Var. THESSALICA Boettger.

Differs from the type by the umbilicus, which is twice as wide,
subinfundibuliform ; the more fragile shell ; bands 4-5, narrower,
more or less distinct, maculated ; shell large, globose, the last whorl
wider ; aperture distinct!}' higher than wide.

Diam. 47^-52, alt. 46-52 mill.

Thessaly.
Var. LAGARIN.E Adami.

This is a form of colossal dimensions and uniform dark fulvous
color. Diam. 45-58, alt, 55-70 mill.

Mts. of Lagarina Valley, up to 1300 meters alt.

Var. PSEUDOLIGATA Paulucci. Not recognizably described.

Middle Italy.
Var. RADIATA Ulicny.

Large, covered perforate, subconic, pale fulvous, without bands,
but with radiating brown strigations ; rather thin ; aperture oval,
white within. Diam. 47, alt. 43 mill.

Brunn.

According to Clessen, this is the same as var. rustica Hartmann.

H. BUCHII Dubois, 1876. PL 57, figs. 20, 21.

Covered or nearly closed perforate, conic globose, rather thin,
rugose, very pale fulvous, ornamented with five bands ; spire conoid,
obtuse; whorls 4], slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last ven-
tricose, subdescciiding anteriorly ; aperture oblique, large, lunate-

HELIX.

oval, white within and fasciate ; peristome white, the margins re-
mote, the right margin subsimple, the columellar dilated, snb-
straightened. Diam. 50, alt. 45 mill. (Kobelt. i

Caucasus and Tr<in*<-nii*i<i.

It is the H. (ililcliliiiin Haver, in coll.

This form is according to Kobe-It, always to be distinguished from
//. /toinatia by the relatively lesser altitude and considerable widen-
ing of the last whorl ; the spiral sculpture is less distinct ; the month
is broader than in H. po)nnti<i, and the colnmella les< perpendicular
and more straightened.

H. LUCORUM Miiller 1773. PL 67, fig. 93.

Nearly covered perforate, depressed globose, solid, opaque white
with (originally) five deep chestnut bands, the second and third al-
most always coalescent, and frequently all above the periphery and
all below coalescent, with a narrow white peripheral zone, the first
band however usually separate and very narrow; marked longitudi-
nally with occasional oblique brown streaks, more intense on the
bands showing the positions of the former peristomes ; lightly oblique-
ly striate, and sometimes showing very ill defined spiral lines ; spire
conic, apex obtuse, unicolored, sutures moderately impressed ; whorls
5, somewhat convex, gradually increasing ; body-whorl large, indent-
ed around the center below, gently deflexed anteriorly ; aperture
oblique, rather small, lunate, colored same as the outside , peristome
slightly thickened, brown, the extreme edge whitish, upper and low-
er margins subparallel, not converging, joined by a thin brown
callus, upper and outer m irgins simple, basal more thickened and re-
flexed, columellar margin reflexed, nearly covering the umbilicus and
slightly straightened within, short. Diam. 40-50, alt. 30-45 mill.

Central Italy ; Balkan Peninsula ; A*!*/ Minor.

It is H. mutata of Lamarck.

Var. CAS'J'ANEA Olivier. PL 59, fig. 58.

Presents the following points of difference from H. liicomin :
the spire is more elevated and conic, body-whorl more depressed ;
whorls less rapidly widening; aperture smaller, more oblique, outer
lip more flaring, base with a light colored very heavy straight cal-
lus within ; bands coalescent into two.

Constantinople.

H. mahometana Bourg. is a synonym.

Quite distinct and easily recognized by the conic form, small
aperture and callous columella.

1'4(> HELIX.

Yar. KI riiK.vricA Martens. PL 67, fig. 97.

Thick, heavy; bands sharply defined on a white ground ; growth
strue sparse ; peristome with a thin reddish-brown callus, columellar
margin clear brown ; umbilicus wholly closed.

Diarn. 50, alt, 44 mill. (Kobelt,')

Mesopotamia.

Fig. 97, pi. 67, is a copy of Kobelt's figure ; fig. 39, pi. 63 is
said by Boettger to represent this form, but it seems to partake
fully as much of the characters of var. castanea.

Yar. RUMELICA Mousson. PI. 67, fig. 94.

Allied, by the preponderance of the spire and the smallness of the
aperture, to H. onixiomicra, which is, indeed only a further develop-
ment of this form. It resembles, also perhaps, the var. rwnelica as
characterized by Mousson, but the umbilicus is remarkably widely
open, exhibiting the second whorl within. The color is very intense ;
the umbilical tract flecked with brown, the fifth band, usually the

most prominently defined, is broken iuto spots. (Kobelt.}

Rnmelia.

The above description applies to the shell identified by Kobelt
with the var. ru me licet. I am unable to say how correctly it repre-
sents Mousson'.* form.

Yar. ELONGATA Bourguignat. PI. 67, fig. 96.

More elongated than any other variety ; aperture short and very
oblique ; distinctly spirally striate beneath the suture.

Central Italy.

I follow Kobelt's identification here, as in the preceding variety.

Var. STRAMINEA Brigaiiti.

Larger than the type, more elevated, the last whorl very large and

r/lobose. Diam. 45-50, alt. 45-53 mill.

Central Italy.
Yar. elongata is scarcely distinct from this form.

Var. ONIXIOMICRA Bourguignat. PI. 59, figs. 52, 53.

Conic, globose, narrowly perforate or covered ; whorls 6-7, regu-
larly gradually and more slowly increasing than in the typical lu-
rorinn; aperture small, oblique.

Diam. 42, alt. 38 mill.

Balkan Peninsula.
Compare var. rumelica.

HELIX. '24\

Yar. TAUKICA (Krynicki) Mousson. PI. 67, fig. !5.

The example here figured was sent me by Mousson as his type of
ttnirica. It differs from rinliu^i /gl. (which usually is considered a
synonym of frn/r/ra), very materially; shows only quite indistinct
traces of longitudinal streaks, but instead of them two very sharply
out lined broad reddish brown bands. The eolumella is notably
callus, with distinct lip, and the margins of the lip are joined by a
thin white callus; the eolumella also is white, with a brown spot at
its insertion. (Kobclt.)

II. IIADIOSA Ziegler. PI. 57, fig. -ID.

Imperforate or subimperforate, globose; color-pattern a combina-
tion of spiral bands and oblique streaks of chestnut on white ground
the bands diffuse and coalescent into two on the body-whorl, the
longitudinal streaks predominating; upper whorls showing two or
three narrow bands, the inner two whorls unicolored, corneous ;
body-whorl globose, indented around the axis.

Alt, 45, diam. 42 mill.

Caucasus.

Differs from If. li/rorinii in the preponderance of the longitudinal
streaks over the revolving bands; there is a narrow white zone,
more or less distinct, encircling the periphery ; the columellar lip
is partly white, {tartly flesh-color; the parietal callus is very thin,
white.

H. ycuLAKFLir Mousson. PI. 68, fig. 12.

Covered perforate, globose, solid, yellowish or soiled white, with
five spiral brown bands, generally not sharply defined, the second
and third usually coalescent, the upper and lower bands usually
narrower, rudely irregularly coarsely obliquely striate and with fine
irregular impressed spiral striae; spire conoidal, apex very obtuse,
smooth, shining, rather large, sutures slightly irregular, well-im-
pressed : whorls 4'., convex, rapidly widening, especially the last;
body- whorl globose, a trifle indented around the axis, somewhat
descending anteriorly ; aperture rotund-lunate, oblique, brownish
white_with brown bands within ; peristome very regularly arcuate,
the columella arched, outer and basal margins simple, columellar
margin dilated, reflexed and adnate over the axis, deep brown in
color. Diam. 51, alt. 50 mill.

Epirns.

The narrower aperture, adnate columellar lip, completely closing

the perforation, and of a dark brown color, will separate this form
16

242 IIKLIX.

from H. pomatiu, with which it has some superficial likeness. The
parietal wall has a very thin brown callus.

Var. riMosTANS Blanc. Un.figured. Janiiiu.

H. SECKUXKNDA Rossmaessler, 1<S47. PL 57, fig. 24.

Imperforate, globose, solid, whitish, with five rather narrow dis-
tinct, generally well-defined, chestnut revolving bands, the second
and third sometimes subcoalescent, irregularly coarsely obliquely
striate, and lightly decussated by revolving lines ; spire conic, apex
blunt, shining, smooth; suture well impressed; whorls 44'., mod-
erately convex, rapidly increasing, especially the last, which is glo-
bose, very slightly impressed around the axis, and slightly descending
anteriorly ; aperture oblique, ample, brownish gray, overlaid with
white within and showing the bands, rounded-lunate; peristome thick-
ened, brown with light edge, margins not approaching, outer and
basal margins subexpanded, the columellar dilated and adnate over
the axis, subvertical, rather straightened, dull brown, especially at.
the insertion, and whitish ; parietal callus thin, light brownish.

Diam. 43, alt, 43 mill.

Dalmatia.

This is H. ligata var. Beck, H. ligata of Rossmaessler's Iconogrn-
phie.

This form differs from the last in the generally narrower more
distinct bands ; more thickened peristome, much less impressed sut-
ures, and lighter colored columella. It is larger than H. ligata, has
the columellar lip more completely appressed and colored, not white,
as in the lighter form.

H. LIGATA Miiller, 1773. PL 56, fig. 5.

Nearly covered perforate, globose-conic, subsolid, yellowish or soil-
ed white, with five well-defined deep chestnut bands, which are gener-
ally narrower than their interspaces and usually separate; irregularly
obliquely coarsely striate, and decussated with fine spiral impressed
lines; spire conic, apex obtuse, smooth, unicolored corneous; sut-
ures moderately impressed; whorls*4i, somewhat convex, rapidly
widening, especially the last, and slightly descending anteriorly, a
little indented around the umbilicus ; aperture oblique, rotund-
lunate, whitish, but showing the bands within ; peristome white, its
margins but slightly approaching, simple, the columellar margin

HELIX. 24::

white, reflexed, dilated over the umbilicus, which is usually reduced
to a narrow fissure or almost wholly covered. Diani. 32, alt. 33 mill.

Italy.

The synonymy includes H. decussata Parr., melissojihaga Costa,
I'urians Ziegler.

Var. (U'ssoNEANA Shuttleworth.

Nearly covered perfoi'ate, couico-globose, solid, distinctly, minute-
ly reticulate, brownish white, ornamented with five brown bands ;
spire elevated, conoidal ; whorls 5, convex, the last scarcely descend-
ing ; columella arcuate; aperture rounded-lunar, shining within;
peristome subsimple, the right margin a trifle expanded, columellar
dilated, reflexed, white or flesh colored. Diam. 34, alt. 30 mill.

(Pfeiffer.) Around Naples.

I am unable to distinguish this variety from the typical form.

Var. CALABKICA Kobelt. PI. 67, fig. 1.

Shell marked with five narrow rufous bands ; columella and
parietal wall rufous; umbilicus closed; spiral lines subobsolete.

Diam. 34, alt. 32 mill.

Calabria.
Var. POMATELLA Tibori. PI. 56, figs. 2, 3.

Small, very distinctly four banded. Southern Italy.

Var. PR^ETUTIA Tiberi.

Subrim.it?,, depressed globose, strongly striate, solid, whitish with
three broad pale fulvous bands. Diam. 39, alt. 37 mill.

Near Naples.

Var. CAMPANA Tiberi. PI. 56, fig. 1.

Imperforate, elevated globose, glabrous, obsoletely striate, six-
banded. Diam. 26, alt. 25 mill.

Near Naples.

Var. DELPRETIANA Paulucci.

Elevated, conic, white, with five very distinctly defined deep brown
bands: surface rather smooth; umbilicus almost closed.
Diam. 25, alt. 28 mill.

A bruzzi.

Var. TRUENTINA Mascariui. Uiifigured.

An intermediate form between liyata, luconim and pomatia, so
equally related to all that Kobelt declares it to be a mere matter of
taste to which of these species it be referred.

Aseoli.

244 HELIX.

Var. PSEUDOPOMATIA Blanc.

A form from Monte Corno which exhibits a curious combination
of the characters of ligata and pomatia.

Y;ir. ALI;]:SCI:\S Jan. PI. 56, fig. 4.

Differs from Ugata by the pale coloration, bands obsolete.

Italy.

H. AMBICUA (Parreyss) Mousson, 1861. PI. 69, fig. 30.

Imperforate, globose solid, nearly lusterless, brownish white,
with five encircling rather narrow pale brown bands, the second
and third generally confluent rather irregularly obliquely striate
and very obsoletely spirally striate; spire conic, apex obtuse, white
or corneous, smooth; suture well impressed, slightly creuulated,
whorls 4i, rapidly increasing, especially the last; body-whorl large,
globose, sensibly descending anteriorly, slightly indented at the
axis; aperture oval-lunate, oblique, livid white and obscurely show-
ing the bands within; peristome slightly thickened, labiate with a
well-defined dark brown band within, upper and lower margins sub-
parallel, scarcely converging, outer margin obtuse, not expanded,
columellar margin expanded, dilated and adn ate over the axis, deep
chestnut colored, subvertical ; parietal wall covered with a thin deep
castaneous callus.

Diam. 36, alt. 37 mill.

Corfu ; Cephalonia.
H. cyrtolenu Bourg. is synonymous.
A specimen from Corfu, received from CONEMENOS, is figured.

Var. THIESSEANA Kobelt. PI 69, fig. 31.

More globose than the type; shining, ruddy-brown, banded with
darker, the bands scarcely visible within; interior of lip, columella
and parietal wall deep castaneons, almost black.

Diam. 41, alt. 38 mill.

Chalkis, Eubcea.

A beautiful deeply colored variety. I have received it from
Achaia from Mr. N. Conemenos.

H. ANCTOSTOMA Martens, 1871. PI. 57, fig. 27.

Imperforate, globose-conic, spire subturrited, solid, heavy, irregu-
larly striate, whitish gray, with two broad bands of brownish gray;
whorls SL-, deeply convex, slowly increasing, the last not dilated,
slightly descending at aperture ; aperture slightly lunate, small,

HELIX. 1>4">

rounded, the peristome thickened, subreflexed, brown, the colinncllar
margin albo-dentate, terminations approximating, joined by a con-
spicuous chestnut-brown callus. Diain. -'I."), alt. 36 mill. (Kobelt.)

Axi Minor and Syri.
Separated from all related forms by the smallness of the aperture.

H. CINCTA Miiller 1773. PI. 57, fig. 26; pi. (I!), lig. 2*.

Imperforate, globose or globose-conic, solid, grayish or yellowi-h
white with five brown bands, the upper three generally coalescent,
coarsely obliquely striate, subdecussated l>y obsolescent spiral im-
pressed lines ; spire more or less depressed conic, apex slightly obtuse,
white or corneous, unicolored, smooth ; sutures well impressed ; whorls
5, rather rapidly increasing, moderately convex, the last large,
globose, somewhat indented at the axis and a little descending
anteriorly; aperture lunate-rotund, slightly oblique, livid white and
showing the bands within ; peristome obtuse, labiate with dull brown,
basal margin slightly expanded, columellar margin brown, straight-
ened and callous inside, reflected and adnateover the axis; parietal
wall with a brown callus.

Diam. 37, alt. 32; diam. 32, alt. 38 mill.

Northern Italy, Itfrin.

H. lemnescata Brumati and H. yrisea Auct. are synonymous.

Var. POLLINII Da Campo.

Similar to the type, but pure white in color.

Dalmatia.

An albino form. Part of the specimens before me have a more
opaque white peripheral fascia, in the place of the light central band
of the normal cincta. The peristome is sometimes edged with brown.

H. ASFMNFS Bourguignat, 1860. PI. 69, fig. 27.

Imperforate, solid, cretaceous, white or encircled by two or three
obscure brown zones, coarsely striate; whorls o, somewhat convex,
rapidly increasing; the last large, dilated ; aperture white, lunate-
rotund, slightly oblique; peristome simple, acute, white, columellar
margin reflexed, appressed, margins somewhat approximating, joined
by a thin white callus. Diam. 40, alt. 40 mill, (nuttrt/uit/imt.')

Mt. T<inri(.-\ Alt<lfo/irn.

If. solidtt (Zieg.) Albers, is said to be synonymous.

The above description and figure are taken from the original ones
of Bourguignat, and correspond exactly with specimens before me
from the original locality. The shell is quite solid, opaque white,

246 HELIX.

very pale, even when banded. The bands appear subtranslucent
from within. The columellar lip is expanded only in the immediate
vicinity of the umbilicus, and is closely appressed over it, differing
in this respect wholly froni H. ligata, with which Bourguignat com-
pares it. From H. cincta and its white variety pollinii, the differently
formed, less expanded basal lip and columella will separate it.
Kobelt has identified with this species a form of very different ap-
pearance; so different that I am inclined to believe it specifically
distinct. His description (translated) and copies of his figures (pi.
r >6, figs. 6, 13) are here given:

8hell imperforate, globose, whitish, encircled with two or three
zones, rugose-striate, slightly shining; whorls 5, somewhat convex,
rapidly increasing, the last large, dilated, gently descending at the
aperture; aperture lunate-rotund, white within, slightly oblique;
peristome simple, thick, albolabiate within, the columellar margin
reflexed, appressed, dilated over the umbilical region, joined to the
upper lip by a thin callus. Diam, 42, alt. 42 mill. (Kobelt).

Mountains of Asia Minor and Syria.

H. MELANOSTOMA Drapernaud. PL 56, figs. 7, 9.

Imperforate, globular, opaque, somewhat shining, brownish or
fleshy white, unicolored, or with the upper part of the body-whorl
slightly darker, the darker portion distinctly defined, coarsely
obliquely striate, and with obsolesent spiral impressed lines; spire
conic., very short, the apex minute, obtuse, corneous; sutures linear,
but impressed; whorls 4, slightly convex, the inner gradually, the
last very rapidly widening, globose, scarcely indented at the axis,
gently descending anteriorly; aperture oblique, rotund-lunate, flesh-
colored within, its margins scarcely approaching; peristome simple,
obtuse, thickened, labiate within with deep brown; columellar mar-
gin deep chestnut colored, reflexed and appressed over the umbilical
tract, and joining the upper margin by a conspicuous black or deep
chestnut callus. Diam. 26, alt. 26 mill.

Southern France; N Africa; Balearic Is.

Easily recognized by the compact, globose form and blackish
aperture. The largest specimen I have seen (from the Balearic Is.)
measures 35 mill, diam., but Bourgingnat gives for an Algieriau
example these measurements: diam. 42, alt. 50 mill. !

Var. VITTATA Rossmaessler. PI. 56, fig. 10.

Conspicuously fasciate. Egypt.

IIKLIX. 247

Var. CANDIDA Rossmaessler. PI. 56, fig. 8.

Millers iVoni the typical form in being more elevated, chalky
white, very strongly, coarsely striate. Egypt.

It is H. rugosa Anton.

Var. NUCUi.A Parreyss.

Iinperf'orate, subglobosc, solid, densely and sharply striate, slightly
decussated under a lens, white, ornamented with brown bands some-
times obsolete; spire convex-conoid, obtuse; whorls 4-4-], moderately
convex, rapidly increasing, the last inflated, regularly descending;
aperture somewhat diagonal, lunate-rotund, shining within; peri-
stumo brown, the margins joined by a deep brown entering callus;
right margin obtuse, basal slightly reflexed, subappressed.

Diain. 25, alt. 20 mill. ( Ife'iffer).

Alexandria, Egypt.

It is H.JigiiliiKi var. of Mousson.

H. FIGULINA Parreyss, 18:51). PI. 57, fig. : :> >0; pi. 69, fig. 26.

Imperforate, globose-conoid, opaque, rather solid, white or flesh-
color, five-fasciate with chestnut, the three upper bands generally
- cry narrow, second and third often confluent, sometimes the bands
are pale in color or entirely absent; densely obliquely striate, and
with spiral impressed lines which are scarcely visible, or more often
almost completely obsolete; spire conic, apex obtuse, corneous, shin-
ing; suture well impressed ; whorls 4, slightly convex, rapidly widen-
ing, the last subindented at the axis, and slightly descending anter-
iorly : aperture rotund-lunar, oblique, colored the same within as
the outside, shining; peristome very regularly arcuate, simple,
narrowly labiate within with white, its ends not converging; outer
and basal margins simple, columellar margin white, arcuate, vertical,
reflexed and aduate over the umbilical tract ; parietal wall covered
by a very thin whitish callus. Diam. 22-27, alt, 20-30 mill.

Dalmatia; Greece; A*i<i Minor.

Figure 30 represents the paler form from Dalmatia. Specimens
almost wholly devoid of bands I have seen.

Var. I-OMACELLA Parreyss, 1860. PI. 57, figs. 22, 23.

Differs from the type in the more globose form, rounded aperture
and more strongly reflected peristome.

Bosphonis.

248 HELIX.

H. PACHYA Bourguignat. 1860. PI. 67, fig. 98.

Imperforate, globose, thick, ponderous, whitish or flesh-colored,
zoned with chestnut, the zones frequently confluent above and below
the periphery ; obliquely striate, whorls of spire decussated conspic-
uously by spiral lines; spire conic, apex smooth, obtuse; whorls 5,
somewhat convex, rapidly increasing, the last ventricose, obliquely
plicate-striate, thick, very slightly descending anteriorly, slightly
indented at the axis ; aperture rotund-lunate, livid whitish or brown-
ish, sometimes showing the bands within ; peristome obtuse, the ends
not converging, much thickened, not reflexed ; columellar margin
reflexed and appressed over the umbilicus ; parietal wall with a thick
callus. Diam. 33, alt. 37 ; diam. 32, alt, 35 mill.

Syria; Palest hir.

Distinguished typically by the heavy, thick shell, coarsely plicate
body-whorl, and decussate spire.

Var. TEXTA Mousson. PL 56, figs. 11, 12.
Larger than the type, and rather thinner.
Diam. 46, alt, 45 mill : diam. 44, alt. 50 mill.

Palestine.

H. PATHETICA (Parreyss) Albers, 1860. PL 63, figs. 49, 50.

Nearly imperforate, depressed globose, thin, translucent, distinctly
striate, white or yellowish- white, with five brown (according to Al-
bers, citron yellow) bands, of which the lower are the more conspic-
uous ; spire depressed, with blunt, rather large apex ; whorls 4, sep-
arated by an impressed, rather irregular suture; body-whorl large,
transversely widened, somewhat inflated, rapidly and rather strongly
deflected anteriorly; aperture oblique, ovate, shining and white
within, and showing the bands ; peristome simple, sharp, straight,
labiate with white within ; columella rather straight, scarcely ex-
panded, reflected and appressed. Diam. 28, alt. 24 mill. (Kobi'/f;.

A f<!i i Minor.

Differs from H. obtiisalis in the white peristome.

The form above described and figured differs from the species as
defined by Albers in being distinctly, instead of " tubtilissime " stri-
ate, and in its greater altitude. The measurements given by Albers
are: diam. 29, alt. 18 mill.

H. SOCIA Rossmaessler, 1853. l

Subumbilicate, depressed-globose, rather thin, obliquely striate,
pale fulvous, ornamented with broad interrupted deep chestnut bands;

HKI.IX. 249

whorls 5, slightly convex, sensibly increasing, the last rotund, at
the periphery white-zoned, scarcely descending anteriorly, base ra-
diately marked with brown ; aperture oblique, rotund-lunar; peri-
stonie subsimple, the upper margin almost straight, lower briefly re-
flexed, much dilated and almost adnatc at the umbilicus.

Diam. 43, alt. 26 mill. (Rossvtaessler).

Constantinople.

I know the species only by Rossmaessler's description, above trail
lated. He mentions a var. ft. which is larger, and partly covered
by a deciduous yellowish cuticle.

H. PHILIBINENSIS (Frivaldszky) Rossm., 1839. PI. 67, fig. 100.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, rather thin, plicate-striate, under
a lens decussated with spiral lines, white, with three narrow brown
bands above, and two separated, wide ones below ; spire slightly
elevated, obtuse ; whorls 4, slightly convex, the last inflated ante-
riorly descending, aperture oblique, lunate-rotund, within concolored ;
peristome simple, white, right margin deeply arcuate, columellar
margin declivous, dilated, appressed. Diam. 24, alt. 16 mill.

(Pfei/er).

It'iiHt'/iii : Macedonia.

This is If. Philibensis (Friv.) Pfr. ('! ). Rossm aessler says : " Der
name soil wahrscheinlich Philippinensis helxni."

Pfeitfer's description is given above. He gives as synonym " H.
Philibensis Friv. in sched. ! Nee H. Philibinensis Purr., Roxxin."

The figure represents Rossmaessler's form.

H. NILOTICA Bourguignat, 1863-. PI. 68, fig. 16.

Covered im perforate, large, globose-conic, coarsely striate, almost
costulate at the sutures, pale whitish brown, and obscurely zoned
with whitish; spire elevated conic, apex smooth, obtuse; whorls ">.',
slightly convex, rapidly increasing, separated by an impressed suture ,
the last large, rotund, slightly descending at the aperture ; aperture
slightly oblique, lunate-rotund ; peristome simple, slightly thicken-
ed, obtuse; columellar margin nearly straight, expanded, widely
reflected, margins joined by a thin parietal callus.

Diam. 38, alt. 42 mill. (Bourguignaf).

Damiette, A'.'////''.

H. VULGARIS (Parreyss) Ros.-m., 1S35I. PI. 57, fig. 19 ; pi. ."!. ti^-.
45, 46.

Imperforate, depressed-globose, rather thin, obliquely striate, de-
cussated by spiral impressed lines ; yellowish, with four or five deep

250 HELIX.

chestnut bands, which become purplish when slightly weathered ;
spire conic, obtuse, apex very large ; whorls 4, the last large, globose,
descending anteriorly ; aperture oblique, rotund-lunate, peristome
subsimple, the columellar margin chestnut colored, expanded and
appressed. Diam. 27, alt. 27 mill.

Southern Russia ; Crimea ; Rumelia.

The synonymy is rather involved : It includes H. obtiitatu (Ziegl.)
Rossm., 1838. (preoc), H.obtusa/is Mousson et auct., H. obtusata
(Ziegl.) Albers, 1860 (?). The first formal diagnosis published was
that of Albers, in I860 ; It is not certain, however, that he describ-
ed the real obtusata (Ziegl.) Rossm., because hib diagnosis does not
mention the large apex, which is the most prominent character of
the species. Rossmaessler simply figured, without descriptions, the
obfitxiita of Zeigler and vulgaris of Parreyss.

Var. BICINCTA Dubois. PI. 69, fig. 29.

Differs from the type in the more solid shell, two-banded, one
band subsutural, the other surrounding the umbilical tract; col-
umella callous, somewhat straightened ; peristome thickened.

Diam. 35, alt, 30 mill.

Western Caucasus.

H. LUTESCENS Ziegler, 1837. PL 59, fig. 49 ; pi. 68, fig. 20, 21.

Imperforate or subimperforate, globose-conic, rather light thin
and translucent, shining, light brownish or yellowish corneous, uni-
colored, or frequently encircled by pale brown bands, one to five in
number; surface rather smooth, obliquely striate, and densely de-
cussate with numerou